女性主义、性别视角与当代女大学生就业问题

就业问题在国际金融危机以后显得愈发重要,它既关系国计民生,也关乎社会稳定.我国高等教育从精英教育向大众教育转变以后,大学生的就业成为全社会关注的焦点.高校女生是大学生的重要组成部分,由于社会文化传统、性别区分、法制缺失等诸多因素的限制,女大学生的就业难题明显多于男生.从女性主义和性别视角来看,女大学生就业的困境折射出我国女性所扮演社会角色的局限性,改进女大学生就业问题,有助于我国社会结构的改进和社会稳定.可以从社会文化、法制体系建设及推进女性创业等方面入手改进.     

社会性别视野下的差异平等——聚焦女性婚姻家庭权利

本文从社会性别视角出发,结合我国<婚姻法>保护女性婚姻家庭权利的相关规定,探索"同一平等"与"差异平等"的法律价值区分,得出我国婚姻法应当纳入社会性别意识,坚持差异平等的结论,并对我国现行婚姻法提出完善建议.     

论女大学生平等就业权的法律保护

性别歧视在职场中是一个并不新鲜的话题。在当今大学生就业形势日趋严峻的情况下,女大学生的就业歧视就愈加明显。在此种情形下,女大学生平等就业权实现及实现程度问题就引起了人们的广泛关注。笔者认为,女大学生在择业时应与男生一样享有同等重要的平等就业权。本文通过分析制约女大学生平等就业权实现的主要因素,来进一步提出女大学生平等就业权实现的法律保护措施。     

女大学生就业问题初探

各级政府决策部门要树立性别意识,从立法上进一步为女大学生就业提供法律保证;建立全国统一的社会保障制度;社会各执法部门要加强监管力度;加强女大学生的自身素质,提高女大学生的就业竞争能力。     

制约女大学生就业的社会结构性因素探析

女大学生就业难的问题一直是一个新出现的社会问题。本文运用卡比尔创立的社会关系性别分析框架 ,从国家法律政策、市场、社会教育与文化结构、家庭的角度对影响女大学生就业的结构性因素进行了分析。     

大学生就业歧视的法律规制——兼及反就业歧视法的制定

大学生就业歧视是在大学生就业过程中的一种违背平等原则的、不正当的排挤和区别对待。其表现呈复杂性,且具严重的社会危害性。大学生就业歧视既有社会原因,更是法律规制的不足。要保证大学生公平就业,消除大学生就业歧视,必须加强对就业歧视的法律规制。     

当代女大学生性别意识的迷乱与重构

当前高校中的女大学生多为“90后”,她们有自己独特的个性和思想,但由于受到我国长期以来“男尊女卑”及各种因素的影响,女大学生对于社会和人生的认识难免出现偏差.文章围绕“迷”与“乱”二字,从平等意识、差异意识、协调意识三个层面对女大学生的性别意识进行了探析,提出了重构女大学生性别意识问题的策略.     

刑事诉讼中女性权利之缺损与救济——以社会性别理论为视角

从社会性别视角审视,中国《刑事诉讼法》在应对关涉女性重要权利的性犯罪以及家庭暴力问题上,由于立法中的性别缺失,导致女性在刑事诉讼中相关权利缺损,无法获得法律的平等保护。因此,刑事诉讼立法应实现性别回归,确立性犯罪的精神损害赔偿制度与被害人隐私保护机制以及家庭暴力的公诉制度,以救济女性在刑事诉讼中缺损之权利,实现刑事诉讼中的性别平等。     

我国反就业歧视的法律困境

就业歧视现象在我国普遍存在,就业歧视的本质特征是没有正当理由的差别对待,法律禁止就业歧视的主要目的是保障平等就业权并实现社会正义.在市场化就业背景下,反就业歧视决不能仅仅满足于各种原则性规定,而必须遵循市场化就业的基本规律,正确处理用工自主权与平等就业权这对"轴心"权利的相互关系.我国反就业歧视仍处于制度短缺阶段,反就业歧视在立法、执法和司法层面都还面临诸多法律困境,我国反就业歧视的道路依然任重而道远.     

社会性别视域中的法律平等观

宪法规定了法律面前人人平等,但女性主义法律理论却认为表面上貌似中立的法律,实质上表达了男性的意志,影响了以女性、农民工为主体的弱势群体平等权的实现.社会性别分析理论为如何实现法律权利的实质平等提供了新的分析视角.     

和谐语境下完善我国的未决羁押制度

近年来,我国劳动力市场上对女性的就业歧视现象越来越严重,它不仅侵犯了劳动者的劳动及其他相关权利,而且违背了我国公民在法律面前一律平等的宪法原则及其他体现平等原则的法律规定,具有极大的社会危害性。从当今女性劳动者的就业现状出发,在分析就业性别歧视的概念、判断标准、具体表现以及在立法上存在的主要问题后,提出就业性别歧视的法律应对建议。     

论劳动者录用优先权

我国劳动法遵循保护劳工的理念 ,借鉴国外劳动立法的经验 ,间接规定了劳动者录用优先权 ,具有重要的理论意义和实践价值。劳动者录用优先权是一项特殊的劳动权利 ,它的充分实现 ,取决于劳动者的权利意识 ,更依赖于劳动立法提供健全的条件、程序规定和有力的法律救济措施。劳动者行使录用优先权需要符合主体条件、时间条件和录用条件。劳动法应该为劳动者行使录用优先权提供录用告知和答复程序。劳动者行使录用优先权不需要返还经济补偿金。劳动者录用优先权被侵犯后 ,劳动者可以通过法律程序获得救济     

Gender Inequality and Economic Growth in Rural China

This article joins the debate over the effect of market-driven economic development on women's work opportunities and household gender inequalities. It assesses women's opportunities for off-farm employment, the relative contributions of female off-farm workers to household income, and the distribution of power in families whose male members have left for off-farm jobs, leaving women behind in agricultural work. We find that women are not uniformly excluded from opportunities for off-farm employment and that economic development does not uniformly increase gender inequalities within Chinese households. Although men are more likely than women to obtain off-farm employment in China, women's opportunities for off-farm work improve significantly when the coexistence of local and regional marketization creates a shortage of male workers and compels employers to hire women. The relative size of contributions to household income for male and female nonfarm workers also narrows incrementally with increased marketization. In addition, women who are left in agricultural work are more likely to become heads of household, a position which brings greater household decision-making power to female family members.     

西部地区女研究生就业现状及对策研究

随着经济结构的调整和大众化研究生教育的发展,高学历人才就业形势日益严峻,女研究生的就业更是处于劣势。文章对在女研究生就业现状问卷调查的基础上,指出要引导女研究生调整心态,积极转变就业观念,优化研究生培养方案和专业设置,完善学校对女研究生的就业指导,以期从根本上解决女研究生就业困境,顺利实现就业。     

Marketization,occupational segregation,and gender earnings inequality in urban China

This article analyzes a large sample of the 2005 population mini-census data and prefecture-level statistics of China to investigate gender earnings inequality in the context of economic marketization, paying special attention to the changing role of occupational segregation in the process. We approximate marketization by employment sectors and also construct an index of marketization at the prefecture level. Results show that, despite the tremendous economic growth, marketization has exacerbated gender earnings inequality in urban China's labor markets. Gender earnings inequality is the smallest in government/public institutions, followed by public enterprises, and then private enterprises. The gender inequality also increases with the prefecture's level of marketization. Multilevel analyses show that occupational segregation plays an important role in affecting gender earnings inequality: the greater the occupational segregation, the more disadvantaged women are relative to men in earnings in a prefecture's labor market. Moreover, the impact of occupational segregation on gender earnings inequality increases with the prefectural level of marketization. These findings contribute to understanding the dynamics of gender earnings inequality and have important implications for policy to promote gender equality in urban China.     

护理专业大学生就业的现实困境及其对策探讨

当前大学生就业竞争日益激烈,就业难问题凸显;医学专业学生特别是护理专业学生源于其专业特征、性别、就业能力及自身就业观等原因,就业形势也日益严峻。笔者结合自身从事护理专业辅导员的工作经历,分析了护理专业学生就业的现状、困境,并从社会、学校、学生自身及辅导员工作方面提出了提升护理学生就业的具体对策。     

Social and behavioral skills and the gender gap in early educational achievement

Though many studies have suggested that social and behavioral skills play a central role in gender stratification processes, we know little about the extent to which these skills affect gender gaps in academic achievement. Analyzing data from the Early Child Longitudinal Study-Kindergarten Cohort, we demonstrate that social and behavioral skills have substantively important effects on academic outcomes from kindergarten through fifth grade. Gender differences in the acquisition of these skills, moreover, explain a considerable fraction of the gender gap in academic outcomes during early elementary school. Boys get roughly the same academic return to social and behavioral skills as their female peers, but girls begin school with more advanced social and behavioral skills and their skill advantage grows over time. While part of the effect may reflect an evaluation process that rewards students who better conform to school norms, our results imply that the acquisition of social and behavioral skills enhances learning as well. Our results call for a reconsideration of the family and school-level processes that produce gender gaps in social and behavioral skills and the advantages they confer for academic and later success.     

Are all jobs created equal? A cross-national analysis of women's employment and child malnutrition in developing countries

Using multi-level models, the analysis examines female employment and child stunting across 49 developing countries. At the country level, female labor force participation is not associated with malnutrition after controlling for economic development. At the individual level, a binary measure of employment is not significantly associated with malnutrition. However, a more nuanced measure of seven occupational categories shows that certain types of employment improve malnutrition. Professional, clerical, sales, and domestic jobs are associated with reduced stunting. These effects are only partially mediated by wealth, perhaps suggesting that some jobs may bring benefits to the household beyond the sheer acquisition of tangible resources. Agricultural jobs are associated with increased malnutrition. Manual labor and service work do not have an effect on malnutrition, compared to unemployment. Thus, women's employment is not necessarily a mechanism for empowerment and wellbeing. Not all jobs are created equal, and many of them do not confer the benefits that are typically associated with working outside the home.     

单位体制下男女平等就业的政治过程及其局限性

计划经济时代,中国在男女平等就业方面取得了巨大的成就,这些成就是国家通过单位体制的制度设置,运用政治过程推动和实践的结果。单位组织作为联结国家和个人的中介,将男女平等的国家意识形态在就业方面予以贯彻落实。同时,单位组织自身的福利性质以及对家庭功能的替代为女性的平等就业提供了条件。但是,在单位体制下,促进就业平等的政治过程仍然存在着局限性,主要表现为女性比较难以进入核心部门;在组织中处在较低的职位层次;片面的平等对女性造成身心伤害。这些被平均主义分配政策掩盖的问题在市场化改革后逐渐显露出来。单位制度的变革,一方面使男女平等就业失去了有力的组织和制度保证;另一方面,也在为克服以往性别平等的局限性创造着条件。     

婚龄的法律效果与社会效果

法律作为一种规范,具有法律效果和社会效果,法律效果的显现在于法律和社会的契合程度,法律效果要以社会实践作为检验的手段,这就表现为社会效果。法律效果和社会效果是否被同时实现,实现的程度如何,可以引入西方经济学原理中的帕累托最优来衡量。通过婚姻法婚龄规定的法律效果和社会效果解析,我国婚龄的规定没有实现帕累托最优,因此还存在改进的可能性。