Changing Places: Men Replace Women in Mental Health Beds in Britain

Based on census materials collected in England and Wales from 1921 to 1991, this study focuses on gender differences in occupancy rates in hospitals and other mental health facilities in Britain. The results suggest that since 1991, or for the first time in the twentieth century, there are more males than females in residential mental health facilities in Britain. Furthermore, this pattern of association holds for all age groups except those aged 65 years and over. Second, there are currently two distinct subpopulations in mental health facilities—a male group which is predominantly of working age, and a female group, which is predominantly of retirement age. The existence of these two care populations will impact significantly on current and future resourcing of mental health services. The policy implications of the research findings are discussed within the context of the debates on the changing relationship between gender and mental health.     

The Changing Structure of American Gambling in the Twentieth Century

The author examines some of the factors that altered the economics and control of policy and numbers gambling, bookmaking, and casino gambling from 1900 to 1950. The factors include the emergence of black ghettoes after World War I and the consequent rise of blacks to controlling positions in numbers and policy banks; the changing ownership and activities of the national race and sports information service; the increasing use of the telephone for making sports bets; and the sudden wealth of bootleggers in the 1920's along with their growing involvement in gambling enterprises. The author concludes that these factors exercised a diverse and interrelated influence on the history of American gambling.     

媒介女性形象刻板印象之成因探微

尽管女性在媒介信息中占据着可观的空间,然而媒介中女性的形象与角色是单一的、刻板化的,仍然处于被异化的状态.其成因在于:女性在历史语境中的"他者"地位是媒介女性形象刻板印象化的始作俑者;文化工业链条下的传媒运作机制日益商业化则直接导致女性形象的物化、欲望化和消遣化:女性的边缘地位和她们在集体无意识状态下的"失语"巩固了刻板印象的生成并在媒体中的大量存在;媒介通过谴责或浅薄化造成了女性形象的"象征性地歼灭".基于此,媒介传播者在进行反思的同时,女性也应对自身存在着的"盲从意识"和"自贱意识"进行批判.