西藏生态宜居建筑环境营造与人居智慧

西藏地处青藏高原地带,生态环境脆弱,但藏族先民在长期的生产、生活实践中积累了丰富的宜居空间营建经验,发挥其聪明智慧在雪域高原营造出独具特色的生态宜居空间,并形成了择佳地而居,营建生态宜居空间等人居理念,生态宜居型住房的营造,实现了人、建筑与自然的融合和协调发展。西藏生态宜居建筑的营建很好地顺应了西藏高原复杂地理气候环境,巧妙地趋利避害,使建筑与周围环境相得益彰。藏民族对住房的营建,其原则就是最大程度地顺应自然地理环境,降低对自然地理环境的破坏,体现了藏民族对大自然的敬畏和尊重,对生态环境的保护,充分展现了人居智慧。藏民族对大自然的保护、崇敬和与自然和谐相处等价值观念闪烁着人类智慧的光芒,照亮着未来对生态居住环境营造以及城市人居环境建设的发展之路。     

西藏城市人居环境审美追求的民族文化特色

西藏历史建筑不仅具有独特的建筑风格和高超技术，而且还有着独特的审美取向和价值观。人与自然之美是西藏城市人居环境建设的基本追求，敬畏自然，顺应自然是西藏人居环境建设的基本原则，而依山临水则是西藏城市人居环境顺应自然的价值追求和灵活运用。西藏是一个宗教文化盛行的地区，特别是藏传佛教在元以后渗入西藏社会政治、经济和文化等各个领域，在宗教文化的影响下，西藏重要城市和寺庙建筑具有非常特别的神圣和庄严之美。西藏的自然景观奇特壮丽，天地之美形成了藏族人居环境的色彩之美和对人居环境美化的特殊追求。藏文化与其他文化的多元交流与融合共同塑造出了藏族对人居环境的审美观念，这对当今中国人居环境科学的发展具有极为宝贵的启示与价值。     

人居空间与自然环境的和谐共生——西北少数民族聚落生态文化浅析

西北地区民族众多,文化多元。各少数民族在聚落选址、建筑材料利用、庭院布置、屋舍装饰等方面,注重因地制宜、因材致用,强调人群聚落与自然地貌、山水环境、植被状况的契合,积累了一整套善于利用可再生清洁能源的经验,形成了因循自然环境、有效利用自然资源的聚落生态文化,营造出人与自然和谐共生的人居环境机制。这些传统的聚落生态文化,对西北地区环境保护和可持续发展有着重要的现实意义。     

西藏城市住房制度改革与城市人居环境改善

住房是人居环境居住系统当中的核心要素,对住房需求的满足及房屋质量、居住环境的优劣也是城市宜居性的重要体现。改革开放后,住房制度的改革与房地产市场的发展也带动了房屋建设水平的提高,现代化住宅的建筑技术、房屋设计、新型材料的普遍应用,使西藏城市住房与内地城市住房在质量上趋同,普遍具备较好的采光、采暖、防水、隔音等功能,更好地提升了居住的舒适度和安全性。现代化厨卫设施的普及让居家生活更为便倢和卫生,藏族民众的卫生观念、健康意识也随之提高,清洁燃气、太阳能等家用能源的普及还促进了城市生态环境的保护,而社区环境也更加舒适和安全,城市宜居水平得到长足的发展,西藏民众的居住变得更加舒适,城市人居环境也因此得到发展。     

从史诗《格萨尔·诞生篇》管窥藏族的疾病观念

《格萨尔》不仅是藏民族创作的一部英雄史诗,更是记述藏族古代部落社会、政治、经济、宗教、医药等方面的民族史、心灵史,反映藏民族传统观念、价值观念的文化史,是藏民族的百科全书。其中包含有可供研究藏族先民对人体、疾病、医疗认知的宝贵史料。《格萨尔》中反映的疾病观念,无论是对疾病的认识(咒师作怪、因果报应、污秽瘴气)、病因的解析(无明五毒),还是治疗方式(持咒、洗礼、熏香、药引子)都无不体现出藏族先民的生存智慧。     

浅谈民俗与西藏民族传统体育

风俗习惯是一种传承的社会文化现象,在社会生活的各个角落都普遍存在。由于藏民族所处独特的地域和环境,产生了与西藏民俗相适应的、风格各异、形式多样的藏民族传统体育。藏民族传统体育源于生活,反映出藏族社会生活和特有的民风民俗,具有丰富的文化内涵,是藏族群众精神文化和娱乐的主要方式。西藏民族传统体育与藏民族的信仰民俗有着直接的关联,在西藏民间沿袭着的达玛节、望果节、插箭节、萨嘎达瓦节等的崇拜信仰祭祀活动中,体育运动是不可或缺的内容。西藏的民俗节日是比较多的,传统体育也是西藏节日民俗的重要内容。     

《格萨尔王传》中的藏族原始宗教

一、山崇拜和灵魂崇拜在藏族先民原始自然崇拜中,对山神的崇拜是特别突出的,甚至可以说它是藏族原始自然崇拜的基础。先民们认为在雪域藏地的任何一座山峰,不论其大小都有神灵,并且这些神祇和精灵,都主宰着人们的吉凶祸福。为什么山崇拜在藏族原始自然崇拜中,会如此地突出?这完全是因为青藏高原特定的地理条件所决定的。高原多山,崇山峻岭比比皆是。我们知道,原始自然崇拜的对象,是把直接可以为人们感官所觉察的自然物和自然力,用来作为崇拜对象的。千百年来,我国的藏民族,都世世代代繁衍生息在这有着崇山峻岭的环境之中,不管是生活、生产劳动,第一个与之打交道的就是山,近山     

西藏佛教对藏区雕版印刷业的影响

藏族是一个具有悠久历史的民族,也是一个受宗教影响很深的民族,她们的文化艺术的发展,始终与宗教、特别是与西藏佛教的发展紧密地联系在一起。笔者根据藏、汉文史籍的记载,仅就西藏佛教与藏区雕版印刷业的关系及其印书院的建立和印刷之版本等若干问题,作一简略概述,不妥不足之处,希望专家学者予以批评指正。     

宗教文化影响下的傣族传统人居环境营造

傣族的宗教文化包括其原始宗教文化与佛教文化,它是傣族社会历史文化的重要组成部分。在傣族传统人居环境的营造中,宗教文化的影响无处不在。本文试图探析宗教文化对傣族传统人居环境中社会、自然、农业生产、村寨布局等方面的影响,挖掘傣族传统人居环境营造中的生态智慧,展示傣族地区人、神、自然和谐共聚的内因所在,为当代人居环境建设提供借鉴。     

论民主改革前藏族牧区的牧主式经营

藏族的先民是青藏高原的开拓者,他们很早以来就驯养、培育了牦牛(含犏牛)、藏系绵羊等适应高原气候的优良畜种,通过发展畜牧业生产开发了这一地区。这是他们对缔造祖国作出的特殊贡献。据统计整个高原上有草原近20亿亩;我国四大著名草原,这里就有两个。本世纪五十年代初期,藏族总共240万左右的人口中,完全从事牧业的人口约近百万,在全国各民族专事牧业生产的人口中,约占半数左右。从西藏冈     

生态教育与西北地区的生态环境

文章论述了西北地区生态环境的现状及其根源,揭示了生态教育与地区环境之间的内在作用机制,提出了加强生态教育、深化生态意识,实现西北地区生态环境可持续发展的具体措施。     

乌蒙山区古彝文文献中的生态图景及其生态价值省思

自汉晋到清末，彝族都以自己的文字记录着本民族本地区的社会生活，其遗存就是尚存于民间的部分古彝文文献。乌蒙山区的黔西北是我国彝族居住的主要地区之一，也是我国彝族古文献的富集区。彝族古文献中有许多涉及自然生态环境等内容的记述，主要体现为高寒自然地理条件下的生态特征生计方式、生态灾害、生态退化及其应对等多个方面。记述内容丰富，问题深刻，仰赖与保护生态环境的情节、观念及其地方性知识闪耀其间，既是古彝文献的重要价值呈现，也是我国多民族大家庭千百年来人与自然和谐共生思想宝库中的重要组成。对其进行整理与分析，既有助于反思乌蒙山区的生态灾变因由，又有助于提升人们的文化自觉、文化自信意识，并推进民族传统文化的研究向纵深发展，其在促进生态文明建设、实现区域绿色可持续发展实践中的功能价值。     

乌热尔图的生态文学与生态关怀

在20世纪末中国作家群里,鄂温克族作家乌热尔图是比较早地以文学形式关怀人类生态的作家之一,面对日益严重的生态危机,他一直在思考我们人类到底应当怎样对待自然;作为作家和学者,他对所有地球生命感到深深的忧虑。     

生态人类学及其在中国的发展

文章评述了生态人类学的学科发展历程及其在中国的发展状况,分析了生态人类学在中国的发展前景和面临的问题,并提出了初步的看法。     

全球化背景下的人类生态维护理念

人类已有的生态维护都是从具体文化出发所做出的。生态安全是一个文化概念,不同文化规约下的不同民族对生态理念内涵的界定也因文化而异。以至于我们今天从事生态人类学研究,也需从具体民族入手,对其传统生态知识进行发掘与整理,激发各族人民对自己拥有的传统知识的自信,不断地提升该区域生态知识技能,充分地发挥该区域各民族生态知识价值,实现对区域生态环境的高效利用与精心维护。     

论生态建设与生态旅游协调发展的关系

西部地区经济相对滞后 ,却蕴藏着大量的旅游资源。由于青海地区的开发主要以生态建设为支柱 ,因此 ,发展旅游业 ,开发生态旅游资源是生态建设的一个重要的支点 ,它所产生的经济影响远远大于它的内部经济性。以青海生态建设为依托 ,开发生态旅游资源为发展的先导产业 ,是青海经济可持续发展的推动力。     

生态人类学的主要理论及其发展

生态人类学是人类学领域中一门重要的分支学科。本文就生态人类学这门学科的含义,以及它在产生和发展过程中形成的主要理论,即环境决定论、环境可能论、文化生态学、文化唯物论、生态系统论以及民族生态学,作简要论述,并阐述了生态人类学的新近发展倾向。     

生态民族学的当代价值

本文主要探讨了理性与非理性、自然生态与民族生境的意义与关系,对文化生态和本土生态知识进行了较为详细地阐述,指出即使在科学技术高度发展的今天,在生态灾变救治的终极目标上仍然需要依靠特定生态背景下特定文化共同体的这本土性知识。     

从民间信仰层面透视高原藏族的生态伦理——以青海黄南藏区的田野研究为例

高原藏族在数千年的生态环境适应过程中,形成独特的环境—文化适应模式,由于自然环境的特殊严酷和脆弱,在高原藏区形成广泛的自然禁忌和神山圣水的集体表象,作为一种观念体系,它是高原藏族在适应特殊生态环境的基础上,形成的整体文化适应的一部分,反映出高原藏族对脆弱生态环境的谨慎适应。     

西部民族地区生态文明建设问题探析

Ecological civilization is a mode of civilization which is constructed on the concept of multiple-wins, such as economic benefit, social benefit and environmental benefit, etc. It requires that a harmonious relationship between man and nature permeate various aspects of civilization, such as material civilization, spiritual civilization, and political civilization, forming an ecological mode for production, living, consumption, and other behaviors. The theories and practices of eco￣logical civilization both at home and abroad, as well as the strategic planning for the construction of ecological civilization in China, have constituted important theoretical and practical guidelines for the construction of ecological civilization in the western ethnic areas of China.
Constructing ecological civilization in the western ethnic areas has important theoretical and practical significance. Compared with the eastern part of China or the whole country, the level of e￣conomic and social development in the western eth￣nic areas still lags behind; energy consumption is generally high , and the number of national key ecologically functional areas is large. Furthermore, these areas face a daunting task for their environ￣mental protection and energy saving. In addition, the most concentrated areas of desertification in China are found in the western ethnic areas, espe￣cially Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia, Tibet and Qing￣hai. Therefore, the construction of ecological civi￣lization in the western ethnic areas has an impor￣tant role for the sustainable development of the e￣conomy and society, ecological security, energy saving and emission reduction, and the prevention of land desertification.
Generally speaking, the western ethnic areas actively participate in the national demonstration areas of the construction of ecological civilization, and constantly improve the level of ecological civi￣lization construction. However, their overall level is low, and the differences between various prov￣inces are considerable. Although the western eth￣nic areas have rich forest resources, tourism re￣sources, etc. for the construction of ecological civ￣ilization, they still face many problems in the use of their ecological resources and the construction of ecological civilization.
As noted above, the western ethnic areas ac￣tively take part in the construction of the key na￣tional ecological civilization demonstration areas. At present, among the 55 ecological civilization demonstration areas of China, 22 are in the west￣ern ethnic areas. These demonstration areas are actively exploring the construction of ecological civilization by taking the property rights of natural resources, ecological compensation and cadres as￣sessment, etc. into consideration.
As just noted, although the level of the con￣struction of an ecological civilization in western ethnic areas has been improving, the overall level is still low. The overall level of ecological civiliza￣tion in western ethnic areas lags significantly be￣hind the nation or eastern regions. In addition, the levels of every province are quite different. For in￣stance, the level of Guangxi and Yunnan is rela￣tively high. Therefore, the construction of ecologi￣cal civilization must be adapted to the local condi￣tions of the provinces.
There are a large number of key forestry en￣terprises in the western ethnic areas, but the struc￣ture of the forestry industry is not equitable. For￣estry is an important force, and provides important content for the construction of ecological civiliza￣tion. On the one hand, there are a large number of key national forestry enterprises in the western eth￣nic areas, but their distribution is not balanced. At present, there are 295 key national forestry en￣terprises , among which 48 are found in the western ethnic areas and are included in the list. Among them, the advantage held by Guangxi and Yunnan’s forest resources are obvious, while those in Tibet, Ningxia and Qinghai are not so obvious. On the other hand, the forestry resources in the western ethnic areas are unevenly distributed, and the structure of the forestry industry is not equita￣ble;the proportion of the primary industry of for￣estry is too high, and the proportion of the second￣ary industry is relatively low. This means that the economic benefits of forestry resources are not fully transformed, something which has seriously affect￣ed the promotion of ecological civilization.
Tourism resources in the western ethnic areas are rich, but the contradiction between tourism de￣velopment and environmental protection is sharp. The tourism industry can effectively improve the level of ecological civilization construction. With rich tourism resources in the western ethnic areas, the tourism industry has become one of the impor￣tant regional pillar industries, especially in Guizhou, Yunnan and Guangxi. However, the conditions of tourism infrastructure and the tourism environment are still relatively backward in western ethnic areas. This is seen especially in the tourist foreign exchange income ratio which is not high. In addition, theunique tourism resources have not strongly attracted more overseas visitors; and, as just said, there are contradictions between regional tourism development and ecological environment protection, which are still very sharp.
The construction of an ecological civilization is a complicated social system project. The con￣struction of an ecological civilization in the western ethnic areas has just started, so we need to in￣tegrate the idea of ecological civilization throughout political, economic, cultural, and social construc￣tion. Furthermore, we need to promote the process of ecological civilization construction according to the local conditions by taking the central authorities’ construction plan of ecological civiliza￣tion as guidance; consider the economic develop￣ment level of each province; and the characteris￣tics of ecological protection and resource environ￣ment in ethnic areas.
First of all, we should change the concept of government at all levels and the entire society in western ethnic areas, and improve the system of ecological civilization construction. For this pur￣pose, we must:( i) strengthen the top-level de￣sign of the ecological civilization system; ( ii) im￣prove relevant systems, such as the development of the national land space; and ( iii ) improve envi￣ronmental protection and ecological compensation in the western ethnic areas and the whole country. Furthermore, through making use of both formal systems, such as political, economic and legal ones, and informal systems, such as ecological culture, we should jointly safeguard and promote the construction of ecological civilization. On the one hand, we must establish and improve various policies related to finance, tax, population and land to improve the level of ecological political civ￣ilization in the western ethnic areas from the level of central government to local administrations. On the other hand, the central government and local administrations in the western ethnic areas must enhance the awareness of the construction of eco￣logical civilization through various ways, including school education and the internet.
Secondly, we should vigorously develop the advantages of the ecological industry in western ethnic areas, such as ecological tourism, ecologi￣cal agriculture and other ecological industries. The construction of ecological civilization should strive to find a balance between ecological environment and stable economic growth. Therefore, according to the characteristics of their ecological environ￣ment, resources, climate and the capacity of the ecological carrying capacity, we should choose ec￣ological industries suitable for regional develop￣ment, such as ecological agriculture, ecological tourism;change the original model of industrial de￣velopment to an ecological mode of production, and improve the level of ecological civilization while protecting the environment.
Thirdly, we should speed up the development of secondary and tertiary industries of forestry in the western ethnic areas, and further optimize the structure of the forestry industry. For this purpose we must further increase forestry investment and construction;and improve the total output value of forestry through afforestation, returning farmland to forest, and coordinating the relationship between the economic forest and ecological forest. Moreo￣ver, we should actively participate in China’s forest food certification and forest certification program;improve the proportion of secondary and tertiary forestry industires; take the initiative to transform the advantage of forestry resources into economic advantages;and improve the level of civilization of the ecological environment.
Finally, it is necessary for the western ethnic areas to continue the practice of constructing an ec￣ological civilization. Though adjustment to local conditions, and actively exploring the practice of ecological civilization construction, we should gradually accumulate experience in the construc￣tion of ecological civilization for the western ethnic areas, and even the whole country. In particular, in Guizhou, Yunnan and Qinghai, we must active￣ly promote the process of regional ecological civili￣zation construction based on the scheme of their own ecological civilization demonstration area pro￣grams. In addition, the western ethnic areas should fully play an important role in informal in￣stitutions, such as national ecological culture.