试析苏共二十大对中国社会主义建设道路探索的影响

苏共二十大对中国社会主义建设道路的探索有着深远的影响。探究其中的原因,总结其中的经验教训,不仅有助于我们进一步加深对邓小平理论的历史成因的理解,而且对于今天改革开放以来的有中国特色的社会主义道路的进一步开拓,也有着重大的指导意义和现实意义。     

Towards a social history of suffering: Dignity,misery and disrespect

ABSTRACT

This article examines the working-class audience in Soviet Ukraine and the changes in its reading appetites during the 1920s. Under the Soviet nationalities policy of korenizatsiia introduced in 1923, the print-runs of Ukrainian-language literary products increased significantly. Nonetheless, as this article argues, those numerous publications often did not reach Ukrainian readers and if they did, they could hardly satisfy the interest appetites of an ever-growing Ukrainian audience. As the book reviews collected in the second half of the 1920s showed, the worker readers were interested in a certain type of literature – entertaining, easy to comprehend, dealing with contemporary issues and characters – that was not yet available in Ukrainian. Nevertheless, once that literature began to emerge in the late 1920s, the interest in contemporary books in Ukrainian increased. By examining every aspect of reading in Ukrainian – production, dissemination and consumption of the printed word – this article highlights the decisive role of Soviet readership in determining future official Soviet Ukrainian literature. The case of Soviet Ukraine emphasizes regional specifics and introduces an important language component to the Bolshevik reading revolution of the 1920s to early 1930s, largely ignored in the scholarship.     

以人民性为中心的科学实践 20世纪50年代精神预防性无痛分娩法在中国

20世纪50年代苏联精神预防性无痛分娩法在中国的传播可以视为一场科学实践，超越了科学与政治二元对立的逻辑。分析它如何被接纳、正当化与转化，可以拓展对中国式现代化的理解。专业医护人员将无痛分娩的政治推进转化为科学叙事和实践，将苏联知识在地解释为助产动作、会阴保护，甚至借用巴甫洛夫理论发展祖国医学，呈现着有限度的科学自主性。以人民性为中心的无痛分娩裹挟着科学、阶级、性别和国族的复杂叙事，呈现出去技术化和再技术化、“文明产妇”与“经管”产痛的张力，生活世界与政治的“距离”提示着人民性与中国现代性之间的复杂关系。     

Analysing the Welfare State in Poland, the Czech Republic, Hungary and Slovenia: An Ideal-Typical Perspective

This article applies ideal-typical welfare state theory in analysing the recent transition and the current position of welfare state systems in Eastern Central Europe, taking the cases of Poland, the Czech Republic, Hungary and Slovenia. The article argues that Eastern Central European welfare state systems have returned to their historical and cultural roots of welfare state formation and development, to the time before the onset of state socialism in Soviet times. First, social security policies and social and labour laws were established when the vast bulk of Eastern Central European countries were member states of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, sharing the same political economy, legal system and culture. Over the last 20 years, the socialist system of employment-based social services and benefits has been replaced with Bismarckian-type social security policy and systems. While there are major alterations here and there – in ideal-typical perspective – the four countries under scrutiny share all the major traits of Continental European (Christian Democratic) welfare regimes .     

The CPSU and the Soviets

"Popular sovereignty in our country," we read in the Theses of the Central Committee of the CPSU, Fifty Years of the Great October Socialist Revolution, "is expressed above all in the soviets - representative bodies combining the features of state and civic organizations." The guidance given the soviets by the Communist Party is a vital factor in the Soviet system. This factor reflects the fundamental qualities of the political organization of socialist society. The entire course of the country's historical development has proved irrefutably that complete disclosure of the fundamental advantages of the Soviet organization of power and their utilization in the interests of socialism would be impossible in the absence of the leading role of the Party in the soviets. The relationship between the Party and the soviets in the system of socialist democracy provides the key to understanding the mechanism of popular sovereignty and reflects a fundamentally new interaction between the political leader, the state organization, and the masses of the people that is impossible under a system of exploitation. It is no accident that the apostles of anticommunism are particularly rabid in their attacks on the position of the Party in the republic of soviets, making it their primary target in their slanderous inventions and verbal attempts to subvert the principles of socialist society.     

"Your Novel Has Some More Surprises in Store for You": The Specificity of the Fantastic in The Master and Margarita

For a long time the view that predominated in Soviet social science was that, with the victory of the socialist revolution and the building of socialism, the working class in the USSR had no goals and tasks that were its own and that differed from those of other strata of society, and that consequently the classic methods of workers' struggle were inapplicable in resolving any social problems that arose.     

Economic Collaboration Between the USSR and the Socialist Countries

It is already more than a quarter of a century since socialism has gone beyond the boundaries of a single country. As a result of the victory of the socialist revolution, in the postwar years in a number of countries in Europe, Asia, and subsequently in the western hemisphere as well — in Cuba — there developed a world socialist system: a social, economic, and political community of free and sovereign peoples following the road of socialism and communism, united by common interests and goals and by the close ties of international socialist solidarity. Its nucleus is the Soviet Union, which has amassed enormous experience in the construction of a new society.     

The ‘flood’ of 1945: regimes and repertoires of migration in the Soviet Union at war’s end

The pioneering migration scholar Eugene Kulischer employed the metaphor of the ‘flood’ to characterize the movement of peoples across Eurasia at the end of the Second World War. This article builds on that metaphor by analysing the range of Soviet citizens’ migratory movements within and back to the USSR in 1945. It pays special attention to settlers, deportees, returning evacuees, repatriates, demobilized soldiers and itinerants. Not only did these different groups of migrants appear simultaneously, but each produced the other: settlers moved to deportees’ vacated land; many demobilized soldiers and evacuees were recruited as settlers; some repatriates were deported; and those escaping deportation often became itinerants. In each case the article examines the interaction between the state’s migration regimes – its projects and provision of infrastructure to move people – and migrants’ repertoires, that is, their reliance on networks of kinship and friendship to avoid or mitigate hardship and maximize opportunities. It argues that the fulfilment of the state’s agendas with respect to migration depended not only on its regimes but migrants’ own practices.     

The ‘black spot’ on the Crimea: venereal diseases in the Black Sea fleet in the 1920s

This article examines how high command in the Soviet Red Navy responded to reportedly high levels of venereal diseases in the Black Sea fleet in the mid-1920s. Illness in the fleet posed a threat to national security, especially during the first unstable decade of the Soviet Union’s existence. Naval command and the municipal authorities of the Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (Crimean ASSR) targeted three main points for reform: the source of infection, those who became infected, and the urban space of Sevastopol. The majority of studies of venereal diseases in military populations have been situated within wartime, whereas this article explores the construction of disease during peacetime to interrogate how the naval and municipal authorities in the Black Sea justified intervention into the private, and intimate, lives of sailors and the wider population.     

Mao Zedong Is the Great Founder,Explorer and Pioneer of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics

毛泽东在革命战争年代就指明了中国革命的前途,即通过新民主主义革命不问断地进入到社会主义革命,最终建设社会主义和共产主义。新中国成立后,毛泽东创建并不断完善社会主义经济制度以及与之相适应的政治制度,领导了大规模的社会主义经济、政治和文化建设,奠定了中国特色社会主义的制度前提、思想保证、物质基础,创造了社会主义建设的有利外部环境。在这个过程中,毛泽东创造了一系列独创性的关于中国社会主义建设的理论成果,提出实现马克思主义普遍真理同中国实际的第二次结合,走自己的路,探索适合中国国情、具有中国特点的社会主义建设道路。这是毛泽东在中国社会主义发展史上的重大理论贡献,为实现马克思主义中国化第二次历史性飞跃做了充分的思想酝酿与理论准备,不仅是中国特色社会主义理论、道路、制度形成的历史和逻辑的起点,而且是中国革命、建设和改革的一条指导原则。毛泽东在探索中既留下了成功的经验,也留下了失误的教训,这两方面都为当今中国特色社会主义建设积累了宝贵经验和重要启示。因此,不论是从历史实践上还是从理论逻辑上说,毛泽东都是中国特色社会主义事业的伟大奠基者、探索者和先行者。     

Raising a true socialist individual: Yugoslav psychoanalysis and the creation of democratic Marxist citizens

This article explores the surprisingly successful development of psychoanalysis in socialist Yugoslavia, and the discipline’s relationship with both Western paradigms and Yugoslavia’s own theory of workers’ self-management. It focuses primarily on child psychotherapy and psychoanalysis, and their attempts at reforming traditional Balkan ‘authoritarian’ families and helping raise democratic Marxist citizens. It argues that Yugoslav psychiatrists and psychoanalysts developed their own version of revolutionary and activist psychoanalysis, which was meant to contribute to a broad political and cultural discussion in Yugoslavia about constructing a society based on genuine Marxist collective and individual emancipation, an alternative to both Stalinist state socialism and Western capitalism/liberal democracy. Many ‘psy’ professionals used overtly political language to frame their aims and experiences, and turned their consulting rooms into revolutionary sites. West European practices and theories of child psychoanalysis figured prominently in Yugoslav clinical discussions and practice, but they were regularly linked to the broader goals of Marxist revolutionary politics, workers’ self-management or socialist struggle against patriarchy or ‘bureaucratized’ political relations. Therefore, the Yugoslav experiment, in which a new activist psychoanalysis became mainstream and state-funded psychotherapy, remains central to understanding psychoanalysis as a tool for socio-political critique and activism in the second half of the twentieth century.     

Ending poverty in Mongolia: From socialism to social development

While recent literature on social welfare has included Asian countries, less is known about low‐income and former socialist countries in Central Asia. This article combines a documentary‐historical method with a value‐critical approach to analyze Mongolia's social policy response to poverty. Mongolia is unique in Asia because it transformed from nomadic pastoralism to socialism without a phase of capitalist industrial development. The case study found that Mongolia lost social welfare when it transitioned from socialism, a statist model, to market liberalism and multiparty democracy. In the 21st century, Mongolia has been aspiring to promote social development by redirecting mining revenues to a human development fund. Mongolia is potentially an exemplar of social development strategies affirmed at the United Nations Conference for Social Development (Rio+20) regarding a green economy for inclusive growth and poverty elimination. Future social welfare research should consider the importance of sustainability. Key Practitioner Message: ● Global standards for tracking poverty alleviation will be integrated with sustainability measures beginning in 2015; ● Mongolia hopes to foster social development and sustainable livelihoods by reinvesting revenues from mining into human capital and health care; ● To sustain future generations, social policy needs to consider the relationship between natural capital, social capital, and financial capital.     

‘It was better when it was worse’: blue-collar narratives of the recent past in Belgrade

Based on oral history research conducted among networks of blue-collar workers in Belgrade, Serbia, this article develops three interrelated arguments regarding workers’ appraisals of the recent past (1980–2014). Firstly, although the tumultuous years of late socialism and post-socialism in Serbia have been represented by scholars as a series of ruptures, I suggest that for blue-collar workers the boundaries between socialism and post-socialism and pre-conflict and wartime eras are blurry. Secondly, despite the conditions of war and economic collapse, blue-collar accounts of the 1990s in Serbia are not universally negative. Some individuals experienced upward social mobility, strongly influenced by class and gender positioning in late socialism. Female workers who had experienced hardship during the 1980s were often better equipped to navigate 1990s ‘economies of makeshift’. Thirdly, social dislocation associated with neoliberal economic reforms since 2000 disproportionally affects blue-collar workers, reshaping narratives of late socialism and the 1990s (sometimes inducing workers to overlook or downplay coercive aspects of the Milo?evi? regime). The accounts of this diverse group of (former) workers highlight that social class, gender and generational cohort condition the rather divergent ways in which the last three decades were experienced, are remembered and continue to be reevaluated in Serbia.     

论中国特色社会主义理论体系创立的前提基础

中国特色社会主义理论体系的创立,具有深刻的历史和现实基础;具备一定的逻辑前提,即马克思主义中国化在社会主义建设和改革时期的曲折发展;拥有丰富的理论来源,其中最基本的是马克思列宁主义、毛泽东思想。     

社会和谐是中国特色社会主义的本质属性

社会和谐发挥了中国特色社会主义推动社会发展的优势。它有可能做到完全按照社会发展的需要和最广大人民的利益去调节生产关系和上层建筑,使其不断适应生产力发展的要求,从而达到整个社会协调持续地向前发展,政治经济文化社会保持和谐稳定的状态。社会和谐反映了中国特色社会主义在社会关系方面的特征,它符合于中国特色社会主义发展的历史趋势,体现了中国特色社会主义的基本价值取向。实现人的全面自由发展,是科学社会主义的最高价值取向,也是共产主义社会最本质的特征。而人的自由全面发展的标志,是每个人的自由发展是一切人的自由发展的条件。这恰恰就是人与人和谐相处的最高境界,是社会关系和谐的最高境界。今天我们建设社会主义和谐社会就是在为实现这个目标而奋斗。     

Towards a pragmatic approach: a critical examination of two assumptions of indigenization discourse

The current discourse of indigenization has been dominated by a normative approach that puts culture and social work values at the centre of discussions of social work's transference ‘from the West to the rest’. Taking a social constructionist perspective, this article argues that we need to critically examine some underlying assumptions of this normative approach, which may have led to misunderstandings of indigenization. The pragmatic approach, which I suggest as an alternative, views indigenization as a process in which various actors with various cultural lenses select the components of Western social work that can be integrated with, or replace, existing local social care practices. The purpose of this integration and replacement is to better serve the needs of the receiving society and its people.     

The Transformation of Ideology from Mao to Deng: Impact on China's Social Welfare Outcome

This article aims at making a dialectical assessment of the development of social welfare between the period of Mao's socialism and Deng's economic marketization. It examines the transformation of ideological discourses between the two periods and its impact on social welfare outcomes. It posits that an ideological system is important in affecting the outcome of social welfare policy. Mao's welfare policy, despite certain shortcomings, created a relatively equal, sustainable and self-sufficient society with solid achievements in social welfare and especially in human development. Deng's economic marketization, although remarkable in economic growth, is producing social contradictions leading to the decline of welfare service. The current development discourse is dismantling Mao's welfare policy without establishing a new and more democratic conception of socialist political economy.     

Social Enterprise – A New Phenomenon in the Field of Economic and Social Welfare?

Drawing upon insights from historical institutionalism, this article critically examines the origins of social enterprise and its emergence into the mainstream policy arena. It begins by relating the social enterprise idea to major non‐state/non‐private institutional traditions, including the European social economy, US non‐profits and the UK charitable sector, and places it within the specific field of economic and social welfare. In so doing, the article contests the idea that social enterprise is a new phenomenon in the social welfare field and proposes instead that the supposed ‘novelty’ of social enterprise as an organizational form and a subject of public policy lies primarily in the nature of the socio‐political and economic context of the 1980s–1990s, during which time it became ‘en vogue’. The process of institutionalization of social enterprise and its ascension into the mainstream policy arena is examined in more detail in the case of England during the time New Labour was in office and beyond, and lessons are drawn from this experience concerning both the role that social enterprise plays or is expected to play as a vehicle to address economic and social needs, and how this is intertwined with both a dominant neo‐liberal discourse, as well as alternative perspectives that emphasize more equalitarian and sustainable development paths. The article concludes with some reflections in relation to the apparent consensus that seems to exist around social enterprise as a legitimate subject of public policy and the resulting social enterprization of public services which is currently taking place in England.     

Steadfastly Maintain Our Direction and Explore New Roads： Sixty Years of Socialist Practice in China

在世界性经济危机与社会主义中国的经济将维持正增长的强烈反差对比之下，重新审视中国坚守的方向和走过的道路，意义非同寻常。共和国的前30年为后30年的改革发展奠定了坚实的基础。共和国的后30年继续进行探索，取得了多方面的辉煌成就。历史经验告诉我们，建设社会主义最重要的不是有没有详尽的蓝图，而是有没有认清社会主义方向的视野，有没有不折不挠地迈向社会主义未来的勇气。尽管今天的中国还存在着大量问题，面临着多重严峻的挑战，但只要坚持社会主义的方向，未来的道路一定会越走越宽广。