老龄多人口死亡率联合建模与一致性预测

退休年龄以上的老年人群死亡率预测是养老金精算和长寿风险度量的基础。针对我国大陆地区退休年龄以上人群死亡率数据量较小且波动较大的问题,借助多人口联合建模思想,基于单人口CBD模型,提出了一个适用于老龄死亡率建模的Logistic多人口模型。通过加入更多相关人口数据信息来预测我国老年人口死亡率,选取我国台湾地区分性别死亡率相关数据,与我国大陆地区分性别死亡率数据进行联合建模。研究发现,Logistic多人口死亡率模型比单人口CBD模型表现出更好的拟合效果和长期预测一致性效果。     

中国人口预期寿命预测的Double-Gap方法及其改进

文章通过引入灰色预测GM(1,1)模型改进Double-Gap方法对寿命差距进行建模,并将预测结果与传统Double-Gap方法、Lee-Carter模型和贝叶斯分层模型进行比较,以探寻适合中国人口预期寿命预测的科学方法。研究结果表明:(1)从建模原理看,Double-Gap方法不仅能在建模中将中国人口预期寿命与人类最优表现预期寿命进行关联,还能避免Lee-Carter模型等间接预测法中死亡模式固定的缺陷,同时方法客观、可操作性较强。(2)从模型的拟合与短期预测效果看,改进Double-Gap方法具有较小的平均绝对百分误差,并能有效弥补Lee-Carter模型在人口预期寿命预测中出现的过拟合问题。(3)从模型长期预测效果看,Lee-Carter模型和贝叶斯分层模型在预测中国人口预期寿命时较为保守,而Double-Gap方法预测的中国人口预期寿命能保持与最优表现预期寿命之间的合理变动趋势,并且改进D-G方法预测的出生人口平均预期寿命增长趋势的斜率值小于传统D-G方法,能够更好地反映出人口死亡率降低到一定程度后寿命增长减速的趋势。     

Lee-Carter死亡率模型的估计与应用——基于中国人口数据的分析

文章选择Lee-Carter死亡率模型对中国人口死亡率数据进行拟合和预测,以探讨Lee-Carter模型在中国的适用性和表现形式。基于1992～2007年中国人口分年龄组死亡率数据,文章对奇异值分解法(SVD)、最小二乘法(OLS)、加权最小二乘法(WLS)和极大似然法(MLE)的拟合结果和预测能力进行了比较分析。结果表明,加权最小二乘法具有最好的拟合和预测效果。文章利用最优的拟合模型,对未来中国人口平均预期寿命进行了预测,并利用Bootstrap方法进行了区间估计。     

封闭人群生存人数整体预测--以Lee-Carter模型为例

由不同组别人群组成封闭人群整体生存人数的预测是相关经济、社会问题研究的基础。现有文献在研究相关问题时,使用的方法为：首先根据动态死亡率模型对其中具有相同特征不同部分的生存人数进行预测,之后通过加总得到整体人数的预测（简称现有方法）。由于现有方法忽略了不同特征人群死亡率变动间相关性的影响,会低估生存人数的波动性。本文使用Lee?Carter模型,在将封闭人群按性别分组的基础上,给出了构建生存人数整体预测模型的过程和实例。并通过理论分析和数值模拟两个视角对现有方法和新方法做了比较。比较结果指出：在死亡率波动具有广泛相关性的现实世界中,只有在均值预测时,现有方法才可以达到预期效果,因此笔者建议在对整体人数（特别是涉及方差和分布函数）预测时,使用本文介绍的整体生存人数预测模型。     

香港人口死亡率演变及其未来发展

与其它发展地区类似 ,二战以后香港人口死亡率已经经历了显著的下降 ,达到了一个非常低的水平。在这种极低水平的现状下 ,香港人口死亡率进一步下降的空间还有多大呢 ?本文基于香港人口死亡率历史数据 ,探讨了其演变趋势 ,同时利用Lee -Carter模型对香港未来 5 0年分性别的人口死亡率进行了预测。如果我们将预测结果与最近的官方预测数据进行比较 ,可以发现 ,本文Lee -Carter模型预测的未来香港人口死亡率下降趋势比官方预测结果要乐观     

中国人口死亡率随机预测模型的比较与选择

本文在中国男性人口死亡率历史数据基础上,利用贝叶斯信息准则与似然比检验,比较了目前得到广泛应用的几个随机死亡率模型,结果表明Cairns-Blake-Dowd两因素模型的一个扩展模型的拟合效果最优。在最优模型的基础上,对中国男性人口死亡率进行了预测,并作为实例,对我国养老保险个人账户在领取阶段的长寿风险做出评估。     

Lee-Carter估计模式推算中国农村老年人口死亡率的研究

死亡率的估算与人口老龄化密切相关,中国60岁及以上老年人口主要集中在农村地区,本文运用Lee-Carter模型对农村分性别单岁组的死亡率数据进行建模,预测出农村人口死亡率与期望寿命的发展趋势。     

基于时间—区域序列的随机死亡率预测及对中国数据的应用

由美国学者Lee,Tulj(?)parkar和Carter于1991年提出的随机人口预测(LTC)方法,既弥补了传统的“高一低”方案所无法回答发生某个状态的概率的缺点,又解决了经典的随机人口模型不能处理按龄生育、死亡率的随机性时变的困难。介绍了(LTC)方法的主要内容,并通过将其中时间序列模型扩展为时间—区域序列模型,解决了该方法用于发展中国家的常见困难即死亡率时间序列数据不足的问题。同时利用中国死亡率数据进行(LTC)方法的建模和预测,取得了良好的效果。     

中国人口总量与GDP总量关系模型研究

文章采用经济计量学中无约束混合有限多项式分布滞后模型,依据1952～2000年年度GDP、总人口、出生率与死亡率数据,构建了能反映总人口与GDP总量之间内在关系的、较为理想的综合模型。该综合模型预测的2001年中国人口总数(不含港澳台地区)与《中国统计年鉴(2002)》中公布的数据仅相差46.3367万人,表明该模型初步揭示了总人口与GDP总量之间的内在关系,对未来中国人口总量预测也有一定帮助。     

中国1998年高龄老人健康长寿调查基本情况

自50年代以来,许多死亡率总体水平较低的国家80岁及以上高龄老人死亡率的下降速度与幅度大大高于所有其他年龄组,加上过去高出生率期间出生的人群陆续进入高龄,80岁及以上高龄老人是21世纪老年人群中增长最快的年龄组。第四次全国人口普查表明,中国1990年高龄老人人数为800万。在比较保守的中死亡率预测方案下(即假定中国男、女平均0岁预期寿命从1990年     

区域研究中的常用人口预测模型

人口是一国和地区发展的重要因素。准确的人口预测是制定国民经济计划、区域发展规划的基础。文章以甘肃省为例,介绍了线性回归模型、马尔萨斯模型、Logistic模型和GM（1,1）模型在人口预测中的应用,包括模型的建立、参数的求解以及精度检验。并分别用这几种模型对甘肃省2006—2020年的总人口进行预测。结果表明几种模型的拟合精度都比较高,预测值比较接近。取几种模型的预测平均值作为甘肃省总人口规模的预测结果。几种模型的平均预测结果为：2010年甘肃省总人口将达到2745．84万人,2015年将达到2840．91万人。2020年将达到2934．23万人．     

不同预测模型下西藏自治区人口发展状况及对策研究

针对西藏自治区人口数据的有限性、数据序列的不平滑性等特点,分别采用一元回归、马尔萨斯模型、lo-gistic模型、GM(1,1)模型等4种方法,利用西藏自治区1980—2009年统计年鉴数据进行人口预测,综合考虑各种方案预测值,确定西藏自治区2010-2030年的人口数,在此基础上探讨基于人口增长的西藏经济发展模式与对策。结果表明,几种预测模型中平均相对误差率最小的是一元线性预测模型Ⅲ,仅0.2611%,马尔萨斯预测模型Ⅲ的平均相对误差率最大,也只有2.0767%;从预测结果看,Logistic模型的预测结果最为保守,仅为339.61万人,马尔萨斯模型预测最为乐观,高达380.10万人,未来相关研究中,可应用Logistic模型预测值作为下限,马尔萨斯模型预测值为上限;为综合应用四种模型的优势,研究中综合平均四个不同模型的预测结果,则西藏2010年人口将达到294.07万人,2015年达到311.34万人,2020年328.81万人,2025年346.54万人,2030年364.57万人,未来20年总人口增长趋势逐渐加快,区域发展中有一定人口压力。     

我国高龄老人长期护理需求测度及保障模式选择

伴随着人口老龄化,我国老年人口高龄化现象日渐突出。高龄老人失能概率高．长期护理需求大．是老年人口中的脆弱群体。本文基于MarkOV多状态转移模型．对我国高龄老人长期护理需求进行量化预测。结果表明．2010--2050年我国失能高龄老人人口规模将从860．47万人激增至4764．52万人．高龄老人长期护理费用从1020．47亿元攀升至5650149亿元。昂贵的长期护理费用致使传统以家庭为主体的长期护理模式难以为继．为有效缓解未来高龄老人长期护理财务压力,满足高龄老人长期护理服务需求,发展长期护理保险与提升长期护理服务水平成为契合我国现实国情的政策方略．     

The problem of the aged population in China]

The situation regarding the population of China over age 60 is reviewed. From 1953 to 1980 the aged population doubled in size, with the population in urban areas growing at a faster rate than in rural areas. The author notes that declining birth and mortality rates and longer life expectancy will cause the absolute number of the aged to increase. For China, each percentage point increase in the aged means an increase of 10 million aged people. As the ratio of the aged to the rest of the society becomes increasingly larger, China will become an aged society. Tables on age distribution and life expectancy are included.     

Precision,bias, and uncertainty for state population forecasts: an exploratory analysis of time series models

Many researchers have used time series models to construct population forecasts and prediction intervals at the national level, but few have evaluated the accuracy of their forecasts or the out-of-sample validity of their prediction intervals. Fewer still have developed models for subnational areas. In this study, we develop and evaluate six ARIMA time series models for states in the United States. Using annual population estimates from 1900 to 2000 and a variety of launch years, base periods, and forecast horizons, we construct population forecasts for four states chosen to reflect a range of population size and growth rate characteristics. We compare these forecasts with population counts for the corresponding years and find precision, bias, and the width of prediction intervals to vary by state, launch year, model specification, base period, and forecast horizon. Furthermore, we find that prediction intervals based on some ARIMA models provide relatively accurate forecasts of the distribution of future population counts but prediction intervals based on other models do not. We conclude that there is some basis for optimism regarding the possibility that ARIMA models might be able to produce realistic prediction intervals to accompany population forecasts, but a great deal of work remains to be done before we can draw any firm conclusions.     

人口预测的随机方法:基于Leslie矩阵和ARMA模型

本文探讨了人口预测的一种随机方法。文章回顾了经典的Leslie矩阵并结合中国的人口统计数据,用时间序列的ARMA模型对未来的生育率、死亡率进行估计,并由此构造Les-lie矩阵,经时间序列的数据中心化,根据自相关函数、偏自相关函数的截尾性或拖尾性,以及贝叶斯信息准则函数方法对模型定阶,实现对ARMA模型的识别。在中国人口预测方面的应用证明,基于Leslie矩阵和ARMA模型的人口随机预测方法是稳健的,具有很强的适用性。由于统计数据可获得性的局限,对模型做了不少假设和近似。随着人口数据的积累,未来将会在此方面有所改进。     

Separating the Signal From the Noise: Evidence for Deceleration in Old-Age Death Rates

Widespread population aging has made it critical to understand death rates at old ages. However, studying mortality at old ages is challenging because the data are sparse: numbers of survivors and deaths get smaller and smaller with age. I show how to address this challenge by using principled model selection techniques to empirically evaluate theoretical mortality models. I test nine models of old-age death rates by fitting them to 360 high-quality data sets on cohort mortality after age 80. Models that allow for the possibility of decelerating death rates tend to fit better than models that assume exponentially increasing death rates. No single model is capable of universally explaining observed old-age mortality patterns, but the log-quadratic model most consistently predicts well. Patterns of model fit differ by country and sex. I discuss possible mechanisms, including sample size, period effects, and regional or cultural factors that may be important keys to understanding patterns of old-age mortality. I introduce mortfit, a freely available R package that enables researchers to extend the analysis to other models, age ranges, and data sources.     

Retrospect and prospect of China's population

This discussion of the population of China covers the reproductive pattern and fertility rate, the death pattern and mortality, age-sex structure of the population, population and employment, urbanization, migration, and the aging of the population. During the 1949-83 period, China almost doubled her population with an annual natural growth rate of 19/1000. China's reproductive pattern developed from early childbearing, short birth spacing and many births to later childbearing, longer birth spacing and fewer births. China's total fertility rate (TFR) was 5.8 in 1950 and 2.1 in 1983 with an annual decrease of 3%. The annual national income grew at a rate of 7.1%, while the annual growth rate of population 1.9% from 1950-82. Consequently, the national income per capita increased from 50 yuan in 1950 to 338 yuan in 1982. The major factor responsible for the changes is the remarkable decline in the rural fertility rate. The crude death rate dropped from 27.1/1000 in 1963 to 7.1 in 1983 and the infant mortality rate from 179.4/1000 live births in 1936 to 36.6 in 1981. There was also a significant change in the causes of death. Population aged 0-14 in China account for 33.6%, 15-49 for 51.3%, and 50 and over for 15.1% of the total population. China is in the process of transition from an expansive to a stationary population. The age-dependency ratio declined from 68.6% in 1953 and 79.4% in 1964 to 62.6% in 1982. Sex ratios recorded in the 3 population censuses are 105.99 in 1953, 105.45 in 1964, and 105.46 in 1982. Employment in both collective and individual economies did not expand until 1978. Sectoral, occupational, and industrial structures of population started to change rationally with the adjustment and reform of economic management system in 1978. The strategic stress on the employment of China's economically active population should be shifted from farming to diversified economy and urban industry and commerce, from sectors of industrial-agricultural production to those of non-material production, and from expansion of employment to the rise of employment efficiency. The proportion of urban population in China accounted for 20.8% in 1982 with an annual growth rate of 4% during the 1949-82 period. The 1982 population census reveals that 94.4% of China's population resides on the southeast side of Aihui-Tengchong Line. Compared with the statistics in 1953, there was no notable change of the unbalanced population distribution on each side of the Line over the last 50 years. China is comparatively young in its population age structure. 1982 census data show that there were 49.29 million people at age 65 and over in 1982, representing 4.91% of the whole population. It is estimated from the age composition of 1982 and age-specific mortality rate of 1981 that there will be 88 million elderly persons by 2000, 150 million by 2020, and about 300 million as a maximum around 2040.     

黑河流域人口承载力预测分析

人口承载力的研究对象是由若干个内部关系错综复杂、相互之间联系紧密的子系统所组成的“自然-经济-社会”复合巨系统,本文运用系统动力学建立复合模型仿真模拟预测黑河流域人口承载力状况．并建立黑河流域人口承载力的预警指标体系。复合模型预测数据显示,黑河流域人口承载力呈超载状态．而预警目标值Z=0．979〈1,说明该区没有实现持续发展,乃“磊、乙三个指标小于1,说明黑河流域生态环境和固定资产投资占比是影响黑河流域发展的主要因素。