共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
Thomas C. Ratliff 《Social Choice and Welfare》2001,18(1):79-89
In an election without a Condorcet winner, Dodgson's method is designed to find the candidate that is “closest” to being
a Condorcet winner. Similarly, if the head-to-head elections among all candidates do not give a complete transitive ranking,
then Kemeny's Rule finds the “closest” transitive ranking. This paper uses geometric techniques to compare Dodgson's and Kemeny's
notions of closeness and explain how conflict can arise between the two methods.
Received: 19 October 1999/Accepted: 6 December 1999 相似文献
2.
Francesco De Sinopoli 《Social Choice and Welfare》2000,17(4):655-672
In this paper we show in the context of voting games with plurality rule that the “perfect” equilibrium concept does not
appear restrictive enough, since, independently of preferences, it can exclude at most the election of only one candidate.
Furthermore, some examples show that there are “perfect” equilibria that are not “proper”. However, also some “proper” outcome
is eliminated by sophisticated voting, while Mertens' stable set fully satisfies such criterium, for generic plurality games.
Moreover, we highlight a weakness of the simple sophisticated voting principle. Finally, we find that, for some games, sophisticated
voting (and strategic stability) does not elect the Condorcet winner, neither it respects Duverger's law, even with a large
number of voters.
Received: 16 March 1999/Accepted: 25 September 1999 相似文献
3.
By using geometry, a fairly complete analysis of Kemeny's rule (KR) is obtained. It is shown that the Borda Count (BC) always
ranks the KR winner above the KR loser, and, conversely, KR always ranks the BC winner above the BC loser. Such KR relationships
fail to hold for other positional methods. The geometric reasons why KR enjoys remarkably consistent election rankings as
candidates are added or dropped are explained. The power of this KR consistency is demonstrated by comparing KR and BC outcomes.
But KR's consistency carries a heavy cost; it requires KR to partially dismiss the crucial “individual rationality of voters”
assumption.
Received: 5 February 1998/Accepted: 26 May 1999 相似文献
4.
Stoyan V. Sgourev 《Theory and Society》2011,40(4):385-416
If institutional heterogeneity tends overall to reduce survival chances, it may also persist and be harnessed to good use.
This article investigates this ambivalence by looking at how institutional heterogeneity emerges, develops, and survives.
An inductive study of the “Metropolitan Opera” archives suggests that what enables heterogeneity to survive and to withstand
the pressure for homogenization is its inherent potential for “multivocality.” The analysis shows how institutional discrepancies
were bridged over through an opportunistic, “multivocal” action pattern, whereby the organization maneuvered between conflicting
institutional demands, seeking to minimize dependence on any single constituency or evaluation principle. Maintaining discretionary
options is essential in multi-dimensional space, where ambiguity makes optimization impractical. The trade-off in this action
pattern includes remarkable adaptability and operational inefficiencies. 相似文献
5.
In his Presidential Address to the European Economic Association, Tony Atkinson introduced the idea of a “charitable conservatism”
position in public policy, which “exhibits a degree of concern for the poor, but this is the limit of the redistributional
concern and there is indifference with respect to transfers above the poverty line.” This contrasts with the perspective of
poverty indices, which give zero weight to those above the poverty line, which we call “poverty radicalism,” and with standard
“inequality aversion” where the weights decline smoothly as we move up the income scale. The object of this paper is, first,
to clarify the interrelationships between charitable conservatism, poverty radicalism and inequality aversion. We do this
by showing how the patterns of welfare weights to which each of these gives rise are related to each other. Secondly, we are
concerned to demonstrate the implications of these different views for optimal income taxation. In terms of levels and patterns
of marginal tax rates, we show that charitable conservatism and poverty radicalism are on a continuum, and by choice of low
or high inequality aversion one can approximate either outcome fairly well. 相似文献
6.
Jean-François Laslier 《Social Choice and Welfare》2000,17(2):283-292
In this paper is remarked that “mixed” strategies in games of electoral competition do not need to be interpreted as random
moves. There are two a priori symmetric parties, and a finite (non spatial) set of alternatives. Parties are allowed to take
unclear positions, by campaining on a “platform” that is a mix of several alternatives. Each individual nevertheless identifies
a party with a single alternative, the number of individuals who identify a party with a given alternative being proportional
to the importance of that alternative in the party’s platform.
Received: 24 March 1998/Accepted: 3 March 1999 相似文献
7.
Shoemaker S Zemke DM 《Journal of gambling studies / co-sponsored by the National Council on Problem Gambling and Institute for the Study of Gambling and Commercial Gaming》2005,21(4):379-410
One of the newest customer segments to be identified by casino marketers is the “locals” market, or local resident gambler
market. This study addresses the relative lack of empirical data on the “locals” market segment. The purposes of the study
are to identify important reasons for visiting a particular casino; to identify which casinos respondents visit most often
and why; to gain an understanding of such behavioral variables as gambling budget, time spent gambling, and favorite game;
and to determine perceptions of different casinos in the Las Vegas area. The results may not generalize across all casino
markets but they do provide insight into gamblers’ activities and behavior patterns. A telephone survey administered to residents
of the Las Vegas metropolitan area yielded a sample of 637 participants who gamble for a least 15 minutes once every 2 months
in a legalized gambling establishment. A customer satisfaction index based on casino performance on importance variables is
presented. 相似文献
8.
This commentary addresses Olivola and Todorov’s “Elected in 100 ms: Appearance-Based Trait Inferences and Voting” and considers
its valuable contribution to the field of nonverbal communication. This work suggests that contemporary politics and voting
behavior are so complex that they can be better understood outside of laboratory settings where the vital elements on culture
and context come into play. By using consumer culture theory and other cultural theories of branding, this commentary evaluates
elements of Barack Obama’s presidential run, and considers why his campaign resonated so well with voters in contemporary
United States culture. 相似文献
9.
Sarah H. Matthews 《Qualitative sociology》1979,1(3):35-52
This paper addresses the relationship between meaning attached to settings by social actors and their self-identities. In
the context of research on the social worlds of old widows the author identifies “ideal type” self-designated identities,
namely that of “resident” vs. “newcomer” in a setting. These self-identities are considered in light of the bearing upon them
of the non-human or physical aspects of settings as well as of the people who share the settings. Finally, strategies for
maintaining “resident” status are shown to be more limited for the old than for the younger members of society.
I would like to thank Juanita B. Wood, Stephen G. Wieting, Ellen Horgan Biddle, Harold B. Freshley, and an anonymous reviewer
forQualitative Sociology for their instructive comments on earlier drafts of this paper. This research was supported in part by a grant from the Administration
on Aging, Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. Researchers undertaking such projects are encouraged to express freely
their professional judgment. Therefore, points of view or opinions stated in this document do not necessarily represent the
official position or policy of the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. 相似文献
10.
Norma Williams 《The American Sociologist》1988,19(4):340-346
I attempt to show how my ideas about bureaucracy and Mexican American culture are a product of my life history and how I worked
out key features of these ideas in teaching sociology at a small university. This was made possible because strategic sponsors
helped me as an “outsider” to become a kind of “insider” within that social milieu.
Her fields of interest are bureaucracy, family, social psychology and race and ethnic relations. She is currently writing
a monograph on Mexican American family life. 相似文献
11.
Paul F. Clark 《Journal of Labor Research》1999,20(3):329-342
Conclusion Both sides in the paycheck protection debate can make substantive, as opposed to political, arguments to support their positions.
Supporters of paycheck protection measures argue that many workers disagree with the political positions their unions take,
a point that is borne out by the scholarly research on members' attitudes towards politics. They contend that workers should
have “the basic right to choose if and how their money is spent on political causes” (Kamburowski, 1998, p. 2). They further
argue that ultimately it is an issue of fairness and choice and that “compelling workers to support causes they do not believe
[in] violates the fundamental tenets of a free country” (Kamburowski, p. 2). 相似文献
12.
A. J. Thieblot 《Journal of Labor Research》2003,24(1):169-177
In the Winter 1999 issue of the Journal of Labor Research (“Prevailing Wage Laws and Black Employment in the Construction
Industry”), I reported a significant inverse relationship between the strength of states’ prevailing wage laws and the prospects
for black employment in the construction industry. My conclusions are challenged by Azari-Rad and Philips in “ Race and Prevailing
Wage Laws in the Construction Industry,” in this issue. This reply responds with new evidence reinforcing the previously asserted
relationship: black employment ratios in construction are better in states that don’t have prevailing wage laws than in states
that do, and they lessen as the strength of those laws increase. Furthermore, prevailing wage law repeal has apparently benefited
black employment opportunities in the construction industries of the states where it has occurred. 相似文献
13.
Norman K. Denzin 《The American Sociologist》2002,33(2):105-117
“The claim that all the world’s a stage is sufficiently commonplace for readers to be familiar with its limitations and tolerant
of its presentation.” (Goffman 1959, 72, 254)
“Given that the logic of privatization....now odiously shapes archetypes of citizenship, [and] manages our perceptions of
what constitute the ‘good society’....it stands to reason that new ethnographic research approaches must take global capitalism
not as an end point of analysis, but as a starting point.” (Kincheloe and McLaren 2000, 304)
“My abhorrence of neoliberalism helps to explain my legitimate anger when I speak of the injustices to which the ragpickers
among humanity are condemned. It also explains my total lack of interest in any pretension of impartiality, I am not impartial,
or objective...[this] does not prevent me from holding always a rigorously ethical position.” (Freire 1998, 22) 相似文献
14.
Serge-Christophe Kolm 《Journal of Economic Inequality》2011,9(3):329-352
Deriving comparisons and measures of inequality from full ethical foundations was a main innovation of the 1960s and pursuing
it is still a most fruitful direction. This implies using “equal equivalents” and some principles particularly rich in meanings.
Multidimensional inequalities can be measured and compared thanks to the “equal-equivalent manifolds”. The “equal-equivalent
utility function” defines individual “welfare” cleaned of differences in sui generis individual tastes and hedonic capacities deemed irrelevant for “macrojustice”. Then, equal allocation is a deeper end-value
than equal welfare but has to be complemented by free choice for freedom, Pareto efficiency and a demanded partial self-ownership.
The result is the richly multi-meaning “equal-labour income equalization”. 相似文献
15.
Jeff Borland 《Journal of Labor Research》1986,7(3):293-307
An alternative interpretation of the Ross-Dunlop debate of the 1940s is provided, which reveals little difference in the opinions
of these two theorists on the role of optimizing behavior and of economic factors in explaining trade union behavior. Importantly,
both saw theories of union activity based on simple economic maximands as unable to incorporate some “political” features
of those unions. The recent wave of economic analyses of trade unions however seems to have answered such criticism to a large
extent. A survey of this work is provided to show how many of Ross’s “unanswered questions” can be explained by models where
rational trade unions maximize relatively straightforward objective functions.
This work is based on chapter 1 of the author’s M.A. thesis at the University of Melbourne. Many thanks are due to Ian McDonald
for his generous help, and to Greg Whitwell for his comments on an earlier draft of this paper. The author is presently a
graduate student at Yale University. 相似文献
16.
Woodside AG Zhang M 《Journal of gambling studies / co-sponsored by the National Council on Problem Gambling and Institute for the Study of Gambling and Commercial Gaming》2012,28(1):13-26
X-consumers are the extremely frequent (top 2–3%) users who typically consume 25% of a product category. This article shows
how to use fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) to provide “causal recipes” sufficient for profiling X-consumers
accurately. The study extends Dik Twedt’s “heavy-half” product users for building theory and strategies to nurture or control
X-behavior. The study here applies QCA to offer configurations that are sufficient in identifying “whales” and “jumbo shrimps”
among X-casino gamblers. The findings support the principle that not all X-consumers are alike. The theory and method are
applicable for identifying the degree of consistency and coverage of alternative X-consumers among users of all product-service
category and brands. 相似文献
17.
Stephen Zafirau 《Qualitative sociology》2008,31(2):99-127
Reputation is an important feature in the interactional contexts of work in “culture industries” such as film and television
production. But few accounts have examined how reputations are produced in the everyday worlds in which cultural producers
live and work. This paper introduces the concept of “reputation work” to describe the front stage and back stage interactional
processes through which cultural producers continuously strive to produce their reputations. Drawing on participant observation
data gathered at a Hollywood talent management company and a business school course on the talent industry, this paper shows
how Hollywood agents and managers perform four types of reputation work. These include how Hollywood talent representatives
work to adhere to institutionalized conventions for reputable physical settings, group contexts, giftgiving practices, and
selfhoods. Such reputation work performances are done for the sake of “impression management,” but show how this strategic
interaction is governed by industry-wide institutions that govern legitimacy.
Stephen Zafirau is a Ph.D. candidate in the Department of Sociology at the University of Southern California. His dissertation examines how decision makers in the US film industry create and legitimate ideas about motion picture audiences, and how those ideas become important in the everyday contexts in which decisions about Hollywood movies are made. 相似文献
Stephen ZafirauEmail: |
Stephen Zafirau is a Ph.D. candidate in the Department of Sociology at the University of Southern California. His dissertation examines how decision makers in the US film industry create and legitimate ideas about motion picture audiences, and how those ideas become important in the everyday contexts in which decisions about Hollywood movies are made. 相似文献
18.
The “finesse point” introduced here extends the notion of a core; it is a position that minimizes what a candidate needs to
do to counter moves that are made by an opponent. The definition, which is motivated by the “chaos theorem” as well as by
the dynamics of positive and negative political campaigning, is also used to define a “malicious point,” which is an optimal
location from which a candidate can engage in “negative campaigning.” 相似文献
19.
Choosing subsets: a size-independent probabilistic model and the quest for a social welfare ordering
“Subset voting” denotes a choice situation where one fixed set of choice alternatives (candidates, products) is offered to
a group of decision makers, each of whom is requested to pick a subset containing any number of alternatives. In the context
of subset voting we merge three choice paradigms, “approval voting“ from political science, the “weak utility model” from
mathematical psychology, and “social welfare orderings” from social choice theory. We use a probabilistic choice model proposed
by Falmagne and Regenwetter (1996) built upon the notion that each voter has a personal ranking of the alternatives and chooses
a subset at the top of the ranking. Using an extension of Sen's (1966) theorem about value restriction, we provide necessary
and sufficient conditions for this empirically testable choice model to yield a social welfare ordering. Furthermore, we develop
a method to compute Borda scores and Condorcet winners from subset choice probabilities. The technique is illustrated on an
election of the Mathematical Association of America (Brams, 1988).
Received: 18 August 1995 / Accepted: 13 February 1997 相似文献
20.
Edward M. Bolger 《Social Choice and Welfare》2002,19(4):709-721
In the first three sections of this paper we present a set of axioms which provide a characterization of an extension of
the Banzhaf index to voting games with r alternatives, such as the United Nations Security Council where a nation can vote “yes”, “no”, or “abstain”. The fourth section
presents a set of axioms which characterizes a power index based on winning sets instead of pivot sets.
Received: 4 April 2000/Accepted: 30 April 2001 相似文献