充分兑现人口红利 实现经济持续增长

经济发展和人口问题密切相关。改革开放以来,中国经济的高速发展,离不开人口红利的贡献。人口转变过程的特殊性,使得中国的人口红利来得早,也去得快。如何抓住这短暂的历史机遇,如何挖掘人口红利的巨大效应,从而发挥劳动力资源优势,提高劳动力配置效率,这不仅是中国获得经济持续高速发展的重要手段,也是迎接老龄化社会到来的当务之急。笔者认为,实现劳动力充分就业,消除城乡流动的障碍,提高劳动力素质,选择可持续的养老保障模式应成为促进人口红利兑现的重要途径。     

西部大开发中民族人口问题与对策

西部是中国少数民族成份和人口最多,社会经济滞后、生态环境最严峻的地区。因此,西部大开发直接关系到中国各民族人口的现代化,关系到各民族的共同繁荣。本文以大量的数据阐述了少数民族人口问题的严重性和紧迫性,并提出了一些原则性的对策。     

我国劳动力人口供求状况和新增劳动力就业选择的分析

劳动力就业问题,既是一个重要的人口问题,也是较重要的经济问题之一。是否能妥善解决这一问题不仅关系到亿万国民的切身利益,也关系到中国社会经济的长期稳定发展和政治安定。笔者试图对我国劳动力人口供求状况和新增劳动力就业选择等问题展开分析,以引起研究同仁对这些问题作更深入的探讨。     

劳动力人口与就业的协调发展研究

根据人口学对人口年龄结构的划分,一般分为三部分：０－１４岁为少儿人口,１５－５９岁为生产年龄人口,６０或６５岁以上为老年人口。其中生产年龄人口包括适龄的劳动力人口、在校人口、失业人口和非自立人口等。其中主体是劳动力人口,因其是社会财富生产的担当者和创造者,所以劳动力人口与生产资料之间的比例变动以及与之相适应的劳动力就业问题,就是人口与国民经济发展关系中的核心问题。劳动力人口与就业的基本关系受一定社会的生产条件及其对劳动力需求量的制约。同劳动力需求量相关联的有两方面因素：一是生产资料总量,一是生产…     

“经济社会转型中的人口与劳动力市场”学术研讨会论文征集

为了深入研究人口与劳动力变动所引起的经济、社会问题及相应的对策措施,由中国社会科学院人口与劳动经济研究所《中国人口科学》编辑部和浙江大学社会科学研究基础平台等单位共同举办的经济社会转型中的人口与劳动力市场学术研讨会将于2010年10月底在浙江省杭州市召开。     

非农劳动力迁移特征与影响因素分析——基于重庆的实证研究

我国的劳动力迁移问题一直是宏观经济中的一个重要问题。由于二元经济结构是中国不可回避的国情,对于农业劳动力向非农业转移的研究较多。但随着经济体制改革和市场化的进一步发展,非农业劳动力在空间上的迁移也越来越普遍。文章通过对2005年全国1%人口抽样调查中重庆市的抽样调查数据进行统计分析,描述了非农劳动力迁移的人口特征,同时基于LOGISTIC回归方程方法,研究了非农业劳动力迁移的影响因素。结果表明非农劳动力的年龄、性别、受教育程度和单位性质对迁移意愿都有显著的影响,并且与农业劳动力的迁移影响因素存在差异。     

关于中国富余劳动力的思考

富余劳动力主要包括农村剩余劳动力和城市下岗、失业人口两大部分。在中国经济总量不断上升的同时,就业问题已是困扰中国长远发展的难题。之所以产生GDP增长与失业率上升相伴的喜忧参半的结果,主要原因是:第一,我国人口基数过大,增长过快,是富余劳动力的源泉。第二,经济体制是富余劳动力存在的保障。     

香港人口变动及其对香港与内地劳动力市场的影响

香港作为中国领土不可分割的一部分,将于1997年结束长达一个半世纪的英国殖民统治,由中华人民共和国行使主权。自从1985年中国和英国关于香港问题的联合声明生效后,香港进入了一个过渡时期。在过渡时期中,香港劳动力市场发生了较为显著的变化,使香港基本上达到了充分就业状态。造成劳动力市场变化的直接因素大体上有三个,一是经济发展的速度,二是经济结构的变化,三是人口变动,本文侧重于讨论最后一个因素。人口作为整个社会的最基本部分,其变动必然给社会带来波动,人口对劳动力市场的影响是多方面和多层次的,本文主要讨论人口年龄结构与人口迁移的影响。     

俄罗斯移民问题及其发展趋势

俄罗斯作为世界人口大国之一和中国的一个重要邻国,在世界性的经济联系和人口流动背景下,出现了被称为“西方的漂移”以及吸纳被迫移民和发展中国家劳动力的外迁与内迁移民潮双向涌动的趋势。移民成为当代俄罗斯社会的一个重要特征,也使处在人口负增长阴影下的俄罗斯国家的移民政策在当前比历史上任何一个时期尤显迫切和重要。中国作为世界劳动力资源最丰富的国家,如何解决城市化过程中的剩余劳动力问题,是坚持科学发展的重要课题。俄罗斯移民问题给中国带来了多方面的启示。     

中国中长期劳动力供需趋势分析

文章采用Leslie方法预测2015-2050年中国人口总量及其年龄分布结构．据此预测劳动年龄人口的劳动力供给总量,根据经济增长的就业弹性预测劳动力的需求总量,计算劳动力供需缺口。结果表明．劳动力供给和需求总量都呈现减少趋势,供给减少更快,2015年后,劳动力市场将出现供不应求的现象。供需缺口将长期存在并有扩大趋势。面对劳动力市场出现的供需缺口问题,提出了相应的政策建议。     

基于BP神经网络人口预测模型的研究与应用

人口问题是21世纪中国所面临的重大问题,同时也是关系到社会发展的重要因素。因此人口预测,作为经济、社会研究的一种方法越来越受到人们的重视。对人口数据进行知识的发现,可以了解未来人口的演化进程,从而对连带的一系列的社会问题如教育、劳动力结构等有一个充分的认识。正确的人口预测结果将对政府制定与此相关的政策意义重大。利用数据挖掘中的BP神经网络技术,构建了人口预测模型,并根据实际数据利用该模型进行了实证预测。     

东北三省劳动力供给现状及趋势分析

目前,东北三省正处在劳动年龄人口占人口比重最高的人口转变时期,关注劳动力供给发展趋势及其内在变化对经济社会的发展十分必要。未来几十年内,东北三省劳动力供给总量表现为先上升,2010年将到达峰值,以后呈现逐年下降的趋势。劳动技能人口分布不均衡,劳动年龄人口将面临老化等问题。     

Several problems concerning population investment]

Population investment is a major topic in the studies of population and economic relations. In this particular area, numerous theoretical and practical problems are still in need of solution. Concerning the problem of population concept, there are three different approaches: (1) to determine the definition of population investment from the relationship between the population growth and the capital from national income used for investment, including investment in the newly increased population and investment in the entire population; (2) to explain population investment from the economic viewpoint that people are producers; and (3) to explain population investment from the expense needed to change a simple labor force to a skillful labor force. The expenses include educational costs, maintanance spending, wages needed to compensate workers in labor, costs for workers to master and learn modern scientific techniques to be used for production, and the costs of keeping a young labor force in the next generation.     

Further discussion of the quantitative limitation of population growth and planned adjustment]

The problem of the quantitative limitation of population growth is related to the development of economic and social productivity. Under a Socialist system, the reproduction of people themselves may follow a projected plan, in order that population growth may match economic growth, the quality of the population may be promoted, and sufficient employment will be possible for the entire labor force. The problem of the quantitative limitation of population growth, however, still exists. In the early stage of social development under Socialism, a quantitative limitation of population growth and planned adjustment were necessary in order to provide enough basic needs for daily livelihood and employment. In the later stage of social development, a quantitative limitation of the population growth and planned adjustment are still needed for the purpose of promoting population quality and ensuring the entire development of the people. Under a socialist system, excessive labor productivity will not produce pressure on the population; instead, it will provide new content for the planned adjustment of people's production and reproduction. From here, the capability of dealing with the problem of the newly increased population will be strengthened, and also the capability of working out a planned adjustment between the two productions will be enhanced.     

Preliminary achievements of China's national economy development and family planning]

A preliminary view of the population control policies of the People's Republic of China is the subject of this report. The report maintains that population control policies are closely linked to economic growth and indicates that criticism by the West of these policies is unfounded. According to an investigation of 1000 married women of child-bearing age carried out in 1981, 19.1% of them have 1 child, 21.4% of them have 2, 49.5% have 3 and only 9.9% of them have no children. This would seem to refute the West's idea of the "1 child only" policy as strict and clear-cut. The report maintains that economic growth and family planning are functions of one another. Although China has made marked progress in population control, its population problem is still far from being resolved as population growth is still relatively high compared to productivity. The marriageable population is extremely high and increase in population create a burden on education, employment, transportation, welfare, housing and medicine each year. The trend in rural areas (which make up 80% of China's population) to have larger families to produce more labor must be reversed in order to make population control objectives feasible. Thus, the need for China to continue its efforts to promote rural economy and family planning must continue. The needs for improvement in promotion and family planning education as well as for improved medical conditions are also evident.     

改革开放后中国经济增长、劳动市场变化及未来展望

改革开放后 ,中国实现了持续的经济增长 ,并逐渐形成了劳动市场。 2 0多年来的高速经济增长 ,解决了众多劳动就业问题 ,但因过去持续几十年的劳动力人口增长 ,未来劳动市场仍将面临供需矛盾和强大的就业压力。通过对劳动力供给和需求的预测 ,展望未来中国劳动力市场     

托达罗人口迁移模型与中国城乡综合就业发展战略

美国经济学家托达罗认为,农村劳动力向城市流动的结果不仅使城市失业人口大量增加,而且导致农村劳动力严重不足,因此应控制农村劳动力向城市迁移。我国当前存在着大量的农村剩余劳动力,城市就业形势又相当严峻,要全面解决中国的就业问题,应借鉴托达罗人口迁移理论,实现城乡综合就业。     

Agricultural backwardness being the fundamental cause of rapid population growth]

We have been an agricultural country for more than 2000 years. The low level of mechanization and dependence of manpower in our agriculture required a large quantity of labor. Therefore, development of Chinese feudal society was closely related to the population growth. After the establishment of a new socialistic China, the rapid development of agricultural production resulted in our 1st population boom (1952 to 1957). Later the rapid development of heavy industry demanded the transfer of a large amount of labor from agriculture. The shortage of labor in China caused reductions in agriculture and a 2nd population boom. The backward nature of China's agriculture requires increased labor input to increase production. On the other hand, the increased productivity does not match the demands of the increased population. Consequently, living standards in the society decrease and the population growth slows. The emphasis on population control and family planning is indeed beneficial to China's economy. The fundamental solution of China's population problem must rely on a technical revolution in agriculture and increased agricultural productivity.     

中国劳动人口就业形势的差异分析

近年来,中国进入劳动年龄的人口增量巨大,就业人员迅速增长,占总人口的比重达到了迄今为止的最高点。在劳动就业领域不少长期存在的问题远未得到根本性的改善,如就业压力沉重,劳动者科学文化素质不高,全国统一的劳动市场尚有待完善,地区差异悬殊等,均构成了中国将长期面临的严峻挑战。此外,不同人群和不同地区之间,劳动人口的在业率和行业构成也存在着明显的差异。