提高妇女地位与控制农村人口增长

<正> 农村妇女地位的高低,影响着农村生育率水平和农村计划生育工作。提高农村妇女地位,会有力地促进农村计划生育和降低农村妇女生育率,从而切实地控制农村人口的增长。本文试图对此问题,谈些粗浅的看法。一妇女地位的高低,主要表现为妇女在政治、经济、文化和家庭生活等方面地位的高低。提高农村妇女地位与控制农村人口增长的关系十分密切。第一,农村妇女地位的高低,影响农村生育率水平和控制农村人口增长工作。解放以后,妇女同男子一样成为国家的主人,广大妇女从家庭走向社会,参加社会劳动,获得     

西北地区农村妇女素质与开发扶贫移民的关系——以甘肃省玉门移民点调查为例

鉴于妇女在扶贫开发中的特殊性,本文拟以2004年甘肃省河西玉门移民点的调查为依据,对农村妇女自身素质与开发移民之间的关系进行统计描述.结果表明,移民妇女的文化素质、身体素质和心理素质对迁移的成功都有不同程度的影响;同时,异地开发对贫困地区的妇女素质也有促进作用.文章最后建议在扶贫开发中要为移民妇女自身的发展提供良好的环境.     

农村妇女小额担保贷款发放的对象特征及影响因素研究——基于甘肃省微观调查数据

农村妇女是农村经济建设中的重要力量。农村妇女小额担保贷款为解决农村妇女生产经营中的困难发挥了重要作用。本文旨在研究农村妇女对于小额贷款的实际需求特点和影响贷款需求的主要因素。文章通过对甘肃地区农村妇女小额担保贷款情况进行实证研究,分别从贷款需求、贷款者年龄构成、文化水平,贷款额度、贷款用途、影响贷款需求的因素以及贷款服务支持体系进行了深入分析,并提出了政策优化的对策和建议。     

农村妇女生育意愿影响因素分析

低生育水平不代表我国农村社会生育意愿已经完成了从传统型向现代型的转变,因为生育意愿的变化受到社会和家庭多种因素的影响。借助莱宾斯坦孩子"成本-效用"理论,通过农村妇女边际孩子的选择对农村妇女生育意愿的影响因素进行分析。结果发现,性别偏好、孩子的经济成本以及抵御家庭风险、扩大家庭规模的效用在影响妇女生育意愿中起着较为明显的作用。了解农村妇女生育意愿影响因素,对建设先进生育文化有重要意义。     

中国农村妇女早婚早育和多胎生育状况的初步分析

<正> 目前,农村妇女的早婚早育及多胎生育巳成为决定我国人口控制工作成败的一个关键性因素。因此,对我国农村妇女的早婚早育及多胎生育状况的研究,是一个具有很大现实意义的课题。本文利用1988年全国生育节育抽样调查所提供的资料,就我国农村妇女早婚早育及多胎生育的发展变化及产生这种现象的原因进行初步的分析。     

提高人口资质是贫困地区脱贫与发展的关键——关于通榆县千户农民人口经济调查报告

<正> 人口素质的提高是贫困地区加速形成自我发展能力和脱贫致富的治本之策。这是我们对吉林省西部地区典型贫困县——通榆县十个乡1012户农民进行人口经济调查研究的基本结论。当前,通榆县人口文化素质低下,并出现下降趋势。这已成为全县迅速脱贫与发展的关键性制约因素,因此,我们建议:扶贫先“扶人”,首先采取相应对策全力提高人口素质,这是使贫困地区获得自我发展和加快经济振兴的决定性前提条件。     

关于我国农村妇女生育率问题

我国有十亿人口、八亿农民。农民的状况如何,代表了也决定了整个国家的基本状况。人口问题也不例外。农村妇女生育率的状况也就代表和决定了我们国家的生育水平。为此,研究生育率不能不把农村妇女生育率放在首位;降低生育率,也必须把农村作为重点。 我们常说,我国人口出生率在五十年代中期和整个六十年代形成高峰,七十年代以来才逐渐下降。这是符合实际情况的,这也正是我国农村人口出生率的基本趋势。但是如果看一     

从社会性别视角探析农村妇女向非农产业转移

在农村剩余劳动力向非农产业转移过程中,农村妇女处于明显的不利地位,无论是转移规模还是外出务工的工资水平都低于男性。以社会性别理论为基础,从社会性别视角关注农村妇女的就业状况,分析不平等及性别歧视是农村妇女向非农产业转移的重要障碍,建议政府发挥更加积极的作用,提高农村妇女的社会地位、促进男女两性平等,从而促进农村妇女向非农产业的顺利转移。     

贫困地区教育水平经济收益的实证分析

在对现有国内外有关教育水平的经济收益文献进行回顾以及构建个体接受基础教育的一般决策模式的基础上，利用了贫困地区的调查数据对农民基础教育水平的经济收益进行了客观的分析。如果按不同教育水平的综合经济收益分析法，贫困地区同样存在着教育收益率递减的现象；而根据年龄分组来评价教育水平的经济收益状况，其教育收益率递减的现象正在逐步消除，这对于提高贫困地区的基础教育无疑是一个良好的开端     

促进还是抑制:疾病负担对农村妇女非农就业的影响研究

本文利用2017年湖北省的微观调查数据,实证分析疾病负担对农村妇女非农就业的影响。研究发现:疾病经济负担显著促进农村妇女从事非农就业,而疾病照料负担显著抑制农村妇女从事非农就业,这种影响力度随着治愈时间增加而消减。进一步异质性分析表明,不同家庭成员患病对农村妇女非农就业的影响机制不同,老人患大病所产生的照料负担会驱使农村妇女增加非农就业,且儿童患大病所产生的经济负担也会迫使农村妇女减少非农就业。基于此,本文从农村疾病防治、集体照料和灵活工作制三个方面提出相关政策建议。     

半干旱地区农村妇女素质与生态环境的关系研究——以甘肃中部地区为例

本文利用甘肃中部地区10个贫困县的调查资料,重点研究了农村妇女身体素质、文化素质与农村生态环境之间的相互关系。研究结果表明,半干旱地区恶化的水环境和农业环境以及较差的庭院卫生等对农村妇女身体素质都有明显的负面影响,而农村妇女低下的文化素质对农村生态环境的保护也有不同程度的制约。因此,农村妇女素质提高与生态环境的改善是相辅相成的关系。     

贫困地区的妇女赋权和生育控制

妇女赋权是生殖健康的核心内容之一,它通过赋予妇女权力和机会,转变那些客观上存在性别歧视和社会不平等的一些结构和制度,增强妇女在社会、政治、经济上的权力,实现性别的平等与发展,改善妇女地位,使妇女生育率客观上得到控制。本文从妇女赋权的角度出发,通过妇女赋权对生育水平影响的路径分析来探讨从根本上解决贫困地区控制人口的可能途径：通过实现妇女赋权,增强妇女的自主性、独立性,促使妇女地位的提高,从而使妇女的状况得以改变,降低生育率。     

Korean patterns of women's labor force participation during the period, 1960-1980

"This article investigates how the patterns of Korean women's labor force participation have changed during the 1960s and the 1970s, [periods] of rapid economic development and social changes. The discussion focuses on the comparison of three sets of cross-sectional data derived from the 1960, 1970 and 1980 [Republic of Korea] censuses. Although not dramatic, the gross rates of women's labor force participation show an upward trend. A very high and rapidly increasing rate of rural women's labor force participation did not result in a big increase in the total rate because of the significant rise in the proportion of the population living in urban areas. However, the employment structure and patterns of women's labor force participation have changed significantly, especially in urban areas."     

青年人口迁出对农村婚姻的影响

我国当前农村青年外流对地区婚姻问题和自身婚姻的影响主要表现在三个方面:一是对自身婚配的影响,一些大龄未婚农村外流青年择偶难;二是贫困地区女青年婚姻迁移导致当地男性青年成婚困难;三是农村已婚青年流动对婚姻稳定性产生影响。针对农村青年外流带来的婚姻问题,要关心大龄未婚打工仔和打工女的婚姻问题;要关注农村单亲家庭中的孩子;要关注婚姻迁移导致的贫困农村地区“弱势累积”问题。     

The effects of siblings on the migration of women in two rural areas of Belgium and the Netherlands, 1829-1940

This study explores the extent to which the presence and activities of siblings shaped the chances of women migrating to rural and urban areas in two rural areas of Belgium and the Netherlands during the second half of the nineteenth and first decades of the twentieth century. Shared-frailty Cox proportional hazard analyses of longitudinal data from historical population registers show that siblings exerted an additive impact on women's migration, independently of temporal and household characteristics. Just how siblings influenced women's migration depended on regional modes of production and on employment opportunities. In the Zeeland region, sisters channelled each other into service positions. In the Pays de Herve, where men and women found industrial work in the Walloon cities, women were as much influenced by their brothers' activities. Evidence is found for two mechanisms explaining the effects of siblings: micro-economic notions of joint-household decision-making and social capital theory.     

中国人口老龄化的“二高三大”特征及对策探讨

本文分析讨论了我国 2 1世纪上半叶人口老龄化的“二高三大”特征。 (一 )高速 :65岁及以上老年人口占总人口比例高速增长———从目前的 7%增加到 2 0 5 0年的 2 3%左右。 (二 )高龄 :80岁及以上高龄老人比例以大约等于 65岁及以上老人增长速度的两倍超高速增长。 (三 )老人数量大 :本世纪中叶我国 65岁及以上老人将超过 3 3亿 ,80岁及以上老人将超过 1亿。 (四 )老年抚养比大 :本世纪中叶我国老年人口与劳动年龄人口之比将等于目前的 3～ 4倍。 (五 )地区差异大 :由于人口迁移的影响 ,我国农村老人比例将高于城镇 ,相当一部分欠发达省区的老人比例将高于全国平均水平。本文还就农村社会养老保障、充分发扬家庭养老优良传统、老年照料政策应适当向女性老人倾斜等方面阐述了对策性思考与建议。     

The determinants and patterns of married women's labor force participation in Korea

The present study investigates the determinants and patterns of married women's labor force participation in Korea. Married women's employment in Korea is largely determined by age, urban residence, household characteristics of the husband's socioeconomic status, family income, fertility, and the lagged effect of work. Older age, rural residence, inferior household economic condition, and recent work experience are the major positive causes of married women's participation in the market work. On the other hand, younger women with preschool children, who currently reside in urban areas, enjoying better household economic conditions (due to higher socioeconomic status of husbands and/or higher family income) are the groups of women with the smallest probability of working in the market. Married women's employment pattern in Korea shows a pattern typical of less-developed and low-income countries in two aspects: married women working and characterized by a low level of education; the difference between urban and rural areas in terms of work participation pattern is remarkable. Although Korea belongs to the advanced group of currently industrializing countries, she lags behind with other developing countries in terms of married women's employment. Moreover, it is difficult to predict in advance that Korea would have similar experiences as those of contemporary advanced countries.     

Rural-Urban Migration and Reproductive Behavior in Guatemala

Guatemala has the highest fertility of any country in Latin America, and it is also the least urbanized. Projected rural-urban migration will shift more of Guatemala's population from rural areas into towns and cities. This article uses retrospective life-history data collected in migrant origin and destination areas in Guatemala to compare the fertility of rural-urban migrant women to that of rural and urban nonmigrants. Results from discrete-time hazard regression models of union formation, first birth, and third and higher parity births indicate that delayed marriage while still in rural areas, and the rapid adoption of urban fertility practices after migration, result in intermediate migrant fertility that is closer to that of urban natives than rural nonmigrants. If current patterns are any guide to the future, the redistribution of population from high fertility rural areas to towns and cities in Guatemala will accelerate the decline in aggregate fertility beyond what would have resulted from declines in rural and urban fertility alone.