大学生非正规就业发展趋势及教育对策

在严峻的大学生就业形势下,非正规就业以其灵活、多样化、门槛低等特点逐步成为当代大学生就业的新途径。然而,受我国经济发展的现实状况、高等教育人才培养模式以及大学生自身条件等因素的影响,现阶段多数大学生的非正规就业与非正规就业市场中的其他劳动力群体一样。处于较低层次和被动状态,非正规就业这一就业形式还未被广大学生、家长和社会所认可。但从大学生非正规就业的未来发展趋势看,现代知识经济的不断发展和我国劳动力市场的不断完善为大学生就业提供了广阔的发展空间,高等学校作为向社会输送高素质人才的重要部门应做出积极的回应。     

大学生非正规就业发展趋势及教育对策探析——基于对非正规就业劳动力市场不同群体特点的比较分析

在严峻的大学生就业形势下，非正规就业以其灵活、多样化、门槛低等特点逐步成为当代大学生就业的新途径。然而，受我国经济发展的现实状况、高等教育人才培养模式以及大学生自身条件等因素的影响，现阶段多数大学生的非正规就业与非正规就业市场中的其他劳动力群体一样，处于较低层次和被动状态，非正规就业这一就业形式还未被广大学生、家长和社会所认可。但从大学生非正规就业的未来发展趋势看，现代知识经济的不断发展和我国劳动力市场的不断完善为大学生就业提供了广阔的发展空间，高等学校作为向社会输送高素质人才的重要部门应做出积极的回应。     

浅析我国非正规就业

非正规就业作为一种非常规的就业形式,不仅能够有效缓解我国目前和未来面临的就业压力,也是促进我国经济又好又快发展、构建和谐社会的重要途径。但是,我国非正规就业人员这个庞大的就业群体是以牺牲其社会保障的权益作为代价的,绝大多数非正规就业人员甚至连基本的社会保障都没有获得,充分暴露了我国目前的社会保障制度存在的弊端。本文在分析我国非正规就业现状的基础上,对完善我国非正规就业社会提出相应的政策建议,以期对解决我国非正规就业问题提供一定借鉴意义。     

中国非正规就业的性别特征分析(英文)

近些年来,伴随着改革开放和经济结构调整的逐步深入,中国的非正规就业以其灵活多样的方式吸纳了大量劳动力,特别是城乡迁移劳动力和城市再就业劳动力。非正规就业在扩大就业方面的巨大作用引起了政府有关部门的高度重视。     

推进廊坊市非正规就业的思考

非正规就业是指非全日制就业,临时就业及自营就业、家庭就业形式的就业。在很长一段时间里,各地政府对非正规就业采取的是漠视和打击的态度。然而,非正规就业以其能够显著缓解就业压力、增强劳动力市场弹性、有助于企业科学经营、满足不同劳动者群体的就业需求以及减轻社会贫困等方面的积极作用而获得了持续发展。廊坊市作为一个小城市,外来人口多,所面临的就业压力非常大。要解决这一问题,除运用常规的手段解决就业问题外,还应积极支持和扶植非正规就业。     

城市农民工与城市中的非正规就业

中国人似乎好走极端 ,从 2 0世纪 5 0年代初到 80年代初 ,中国在城市里曾创造了一种超强度的“正规”就业模式 ,通常被称为“铁饭碗” ,即由政府劳动部门或学校分配工作、终身在一个单位中就业的体制。然而 ,自 80年代初改革以来 ,中国城市中却日益增长着另一种完全相反的就业模式 ,这就是“非正规”就业。根据以往的研究 ,我国非正规就业主要由三部分劳动力构成 :1.被旧体制抛出的失业下岗工人 ,2 .流入城市的农民工 ,3.重返劳动力市场的阶段就业女职工和老年“补差”职工等 (金一虹 ,2 0 0 0 :93)。本文则是对于第二部分劳动力 ,即流入城…     

困境与出路——关于我国城镇企业下岗职工再就业状况调查

困境与出路———关于我国城镇企业下岗职工再就业状况调查“城镇企业下岗职工再就业状况调查”课题组本文是对辽宁等１７个省区城镇企业下岗职工再就业情况的调查报告，集中对下岗职工及当地政府开展的“再就业工程”的描述，包括基本情况、问题、原因、下岗职工本人的...     

山西省农村剩余劳动力就业促进政策研究——以晋城市为例

随着我国工业化、城镇化的推进,城乡收入差距增大,大量的剩余农村劳动力转移到城镇就业。本文旨在通过对农村剩余劳动力现象的调查和分析,加强对剩余劳动力的制度研究,维护其基本权益,促进剩余劳动力就业。     

促进就业的几点建议

就业压力目前，我国就业形势处于十分复杂和严峻的状态。具体来说，正面临着以下几方面的问题：1．“三流合一”形成的巨大就业压力。首先，有关资料显示，“十五”期间，我国新成长劳动力将升至峰值，新生劳动力较“九五”时期平均每年增加290万人，2001年我国城镇新增劳动年龄人口1100万人，2002年达到1400万人。其次，据测算，今后几年中，社会失业人员将持续增加，2001年全国城镇登记失业人员680万人，而国有企业下岗职工500多万人，两者合计近1200万人。这表明，每年城镇需要安排就业的人数将达到2300万人以上。按目前就业框架计算，全国每年实际新增的就业岗位只能达到800万个，年度缺口为1500万     

中国新增劳动力群体的特点研究

新增劳动力群体是青年劳动力的绝对主体,在人力资源中占有重要的地位.本文把1979年及其以后出生的青年人口界定为新增劳动力群体,并对其在数量、总体素质二元性、分布的不平衡性、较高的流动性以及严重的婚姻市场挤压和非正规就业等方面的特点进行了分析,以此使全社会关参考文献这一群体的现状和发展,并为其创造良好的发展环境,充分发挥他们在推动经济发展和社会进步等方面的巨大作用.     

Patterns of household immigration into South Texas

This article examines Mexican migration into South Texas in recent decades and focuses on changes in the characteristics of the migrants' households. An ethnographic approach is used in examining 56 permanent, immigrant households. "This article introduces a hypothesis for explaining the increase and permanency of household immigration." It is found that "immigration often leads to downward social mobility with respect to legal status of household members, type of employment, and property ownership. Of particular note is the transformation of the household from a single to a multiple worker unit, in response to agricultural labor demands and growing employment opportunities in the non-agricultural sector."     

Regulation and the future of work: The employment relationship as an innovation facilitator

Digital transformation and the reorganization of the firm have given rise to new forms of work that diverge significantly from the standard employment relationship. Advocates of digital disruption suggest that the existing legal framework cannot accommodate “innovative” working templates and business models. This article, however, argues that labour regulation can continue to facilitate innovation, presenting the employment relationship as a flexible instrument, and standard forms of employment as the means of achieving efficiencies and cost advantages. First, they allow for the full exercise of managerial prerogative and attendant internal flexibility in workforce deployment, and, second, they constitute an effective device to deliver training and develop skills.     

Employment,flexible working and the family

This paper assesses some of the implications of one of the major social changes to have taken place in the West during the second half of the twentieth century--that is, the increased employment of women, together with normative changes in gender relations and in women's expectations. These changes have been linked to an increase in individualism, which itself is associated with the transcendence of 'first modernity'. Thus it is suggested that new approaches to social analysis are required (Beck). Here it is argued that, rather than develop completely new approaches in order to grasp the changes that are under way, the 'economic' and the 'social' (that is, employment and the family) should be seen as intertwined, rather than approached as separate phenomena. Past debates in feminism, changes in the family, and flexible employment are critically examined. The growing tensions between employment and family life are discussed. It is argued that these changes are associated with the intensification of capitalist development, rather than reflecting a fundamental transformation of society. Existing approaches to the analysis of social change, including Polanyi's analysis of the development of 'counter-movements' against the 'self-regulating' market, will, therefore, still be relevant to our enquiries. In the concluding section, a programme of research that would examine these changes is outlined.     

Gender inequality in culture industries: Women and men writers in film and television

This article discusses how employment practices concerning writers of film and television contribute to gender inequality and the glass ceiling in Hollywood. Relying on historical evidence about the industries of film and television and quantitative data from analyses of the employment and membership records of the Writers Guild of America, West, the union for film and television writers in Hollywood, this article presents an overview of the industry's historical transformation from hierarchy to market in order to understand the nature of Hollywood's employment relation. It then examines how the dynamics associated with the participation of women writers contribute to particular forms of gender inequality in film and television. The conclusion considers why proven remedies for minimizing gender inequality are so difficult to achieve in the culture industry of Hollywood.     

Agricultural Restructuring and the Spatial Dynamics of U.S. Women's Employment in the 1970s1

Abstract The spatial rearrangement of women agricultural workers' employment across 380 labor market areas is examined during the period of agricultural transformation in the 1970s. Labor market maps of women's employment changes show regional declines and increases in accord with the dynamics of agricultural industrialization. Case studies selected from the maps demonstrate the gender-specific and locality-specific ramifications of these transformations.     

Making Coolies, (Un)making Workers: “Globalizing” Labour in the Late‐19th and Early‐20th Centuries

This paper explores the social relationships of wage labour formed or stabilized in British merchant shipping in the course of “off‐shoring” employment in the late‐19^th century. It argues that Asian wage‐workers were mobilized for employment on British merchant vessels as “coolies”, i.e. nominally free but mediated labouring subjects who could only be stabilized through legal, penal, social, debt, or other forms of coercion. Once introduced “coolie” relations were not confined to Indian crews. They also affected wage labour relations more generally in British shipping. While occurring against the backdrop of anti‐colonial struggles, the seafaring coolie's transformation into maritime worker was closely mediated by employers and the colonial state and produced hybrid outcomes. The creation of the modern seafaring “coolie” and the nature and context of his transformation into a “worker” thus shed interesting light on wage labour relations in the modern and contemporary global economy.     

基于城市化的新生代农民工职业技能培训路径研究

经济增长和社会结构转型带来了社会发展多方面的变化，其中新生代农民工的就业和技能状况是农村劳动力结构和就业结构发生变化的最突出表现。他们的职业流动性大，相关工作技能低，接受职业技能培训的机会少，影响了城市化进程。因此，应该从国家、政府、家庭和本人等多角度对职业技能培训问题进行分析，设计具有实用价值的职业技能培训发展路径。     

Employment Conditions in the Senegalese Horticultural Export Industry: A Worker Perspective

The rapid transformation of the agri‐food sector in developing countries has created rural off‐farm employment opportunities, especially for women. There is growing concern about worker welfare and employment conditions in agri‐food and export sectors, but empirical evidence on this issue is scant. We analyse contractual preferences of female workers in the horticultural export sector in Senegal. We use a discrete choice experiment to assess women's preferences for a labour contract and employ a latent class model to capture preference heterogeneity. We find that women have a high willingness to accept a labour contract in the horticultural export industry, and that differences in preferences for contract attributes can be explained by women's empowerment status.     

Employment, individualization and insecurity: rethinking the risk society perspective

German sociologist Ulrich Beck maintains that economic, technological and environmental transitions have radically reshaped employment relations in Western Europe. Whilst theories of employment transformation are historically ubiquitous, Beck's contribution is rather unique. Utilising risk as a lens through which subterranean shifts in employment, the economy and society can be visualised, Beck's work has been heralded as a significant theoretical landmark. The risk society perspective emphasizes the diffusion of two interlinked macro‐social processes. Firstly, Beck identifies a sweeping process of individualization which recursively generates personal insecurity and reflexive decision‐making. Secondly, changes in the relationship between capital and labour are said to have facilitated an underlying shift in the pattern of social distribution. This paper scrutinises Beck's understanding of these two processes, as a means of developing a broader critique of the risk society perspective. Theoretically, it will be argued that Beck deploys unsophisticated and artificial categories, amalgamates disparate forms of risk and compacts together diverse employment experiences. Empirically, the paper demonstrates that – far from being directed by a universal axis of risk – labour market inequalities follow the grooves etched by traditional forms of stratification.     

替代或机遇:工业机器人时代新生代农民工的生存抉择

随着劳动密集型制造企业人工成本的不断上升,中国制造业使用工业机器人代替人力的趋势已现端倪。中国正处于产业转型升级的关键时刻,越来越多的企业在生产制造过程中引入工业机器人,其对产业转型升级必然带来积极效应,但可能附带产生的其他社会影响也需被理性对待。如果劳动密集型企业大量使用机器人,挤占的将是新生代农民工群体的就业机会,这无疑将会对就业尤其是新生代农民工就业形成巨大压力。