教育扩张与分布型教育不平等——复合教育基尼系数的演化性质及其检验

学校教育机会具有“得到即满足”的充要特性，教育机会供给扩大意味着机会分布不平等下降。受教育年限的复合基尼系数是各机会基尼系数的加权平均。本文以数学推导和数值模拟证明，复合教育基尼系数随教育扩张而下降是其内在的固有性质。利用Barro-Lee世界教育面板数据，本文以实证研究验证了这一基本性质，并建立了教育基尼系数演化形态的解释模型。结果显示，各级教育衔接时序、扩展速率是影响复合教育基尼函数演化的直接因素。     

论现代企业职工培训绩效评估体系的建立

20世纪六七十年代在西方兴起的人力资本理论推动了经济学的发展,增强了经济学对社会经济现象的解释力.作为使人力资本不断增值和人力资本存量不断增加的重要手段,员工职业培训在企业中己经处在一个越来越重要的位置.     

中小企业人力资本投资与经营策略的选择

人力资本理论创始人西奥多·舒尔茨认为,所谓人力资本是指“以较大的技艺、知识等形式体现于一个人身上而不是体现于一台机器上的资本”。它的表现形式就是蕴含于人自身中的具有经济价值的知识、技能和健康素质等存量的总和。人力资本不同于人力资源,人力资源是指企业的所有人,而资源只有在不断运用的过程中不断创造出价值,才具有资本的属性。从这层意义上看,中国不缺少人力资源,缺少的是人力资本。     

大学生人力资本与陕西区域经济发展问题研究

人力资本与经济发展有着密切的关系。舒尔茨提出的人力资本理论更是说明了人力资本作为生产要素的重要性．教育促使了人力资源转化为人力资本,大学生作为高校教育下中国人力资本的中流砥柱,在社会经济中的作用越来越凸显,其将成为知识经济时代社会发展的真正动力。而陕西是中国高校人力资本的聚集地之一,其资本的带动价值在经济发展过程中却没有得到很好的实现,因此,分析大学生人力资本在陕西经济发展中的现状及其存在的问题,并探索解决问题的对策．对实现陕西省经济又快又好发展起着举足轻重的作用。     

企业人力资本投资的收益分析

人力资本投资是指企业为了可持续生存与发展,为努力提高企业的人力资本存量而做的各种消耗成本的工作。企业人力资本投资是一种投资行为,而人力资本投资不同于物质资本投资,人员在接受人力资本投资后不一定能带来直接的经济效益,企业人力资本投资的计算也存在诸多的不确定因素,在计算人力资本投资收益时,不仅要计算经济方面的收益,也要重视非经济因素的衡量。企业资本投资的特点1.滞后性。与一股投资相比,企业人力资本投资具有明显的滞后性。物质资本投资发生后,周期较短,多数在一个会计间内即可产生收益,而人力资本投资却是一个长期的过程,…     

项目教学法研究——以数控机床课程为例

当前,我国制造业发展面临专业人才存量不足且人才专业技术素养有待提升等问题,职业学院需要积极探索并创新教育模式,提高教育质量,促进人才培养与企业生产需求紧密对接。本文以智能制造领域数控机床技能人才培养为例进行探索,以期为创新教育模式提供可参考性经验。     

收入差距不应当这么大

近日，亚洲发展银行公布了一项关于中国基尼系数的统计，显示我国的基尼系数水平已由1993年的O．4上升到目前的O．47。     

国民健康与人力资本透支

最近,新加坡《海峡时报》网站刊登了美国耶鲁大学社会学教授德博拉·戴维斯的一篇文章——《“人力资本”将使中国更加繁荣》。文章指出,与其他发展中国家相比,由于中国占有得天独厚的人口优势,整体基础教育水平高,加上中国人的健康状况越来越好,在今后的10年里,中国必然将提升他的“人力资本”的等级。文章说,考虑到中国劳动力年龄结构、教育医疗保健方面的基本趋势后,预计中国人的生活水平和对人力资本的投资将会继续增长,中国无疑将成为一个拥有“人力软件优势”的国家,而且这种优势将会支撑中国经济持续增长,创造出更大的繁荣。     

当前我国的收入分配差距与解决对策

由国家统计局统计的中国历年基尼系数统计表,我们可以看出,自2008年以来,基尼系数总体呈下降趋势。但我们也应意识到,基尼系数已经远远超过0.4的国际警戒线,说明我国现在的收入差距大,存在社会不公平。本文首先通过图表分析了我国收入差距现状,结合现实进一步分析了收入差距较大的原因及影响,最后,针对此问题提出了相关的解决对策。     

人力资本视角下的农民工市民化研究

在简述人力资本与农民工市民化的相关概念基础上,从人力资本的四个形成途径出发描述了农民工的人力资本现状,并提出了人力资本视角下农民工市民化路径选择。     

Inequality measurement and the time structure of household income in Israel

The aim of this paper is to empirically evaluate the effect of the length of the accounting period on indices of inequality of household income in Israel. There are three main findings: (1) The analysis of the impact of the accounting period on the Gini index of inequality can be done in a way which is identical to analyzing the effect of the accounting period on the coefficient of variation; (2) changing the accounting period from one to three months decreases, on average, the Gini index of inequality by about 1.7%. Furthermore, the Gini index calculated from a three-month accounting period was 3.9%–4.1% higher than the index based on a 12-month period. The change in the accounting period from 12 months to three months accounts for 27% to 37% of the increase in inequality in the last two decades, depending on the type of income considered. (3) The above relationship is stable over the years but is sensitive to the definition of income.     

Trend Analysis of Anticipated Lifetime Income Inequality among Post‐war Japanese Youth

This study aims to measure the inequality of anticipated lifetime income and the inequality of annual income among the younger generation (24–29‐year‐old men), and to examine any trends that can be found in terms of inequality between 1955 and 2005 in Japan. Anticipated lifetime income is defined in this study as the present value of the total anticipated annual income that one is likely to earn each year between the ages of 24 and 59 years, assuming that there is no intragenerational class mobility. The anticipated lifetime income for each young male is estimated using the Social Stratification and Social Mobility Survey dataset, which is a Japanese national cross‐sectional survey of social stratification and social mobility. An inequality in the anticipated lifetime income can be regarded as an “inequality of outlook” among the younger generation. As a result of this analysis, it was found that the Gini coefficient, the most general measurement of income inequality, had significantly increased for anticipated lifetime income between 1995 and 2005. At the same time, the gap between the Gini coefficient of anticipated lifetime income and that of annual income had narrowed. It is suggested that “inequality of outlook,” which cannot be easily identified using a superficial index, has increased significantly.     

The Kuznets curve of human capital inequality: 1870–2010

This paper describes the long-term global trends in education inequality since 1870. Inequality in years of schooling is shown to have mechanically decreased along with the decline in the share of illiterate people. In search of a monetary equivalent of years of schooling, we turn to Mincer (1974) human capital ineq uality. Within countries, we find evidence of an inverted U-shape curve for human capital inequality over time, namely a Kuznets curve for human capital. At the global level, the world inequality in human capital has followed a similar trajectory, first increasing from 1870 to 1970, then decreasing.     

Decomposition properties of dual choice functionals

The Gini coefficient is a well-known measure of inequality, and it satisfies a non-overlapping additive decomposition property (Ebert 1988b). The Gini coefficient is related to the dual theory of choice, as developed by Yaari (1987, 1988). We determine which other dual choice functionals satisfy a non-overlapping additive decomposition property that is weaker than the additive one suggested in Ebert (1988b). It turns out that the only functionals that do are those that arise from the Lebesgue measure, the measure associated with the Gini coefficient, and degenerate delta functions. Received: 8 January 2001/Accepted: 22 February 2002 We thank the Actuarial Education and Research Fund for financial support of this project. We also thank anonymous referees for helpful comments.     

An Ex-Post View of Inequality of Opportunity in France and its Regions

This paper proposes an ex-post measure of inequality of opportunity in France and its regions by assessing the inequality between individuals exerting the same effort. To this end, we define a fair income that fulfils ex-post equality of opportunity requirements. Unfairness is measured by an unfair Gini based on the distance between the actual income and the fair income. Our findings reveal that the measures of ex-post inequality of opportunity largely vary across regions, and that this is due to differences in reward schemes and in the impact of the non responsibility factors of income. We find that most regions have actual incomes closer to fair incomes than to average income, excepted Ile de France where the actual income looks poorly related to effort variables. Finally, we find that income inequality and inequality of opportunity are positively correlated among regions.     

Inequality and growth in advanced economies: an empirical investigation

This paper empirically investigates the effect of income and human capital inequality on economic growth in different regions of the world. In the estimation of a dynamic panel data model that controls for country-specific effects and takes into account the persistency of the inequality indicators, the results show a different effect of inequality on growth depending on the level of development of the region. Specifically, we find a negative effect of income and human capital inequality on economic growth, both in the sample as a whole and in the low and middle-income economies, an effect that vanishes or becomes positive in the higher-income countries.     

A multivariate extension of the Lorenz curve based on copulas and a related multivariate Gini coefficient

The Journal of Economic Inequality - We propose an extension of the univariate Lorenz curve and of the Gini coefficient to the multivariate case, i.e., to simultaneously measure inequality in more...     

Performance pay,the marriage market and rising income inequality in Taiwan

Taiwan expanded its college access significantly over the past two decades by converting 2-year junior colleges to 4-year colleges and relaxing entrance standards. The share of college graduates in the 22–24 years old population rose from 12 to 71% between 1990 and 2014. This should have suppressed returns to schooling and lowered household income inequality. Instead, Taiwan’s Gini coefficient rose. We show that rising use of performance pay and positive assortative mating in the marriage market jointly increase the household income inequality by 46.5% between 1980 and 2014. Our results suggest that uneven quality of the most recent cohorts of college graduates led to two sources of rising household income inequality: the increased use of bonus pay which increases residual inequality among college graduates; and matching on unobserved skills in the marriage market which increases inequality among married couples.

     

Earnings inequality and skill mismatch in the U.S.: 1973–2002

This paper shows that skill mismatch is a significant source of inequality in real earnings in the U.S. and that a substantial fraction of the increase in wage dispersion during the period 1973–2002 was due to the increase in mismatch rates and mismatch premia. In 2000–2002, surplus and deficit qualifications taken together accounted for 4.3 and 4.6% of the variance of log earnings, or around 15% of the total explained variance. The dramatic increase in over-education rates and premia accounts for around 20 and 48% of the increase in the Gini coefficient during the 30 years under analysis for males and females respectively. The surplus qualification factor is important in understanding why earnings inequality polarized in the last decades.     

Basil Bernstein 1924-2000

This paper introduces the Tog coefficient, which can be used to measure the level of inequality in a cross-tabulation of two ordinal-level variables. The Gini coefficient is a standard measure of income inequality which has been adapted by other authors for use in different contexts such as the measurement of health inequalities and the quantification of occupational segregation; the Tog coefficient represents a further stage in this process of development. The paper outlines the construction of the Tog coefficient and illustrates this using a social mobility table based on data from the 1972 Oxford Mobility Study. The trend in social mobility-related inequality as measured by the Tog coefficient is compared with the findings of Goldthorpe et al. based on odds ratios. A more elaborate application of the Tog coefficient uses a variety of data relating to the similarity of spouses' class backgrounds to demonstrate the existence of a long-term decline in the level of inequality in British society.