我国家庭政策的发展路径与目标选择

我国家庭政策的发展经历了与欧美国家完全不同的路径。由于社会福利和保障制度背景和发展水平不同,我国家庭政策的发展方向与发达国家存在本质上的差异,与发达国家"去家庭化"的方向相反,我国家庭政策发展的主要方向应该是"家庭化",即基于家庭责任前提构建福利保障体系,通过强化家庭功能实现为公民提供福利和保障的目标。我国的家庭政策具有双重任务:一方面要补充社会福利发展水平低造成的保障程度不足,提升家庭自身福利供给和保障能力;另一方面要针对家庭变化产生的问题,调整社会福利配给和组织方式,扩大以家庭为生计单位的福利保障。我国的发展型家庭政策要以提升家庭发展能力为重点,包括就业支持政策和供养家庭支持政策两大类。     

家庭变迁背景下的中国家庭政策

在人口转变和经济社会变迁的过程中,中国家庭规模不断缩小、家庭结构逐渐简化、传统家庭功能趋于弱化。这对维系社会正常运作的各项社会政策带来巨大冲击,并由此将家庭政策的完善与改革提上议程。尽管改革开放以来,中国的家庭政策在影响人口发展、提供家庭保障和促进性别平等等方面有所建树,但仍未脱离含蓄型和补缺型模式的囿限。文章认为,中国的家庭政策体系应实现向明确型和发展型转变。首先应创建专门的家庭政策机构,在此基础上明确将家庭整体作为基本的福利对象、以发展家庭能力为目标进行家庭投资、推进家庭政策的适度普惠性,并尽量避免其他政策安排与家庭政策的相互制约乃至冲突。     

家庭发展能力建设的政策路径分析

家庭是人类社会的基本单位,家庭功能的正常发挥是人类社会发展的重要前提之一。家庭发展能力是家庭凭借所获取的资源满足每一个家庭成员生活与发展需要的能力,主要包括支持、经济、学习、社会交往与风险应对等6个方面的能力,可以通过家庭内部建设与外部社会支持两个途径得以实现。但是,在家庭变迁加剧,家庭功能弱化、转化、外化与社会化的背景下,家庭需求与家庭功能的对应结构失衡、家庭功能供求的自我均衡机制失灵,家庭能力建设比以往更加依赖外部的支持。因此,应聚焦家庭核心功能与需求的变化,深入探讨我国居民家庭面临的困境,将家庭作为社会政策的基本对象,积极构建家庭友好型社会环境和制度支持,全面促进家庭发展能力的建设。     

家庭变迁、家庭政策演进与中国家庭政策构建

从中国家庭变迁和中国家庭政策演进两个方面,以西方发达国家和中国为视角,对中国自20世纪80年代起至今30多年来家庭政策研究进行梳理、总结和分析,提出构建中国家庭政策的建议。中国家庭呈现出核心、主干、联合家庭此消彼长、波动往复的变迁特点,“家本位”价值观占主导地位;同时中国现有家庭政策体现出概念范围宽泛、目标指向含蓄、补救型模式的三大主要特征,也表现出“家庭主义”、“去家庭化”和两者平衡的三阶段演进历程。未来中国家庭政策的构建要围绕中国家庭的两大特点———稳健的“主干家庭”和绵延的“家本位”价值观念,以平衡的发展型家庭政策为取向,向政策概念范围精准、目标指向明确、系统普惠型模式的方向发展。     

全国部分省份对农村计划生育家庭实施奖励扶助政策的探索和实践

近年来，各地不断加大对计划生育家庭，特别是农村独生子女和双女家庭的奖励优惠力度，出台了一系列有利于稳定低生育水平和促进农村发展的政策措施，为初步建立计划生育家庭奖励扶助机制探索了新路。以下是部分省份的做法，特别是政府的相关规定。     

完善家庭发展政策 探索实施“陇家福”工程

党中央、国务院高度重视家庭发展问题,提出要将＂建立健全家庭发展政策,切实促进家庭和谐幸福＂作为全面做好新时期人口计生工作的一项重点任务,国家人口发展＂十二五＂规划提出要开展幸福家庭创建活动。为了贯彻落实好中央一系列精神,原甘肃省人口计生委在2012年开展幸福家庭创建活动的基础上,基于＂统筹大人口、关注大民生、立足大服务、着眼小家庭＂的时代要求。     

韩国人口政策及其对中国农村人口政策的启示

韩国的人口政策经历了由控制人口增长的计划生育政策到鼓励人口增长的新人口政策的转变,成功控制了人口的快速增长。缓解了人口与经济、社会资源、环境之间的矛盾,但也引起了人口老龄化、出生婴儿性别比失调等一系列社会问题。这些社会问题如今也正在中国农村上演。如能借鉴立法先行、大力发展社会福利事业、善于运用经济杠杆等经验,对维持中国农村人口的低出生率,抑制出生婴儿性别比例失调和人口老龄化的加剧具有积极的意义。     

我国家庭动态变化对二氧化碳排放的影响分析

人口数量及其增长率常常被认为是二氧化碳排放增长的重要推动力之一,而家庭变动对二氧化碳排放的影响往往被忽视。基于此,采用VAR模型,通过脉冲响应函数来考察人口和家庭变动对二氧化碳排放的动态影响,并用方差分解法揭示其相互影响程度及差异。结果表明,家庭层面变量对二氧化碳排放的影响远大于人口总量对二氧化碳排放的影响。考察人口总量、平均家庭规模以及家庭户变动三者对二氧化碳排放影响的贡献差异发现,平均家庭规模对二氧化碳排放的影响大于家庭户变动对二氧化碳排放的影响,且大于人口总量对二氧化碳排放的影响。相对于人口总量,以家庭户为视角来研究人口因素对二氧化碳的影响更为重要。因此,在节能减排的政策建议中,应当更多倡导推广有利于可持续发展的家庭户模式,家庭减排对于减排目标的实现将具有更大的潜力。     

蒙古国人口发展面临的问题及人口政策

蒙古国面积156.65万平方公里,但人口稀少,2007年末总人口仅有263.51万人,人力资源不足是蒙古国社会经济发展的一个主要制约因素。虽然多年来蒙古一直采取鼓励生育的政策,但是人口增长缓慢,且人口分布极不均衡。     

计划生育利益导向政策对家庭发展的影响效应分析

我国计划生育利益导向政策可大致分为早期主要控制人口数量的利益导向政策和当前倾向于综合治理的利益导向政策两个时期。本文在回顾计划生育利益导向政策的演变历程的基础上,利用1991-2010年我国29个省的面板数据实证分析了计划生育利益导向政策对家庭发展的影响,研究发现,相比较于以控制人口数量为主的计划生育利益导向政策,倾向于综合治理的计划生育利益导向政策对生育水平的影响效应更强,并且更有利于家庭经济状况的改善。在倾向于综合治理的计划生育利益导向政策的实施下,家庭会调整发展策略,通过风险外部转移和加强人力资本投资等多种方式,缓冲由于子女数量减少导致的不确定风险增加。     

Unmet Need for Family Planning in Developing Countries and Implications for Population Policy

Unmet need for family planning has been a core concept in international population discourse for several decades. This article reviews the history of unmet need and the development of increasingly refined methods of its empirical measurement and delineates the main questions that have been raised about unmet need during the past decade, some of which concern the validity of the concept and others its role in policy debates. The discussion draws heavily on empirical research conducted during the 1990s, much of it localized, in‐depth studies combining quantitative and qualitative methodologies. Of the causes of unmet need other than those related to access to services, three emerge as especially salient: lack of necessary knowledge about contraceptive methods, social opposition to their use, and health concerns about possible side effects. The article argues that the concept of unmet need for family planning, by joining together contraceptive behavior and fertility preferences, encourages an integration of family planning programs and broader development approaches to population policy. By focusing on the fulfillment of individual aspirations, unmet need remains a defensible rationale for the formulation of population policy and a sensible guide to the design of family planning programs.     

国内人口迁移流动的演变趋势:国际经验及其对中国的启示

文章从人口迁移流动的不同形式及其演变趋势、中国国内人口迁移整体强度的国际对比、人口迁移流动的微观生命过程、以及人口循环流动的发生发展机制和近期演变等4个方面回顾了国际上对人口迁移流动演变趋势及其机制的相关研究,并根据从中获得的借鉴和启示对中国人口迁移流动的未来走势做出判断,认为目前我国人口在区域和乡城间迁移流动的减缓更多预示的是人口迁移流动形式的改变,而不是其整体规模和强度的下降,后者还有着相当大的上升空间;今后仍不可忽视针对迁移流动人口的各种公共服务的转移、接续问题,并要根据人口迁移流动形式的变化,尤其是人口在城市间和城市内部迁移流动上升的新形势,与时俱进地改进流动人口的管理和服务工作.     

Family Policies and the Western European Fertility Divide: Insights from a Natural Experiment in Belgium

Countries in Northwestern Europe, including Belgium, report cohort fertility levels of close to two children per woman; whereas Central European countries, such as Germany, have levels of around 1.6 children. In seeking to explain these differences, some scholars have stressed the role of the social policy context, while others have pointed to variation in fertility‐related social norms. But because these influences are interdependent, it is difficult to isolate their effects on fertility trends. This study attempts to disentangle these two factors by drawing on a quasi‐natural experiment. After World War I Germany was compelled to cede the Eupen–Malmedy territory to Belgium. The population of this region has retained its German linguistic identity, but has been subject to Belgian social policies. We examine whether the fertility trends in this German‐speaking region of Belgium follow the Belgian or the German pattern. Our findings indicate that they generally resemble the Belgian pattern. This suggests that institutional factors are important for understanding the current fertility differences in Western Europe.     

大学生就业:国外促进政策及对中国的借鉴

总体上说,大学毕业生是劳动力市场上的优势群体,但是,大学生就业的劳动力市场过程并不稳定,特别是考虑到大学生的高人力资本存量,国外都积极采取专门针对大学生的“特殊性”的就业政策。这些政策旨在更多地刺激创业精神,创造就业岗位;激励大学生到艰苦的地区与艰苦的行业从事艰苦的职业;提升大学生的就业能力,提高就业的适应性与灵活性;加强职业匹配服务,改进大学生就业的效率,以期通过在需求、供给及供求匹配等三个方面的政策干预全面促进大学生就业。这些政策无疑对中国的大学生就业政策制定具有一定的借鉴意义。     

发展中国家非自愿移民政策评价与展望

从总体上看．目前发展中国家非自愿移民政策不能适应非自愿移民实践活动的需要,存在着缺乏正式的国家移民政策体系、系统全面的移民安置计划、权威的国家移民管理机构以及健全的工程效益分享机制和移民参与机制等问题。当前。发展中国家出现了改进非自愿移民政策体系的积极态势。并且在建立与完善政府移民管理机构．提高移民计划实施能力方面正在作出努力。同时非政府组织在推动非自愿移民政策重构方面也在发挥越来越大的作用。但由于在政治、经济、文化、法律等方面存在巨大差异。发展中国家在建立与完善非自愿移民政策体系．改进非自愿移民安置效果方面还有很长的路要走。     

中西部农村地区人口计划生育调查之分析

利用有关数据对中国中西部农村地区的人口“计划外生育”(超生)现象进行研究。研究发现,社会经济基础、生育文化和计划生育政策强度是影响不同地区“计划外生育”的主要因素。研究还发现,这些地区的人口生育水平实际上已经处于较低的水平。事实上,“计划外生育”或“超生”现象与计划生育政策的不同界定标准有很大关系,这与上世纪八、九十年代出现的“超生”现象不具有可比性。     

Population Policies in Developed Countries: How do Australia’S Policies Compare?

This paper compares international population policies with respect to population growth, fertility and immigration, and discusses current attitudes to the demographic situation in developed countries. Only Canada, the United States and Australia have a policy of continuing high immigration, and Australia’s migrant intake per head of population is considerably higher than for the other two countries. An emerging philosophy in Britain and Europe is a focus on “child quality” and the well-being of a near stationary population, rather than continued population growth. There is also an awareness that immigration is not a solution to the ageing “problem” and that there are more efficient non-demographic means of coping with an older population.     

Family planning programmes and action in Western Europe

Neo-Malthusian organisations for spreading birth control propaganda were created in many West European countries in the 1870s and '80s. But the birth control movement proper, with its provision of clinics and other means of supplying advice on contraception, began much later-generally after World War I and largely on a welfare basis, divorced from Malthusianism. Legal and other difficulties impeded progress and conditioned the nature of the movement. Since World War II, however, the relevance of birth control has come increasingly to be recognized and the movement has expanded markedly. In some countries — especially in France, West Germany and Italy — there are still legal obstacles, though ways have been found of avoiding them. But even in other countries the direct impact of birth control clinics is far smaller than might have been expected and married couples still obtain their information on contraception from other sources. In recent years the various national movements have shown a greater interest in the evaluation of their activities. As a result, the near future may see substantial changes in their structure and in the approach to their potential clientèle.     

Family planning programmes and action in Western Europe

Abstract Neo-Malthusian organisations for spreading birth control propaganda were created in many West European countries in the 1870s and '80s. But the birth control movement proper, with its provision of clinics and other means of supplying advice on contraception, began much later-generally after World War I and largely on a welfare basis, divorced from Malthusianism. Legal and other difficulties impeded progress and conditioned the nature of the movement. Since World War II, however, the relevance of birth control has come increasingly to be recognized and the movement has expanded markedly. In some countries - especially in France, West Germany and Italy - there are still legal obstacles, though ways have been found of avoiding them. But even in other countries the direct impact of birth control clinics is far smaller than might have been expected and married couples still obtain their information on contraception from other sources. In recent years the various national movements have shown a greater interest in the evaluation of their activities. As a result, the near future may see substantial changes in their structure and in the approach to their potential clientèle.