创新生态系统主体技术策略研究——基于领先企业与跟随企业的演化博弈与仿真

创新生态系统内主体基于知识的博弈不仅关乎个体的生存和发展，也影响创新生态系统的演进.文章从群体演化博弈视角，研究了差异性环境下创新生态系统主体创新保护策略及跟随策略选择问题.先后构建非对称演化博弈模型和多智能体仿真模型，分析了制度、生态、技术等因素对创新生态系统演化均衡稳定性及演化稳定策略的影响.研究发现：专利运营及维权成本、救济力度、政府补贴、技术替代与模仿相对难度是影响系统演化均衡的关键因素；基于上述因素形成的不同情境，系统涌现四种均衡状态：(专利，模仿)、(专利，替代)、(技术秘密，模仿)、主体策略规律性持续波动；仿真模型呈现随机波动，在趋势上符合演化稳定分析结果；合作网络密集度高、学习搜索范围广时，由于主体交互性增强，决策不确定性下降、有效性提高，各群体长期演化趋向于平均收益期望大的策略.信息模糊度高时，决策不确定性及系统波动幅度增加，群体间策略交互制约作用减弱，系统长期演化偏离演化稳定分析结果.     

基于公众偏好大数据分析的大群体应急决策质量动态演化研究

针对突发事件大群体应急决策质量及其影响因素的问题，探讨了公众参与视角下突发事件演化的全生命周期，以及各阶段下公众风险感知对应急决策质量的影响，并以“8·12天津港爆炸”为背景案例进行分析。首先，阐述了公众偏好大数据的获取及处理方式，并以此对“8·12天津港爆炸”案例的公众偏好大数据进行预处理和可视化；其次，通过TF-IDF算法提取并量化公众风险感知，建立大群体应急决策质量打分函数，衡量不同阶段的应急决策质量；最后，基于“8·12天津港爆炸”案例的微博数据进行大群体应急决策质量的动态演化分析，得出研究结论和启示。实证表明，所提的模型与方法具有较新颖的研究视角，能够为大数据背景下的应急响应和政府决策提供理论支持和方法辅助。     

移情关系影响下的群体共识决策模型研究

群体成员之间的社会关系及其网络结构特征是影响群决策的重要因素。移情关系是客观存在于一些现实群决策问题中的一种社会关系，但目前考虑移情关系的群决策研究尚不多见。为拓展群决策模型的应用范围，面向移情网络环境提出一种群体共识决策方法，并揭示移情关系对群体共识决策的影响规律。首先，从偏好交互影响的角度出发，构建局部移情模型和全局移情模型，并由此确定移情关系影响下决策者偏好演化的结果。其次，利用个体偏好分解为内在偏好和移情偏好的结构特点，为群体共识达成过程设计一种有效的移情关系引导的反馈机制，该机制可以通过内在偏好层面的偏好调整实现个体偏好层面的共识收敛。最后，数值仿真分析表明：群体成员之间的移情关系提升了群体共识水平，而且全局移情关系比局部移情关系更有利于群体共识的达成；移情网络结构和群体规模是影响移情网络环境下群体共识达成的重要因素。相关决策模型和研究结论可为移情网络环境下的群体共识决策提供理论和方法支持。     

基于临期回收和响应供给策略的易逝性应急物资库存决策研究

基于降低由于需求时间和需求数量的不确定性会引致较高的过期损失和缺货损失,将临期回收策略和响应供给策略引入易逝性应急物资库存系统,同时考虑应急系统中需求时间不确定性的这一突出特性,建立临期回收策略和应急供给策略的随机规划模型,决策临期回收策略和响应供给策略下的最佳存储水平,并分析各策略带来的风险降低和价值增加。回收策略和应急供给策略并不都是有利的,存在着降低风险和增加价值的有利条件域;库存决策需要权衡风险的降低与价值的增加,给定一个判断标准;需求时间和需求数量的不同随机分布对策略的价值增加作用有不同的影响,且分布的不确定性程度对价值增加的影响不具有一致性和单调性。     

街亭之战中诸葛亮情感启发式决策之鉴示

从街亭之战中诸葛亮的"选将"决策来看,情感总是与个体的判断相伴随。肯定性或否定性的情感会诱发决策主体对决策选项预期结果(风险与收益)形成与客观理性有一定偏差的判断。在决策过程中,应该建立对决策主体情感因素适度约束和调控的机制,降低领导者决策中因情蔽智的风险,具体措施包括保障决策主体的多元化、坚持领导者决策权责相当的原则、加强对领导者决策的监督和评价、加强对领导者科学决策的培训。     

灾害风险下应急资源调配的超网络优化研究

针对应急网络中具有不同属性特征的各主体、以及灾害风险演变与应急资源调配间的相互作用,本文构建了一个以资源调配量和灾害风险度为网络流、包含"出救点、分发中心、受灾点"的三层超网络结构,并将其转化成等价结构进行定量建模。通过分析模型的应急优化目标和对受灾点的资源救助行为,利用变分不等式理论推导出模型最优求解定理。设计算例进行数值求解和仿真分析,说明了各应急主体(间)的能力限制、各应急主体(间)的灾害风险度等关键参数对资源调配决策优化有重要影响。     

一种基于区间直觉梯形模糊数偏好的大群体决策冲突测度研究

针对决策偏好为区间直觉梯形模糊数的大群体决策冲突测度问题,首先给出了两个区间直觉梯形模糊数的距离,提出了群体成员冲突函数,基于该函数对大群体成员偏好进行聚类形成若干聚集,以此为基础提出了聚集冲突测度模型并集结为群体冲突测度模型,然后应用于大群体偏好集结。最后通过一个算例对模型进行了验证。该模型便于大群体意见的分析与协调,适用于群决策支持系统,在应急决策中具有实际应用价值。     

低聚度决策主体的信任元协同获取与位势演化

现有群体决策共识算法的研究普遍以主体均质化的假设为前提，忽略了低聚度决策信任共识获取的复杂性。针对低聚度决策主体在合作决策中存在的信任基础薄弱、冲突调节能力不足、有效沟通反馈效率低下等问题，解析了低聚度主体信任元的主客观内涵，展现了基于主体交互过程中主客观信任空间相对性下的动态信任融合过程，通过对非连续信任的归集与权重的转化，刻画了主体间信任水平与合作位势的演化特征，在群体研讨共识方法基础上构建了低聚度决策主体的信任元协同获取模型。对比结果表明：改进后模型的信任基础获取速度和共识水平均高于常规群体研讨方法，克服了原模型研究对象特征的模糊化、研讨内容系统性分析缺乏、研讨过程信息反馈不足等问题，有利于在低聚度主体合作决策中建立信任基础、减少分歧冲突、提高交互沟通的有效性，拓展了现有群体决策的一般性前提和研究范围，剖析了决策信任的主客观信任元内涵和伴生转化演化规律，为复杂松散不确定条件下信任共识的动态获取提供了新的解析模式，具有一定的理论和实践意义。     

领导者进行风险决策的着力点、把关点与突破点

算法思维下领导者进行风险决策应掌握风险扩散的一般规律,安抚风险干扰的主要群体,制订阻断风险传播的应急预案,消解风险已经带来的负面效应。应确保决策过程中预测判断准、借力对象强、阻断效果好、防范措施对。具体而言,领导者应向后看,对比分析;向前看,科学推断;从小看,把握特点;从大看,全局协调。     

风险集聚类邻避冲突事件随机演化情景分析

随着中国现代城市管理社区制的推行，由公共设施引发的社区冲突逐步凸显，其中，风险集聚类邻避设施成为引发社区冲突的主要诱因。邻避冲突事件演化过程的复杂性和随机扰动要求现有研究不应局限于确定环境下事件的分析，而应在更加真实的不确定环境下对冲突本身展开探讨。鉴于此，本文以演化博弈论为理论基础，引入高斯白噪声随机干扰项，构建风险集聚类邻避冲突事件中营建企业与周边民众两类群体的随机演化博弈模型，对比分析在无政府监管与政府监管情景下群体策略选择行为的随机演化过程，并利用Matlab进行数值仿真。研究发现：（1）无政府监管情景下，当营建企业采取强硬策略收益小于成本，且周边民众采取抗争策略成本大于收益时，（合作，妥协）是其演化均衡策略组合；营建企业与周边民众策略选择演化速度与初始策略选择概率密切相关。（2）政府监管情景下，当政府监管力度大于营建企业采取强硬策略收益与采取合作策略收益之差，且政府监管力度大于周边民众采取抗争策略收益与采取妥协策略收益之差时，（合作，妥协）是其唯一策略演化均衡点；政府监管力度对营建企业策略选择有显着影响，而对周边民众策略选择无显着影响。（3）随机因素对风险集聚类邻避冲突中营建企业与周边民众策略选择行为产生干扰，但随机模型演化趋势与确定性模型相一致。研究结果表明，政府完善监管机制，赋予公民参与权利，企业建立"柔性"冲突协调机制，民众合法表达利益诉求，推动风险集聚类邻避冲突治理框架的构建。     

Cellular Automata‐Based Systematic Risk Analysis Approach for Emergency Response

Emergency response is directly related to the allocation of emergency rescue resources. Efficient emergency response can reduce loss of life and property, limit damage from the primary impact, and minimize damage from derivative impacts. An appropriate risk analysis approach in the event of accidents is one rational way to assist emergency response. In this article, a cellular automata‐based systematic approach for conducting risk analysis in emergency response is presented. Three general rules, i.e., diffusive effect, transporting effect, and dissipative effect, are developed to implement cellular automata transition function. The approach takes multiple social factors such as population density and population sensitivity into consideration and it also considers risk of domino accidents that are increasing due to increasing congestion in industrial complexes of a city and increasing density of human population. In addition, two risk indices, i.e., individual risk and aggregated weighted risk, are proposed to assist decision making for emergency managers during emergency response. Individual risk can be useful to plan evacuation strategies, while aggregated weighted risk can help emergency managers to allocate rescue resources rationally according to the degree of danger in each vulnerable area and optimize emergency response programs.     

灾后不确定需求下应急医疗移动医院鲁棒选址问题研究

我国灾害医学救援主要采用"现场救治"模式，应急医疗移动医院的选址是否合理直接影响救援效率，但各受灾点伤员数量的不确定性增加了决策的困难。本文引入多面体不确定集合刻画伤员数量的不确定性，同时考虑伤员分类及移动医院分型，构建一个以伤员总生存概率最大化为目标的鲁棒选址模型。利用鲁棒优化理论，将模型转化为等价的混合整数规划问题，通过GAMS软件编程并调用CPLEX求解器求解。最后，以四川芦山地震应急医疗救援为例，验证模型和求解方法的可行性和鲁棒性。结果表明，扰动比例和不确定水平对移动医院的选址和伤员的分配方案有显著影响，决策者可根据自己对不确定性风险的偏好程度选择最佳的扰动比例和不确定水平组合，以获得最优的选址分配方案。     

Using Risk Communication to Disclose the Outcome of a Participatory Decision-Making Process: Effects on the Perceived Acceptability of Risk-Policy Decisions

It has been suggested that public participation during decision making about risks can lead to more widely accepted risk policies. This article discusses an experiment to determine if this is true when people are made aware of the fact that a participatory decision-making process has taken place only through information disclosed during a subsequent risk communication effort. The results from this experiment showed that, after receiving information during risk communication that cast risk policies about space exploration as the product of a participatory decision process, participants in the study felt more supportive of the resulting decisions than did participants in a control group. This result coincided with the participants in the study group perceiving the risks associated with the decision to be lower and the benefits higher. Responses from these participants also showed that they were more satisfied with the decision-making process than they were with the outcome of the decision itself Therefore, it may be premature to view the objective of participatory decision-making approaches-and the risk communication efforts that discuss them-as a means of making risk policies more widely acceptable to the public at large. Rather, it may be better to view the benefits of these approaches in terms of their ability to help lead to higher quality decisions that are the product of more widely accepted decision processes.     

风险规避型供应链的收益共享机制研究

探讨了由风险规避型零售商与风险规避型供应商组成的两级供应链协作激励问题.首先研究了Stackelberg主从对策模型下风险规避型零售商与风险规避型供应商的决策行为,并分析了双方的风险规避系数对双方决策行为的影响.然后,研究了垂直一体化模型下风险规避型供应链的决策行为,同样分析了双方风险规避系数对供应链决策行为的影响程度.最后,提出采用收益共享契约机制来协调该供应链.并通过数值实验进一步分析供应商与零售商的风险规避系数对双方的决策行为及收益共享系数的影响程度.     

Small Group Studies of Regulatory Decision-Making for Power-Frequency Electric and Magnetic Fields

Three groups of lay opinion leaders were used in a group role-playing decision exercise designed to explore problems in public risk management decision-making. The application domain was possible risks from the 60 Hz electric and magnetic fields associated with high-voltage power transmission lines. While there were differences in the make-up and dynamics of the three groups, the structure and substantive content of the tasks undertaken dominated intergroup variation in terms of the factors that were most important to group members' decisions. The groups displayed sophistication in their identification of decision attributes and in many of the arguments they advanced, but experienced difficulties in structuring and making trade-offs and decisions. The groups were not good at normalizing or otherwise manipulating quantitative information, and used it largely in the form it was received. Upper-bound risk estimates were treated operationally in most group discussions as expected values. Several kinds of strong framing effects were observed in the use of cost and risk information. Specific quantitative results obtained must be treated with care but may provide a starting place for further work on the acceptable level of transmission line risk.     

基于最大偏差原则的群体性事件应急管理绩效评价模型

群体性突发事件应急管理绩效评价具有价值判断冲突性、结构嵌入性和语义模糊性等非常规特征。针对群体性突发事件的矛盾对抗性特征,根据"着重解决群众反映意见较大的突出问题"的善后处置原则,构建了基于最大偏差原则的多属性评价模型。首先,在社会结构、应急策略和评价指标等多重维度下,构建了件应急管理绩效评价指标体系,包括效率、公平、收敛性、稳定性和适应性。其次,针对价值判断冲突特征,提出基于最大偏差原则的二元语义信息处理方法:偏差越大,表明该属性能够更好的反映出事态冲突性,应赋予越高的权重。最后,结合某住宅小区锅炉房拆迁案例的全样本调查数据进行实证分析。结果表明,相对于模糊综合评价模型和最小偏差原则的二元语义模型,基于最大偏差原则更能反映出群体性突发事件应急管理绩效评价的价值冲突性。     

考虑背景风险的项目投资决策

在项目投资过程中不但面临项目风险,同时还面临背景风险,且背景风险与项目风险之间往往存在着一定的相关性。文章在已有研究的基础上,针对考虑背景风险的项目投资决策问题,分析了风险之间的相关性及相关程度对投资决策的影响。首先讨论了加性背景风险和乘性背景风险单独存在时,背景风险与项目风险之间的相关性对投资决策的影响;其次构建了两种背景风险同时存在情形下的投资模型,进而通过蒙特卡罗仿真方法给出不同相关程度下的仿真结果,在此基础上分析两种背景风险与项目风险之间的相关性及相关程度对投资决策的影响并给出相关研究结论。     

Risk–Risk Tradeoff Analysis of Nuclear Explosives for Asteroid Deflection

To prevent catastrophic asteroid–Earth collisions, it has been proposed to use nuclear explosives to deflect away earthbound asteroids. However, this policy of nuclear deflection could inadvertently increase the risk of nuclear war and other violent conflict. This article conducts risk–risk tradeoff analysis to assess whether nuclear deflection results in a net increase or decrease in risk. Assuming nonnuclear deflection options are also used, nuclear deflection may only be needed for the largest and most imminent asteroid collisions. These are low‐frequency, high‐severity events. The effect of nuclear deflection on violent conflict risk is more ambiguous due to the complex and dynamic social factors at play. Indeed, it is not clear whether nuclear deflection would cause a net increase or decrease in violent conflict risk. Similarly, this article cannot reach a precise conclusion on the overall risk–risk tradeoff. The value of this article comes less from specific quantitative conclusions and more from providing an analytical framework and a better overall understanding of the policy decision. The article demonstrates the importance of integrated analysis of global risks and the policies to address them, as well as the challenge of quantitative evaluation of complex social processes such as violent conflict.