垃圾处理——中国城市环境保护的攻坚战

环境保护是中国政府工作的重要任务之一。随着中国政府对科学发展认识的深入,在治理水污染、工业污染的同时,城市垃圾处理也越来越重要,今年中国政府首次将垃圾处理列为环境保护工作的重点。无害化是中国政府对垃圾处理的要求。但是,由于中国垃圾处理起步晚,技术还处于初始阶段,垃圾无害化处理率还很低。在中国百姓对居住环境要求越来越高的同时,城市垃圾处理也就成了中国城市环境保护的一大重点。     

城市垃圾处理的现状和对策

环保部发布的《2014年全国大、中城市固体废物污染环境防治年报》显示:我国大、中城市生活垃圾产生总量为16148.81万吨,处置量为15730.65万吨,处置率为97.41%。虽然大部分的垃圾得到及时处理,但是由于垃圾每天源源不断地产生,现有处理方式的不足以及政策的缺失,不适当的解决垃圾处理问题将严重影响地下水质量和大气安全,威胁人类健康,因此,城市垃圾处理问题受到越来越多的关注。     

加强新生代农民工培训工作的思考

新生代农民工是提高企业实力、推进工业化发展和促进城市健康发展的重要社群,他们是经济发展的重要力量,其工作合力和能量巨大。提升他们的素质与能力是科学发展的内容与任务,是实现人的全面发展和改善、提高社会质量的重要标志。农民工素质的提升关乎着企业、城市和社会的发展及水平;重视、培训新生代农民工是制造业与社会发展之首务,它有助于提升人口质量、企业品质与企业竞争力,有利于达成包容性增长和全面实现小康。     

城市垃圾处理对策研究

在我国,城市垃圾管理是一大难题,它正影响着我国的环境和城市地区的可持续发展。对此,本文以甘肃省定西市为例,探讨如何使循环经济理念在城市垃圾的可持续管理中的对策,对城市垃圾的现状及处理问题进行了思考。采用典型地走访、问卷调查、室内分析等多种数据采集和分析方法,并结合文献查阅,深入了解了城市垃圾的种类、处理现状及模式,并结合国内外成功的经验探索新型的城市垃圾处理模式,综合提出城市垃圾处理的有效对策。     

从房地产业的发展趋势看城市经营理念的回归——以银川市为例

党的十六届六中全会通过《中共中央关于构建社会主义和谐社会若干重大问题的决定》,构建和谐社会、和谐城市已成为当前社会建设的新目标。构建和谐社会、和谐城市具有丰富的内涵．其中一项重要内容就是高度重视居民住房问题。稳定房价、解决居民住房困难、促进房地产业健康平稳发展是事关民生、事关区域和城市经济协调发展的大事。     

城市协调发展的内涵辨析

城市协调发展是实现城市转变发展方式的重要内容。笔者探讨了协调发展和城市协调发展的内涵，指出城市协调发展包含两方面内容，一是城市经济、社会、文化、环境和制度建设的协调发展；二是城市内部各区县间的协调发展。笔者还对城市协调发展与城市可持续发展、城市绿色发展等相关概念进行了辨析。     

城市基础设施建设与经济建设协调发展研究

城市是人类赖以生存和发展的重要载体。城市的经济活动在整个国民经济中具有首要的意义,其作用举足轻重,城市的经济发展是否健康,关系到国民经济的全局。城市经济的发展又同城市建设有着极为密切的关系,城市建设中最基本最重要的内容是基础设施建设,因此,协调城市建设与经济建设的关系,其实质就是使基础设施如何与经济发展相协调。     

河北城市社区教育组织形式研究

河北城市社区教育虽然起步较早,但现在仍处于初级发展阶段。建立相对稳定的组织形式是确保城市社区教育持续健康发展的重要保障。本文在研究城市社区教育的特点和河北城市社区教育存在的问题基础之上,提出根据不同的教育内容采用以街道办为中心的政府统筹协调、以广播电视大学为龙头的远程开放教育等五种不同的组织形式。     

健康城市构建的公交与慢行交通要素及其对交通规划的启示

我国快速城市化进程中不合理的空间规划和管理导致了城市蔓延和交通拥堵等问题,并带来环境污染、能源消耗以及公众健康等挑战。随着健康城市逐渐成为城市转型发展的重要理念,构建健康的城市交通要素和交通系统变得日益重要。然而,我国交通规划与管理范式仍以保持交通畅通,尤其以机动车的通行效率为主,而相对忽视了对公共交通和慢行交通健康效应的关注。在健康城市理念和实践进展的基础上,剖析健康城市与城乡规划的关系,并进一步理解公共交通与慢行交通在支持健康城市发展中的作用,最后提出基于健康城市理念的交通规划启示。     

商业布局规划与城市规划关系的探讨——以《天津市商业布局规划(2011年～2020年)》为例

一、引言 城市规划通过对空间资源的优化配置为城市经济社会发展服务.商业是服务业的重要内容,是经济发展的重要组成部分,因此,服务于商业发展也是城市规划编制的重要内容.同时,商业布局规划是一项重要的专项规划,是对商业发展空间的落实,是实现商业发展目标的重要途径,也是落实城市空间规划的重要内容.妥善处理好商业布局规划与城市规划之间的关系,不但能够有效促进城市商业加快发展,确保商业的发展用地需求,推进商业空间合理布局,而且能够统筹协调各种城市空间资源,确保城市空间发展目标的实现.笔者将结合天津商业布局规划的编制,就二者的关系进行探讨和思考.     

Formulating waste management strategies based on waste management practices of households in Santiago de Cuba, Cuba

Rapid urbanisation, population growth and changes in lifestyles in low- and middle-income countries contribute to increasing the per capita domestic waste generation. This trend leads to deplorable environmental and public health conditions, especially in rapidly expanding cities of low- and middle-income countries lacking appropriate waste management systems, Santiago de Cuba is no exception. To improve solid waste management in the city of Santiago de Cuba, the generation of household waste was studied and individual waste treatment approaches were assessed. The principle of a household level analysis was adopted to enable the development of strategies based on the specific conditions of households, their awareness and needs.In February 2004, a survey covering 1180 households was conducted on issues such as monthly consumed goods, waste generated and its treatment. The waste generated by the households was subsequently assessed by means of a measuring campaign. The measured volume not only comprised the collected waste fraction but also the waste materials treated on-site or recovered and recycled by all the different means available.The paper contains the results of the composition and distribution of the waste generated by the households as a function of socio-demographic data. Furthermore, the paper describes the various household treatment strategies dependent on specific waste material types. Several types of household waste can be differentiated by statistical cluster analysis. These household types are characterised not only by the amount of waste generated but also by socio-economic status and waste treatment practices. The results obtained are used to develop a range of waste management strategies, each relating to a household type and characterised by its generated amount, waste material type and spatial urban distribution. Since the strategies are adapted to the requirements and needs of the households, they are more readily accepted by the population concerned. Such socially anchored strategies will contribute to improving the waste situation in the city of Santiago de Cuba and allow an optimised allocation of local resources.     

基于组态软件和可编程逻辑控制器的活毒废水处理自动监控系统

目的在满足活毒废水处理系统连续、安全、稳定的前提下,实现处理系统的自动监控。方法采用集工业控制计算机、通用监控系统（MCGS）组态软件、可编程逻辑控制器（PLC）于一体的自动监控技术。结果自动监控系统图形表现和数据处理能力及抗干扰能力强,实现了数据的集中管理、自动控制、故障检测等多方面功能。结论基于组态软件和PLC的活毒废水处理自动监控系统,具有可靠性高、维护简单等特点,为活毒废水处理系统运行的连续性、稳定性和安全性提供了保证。     

Stakeholder participation for sustainable waste management

Inadequate environmental sanitation in many cities is a major cause of diseases and is a drain on the economy by way of lost workdays, cost of treatment and cleanup activities. Municipal authorities and policymakers need to act fast to address this issue. Sustainable waste management provides a comprehensive inter-disciplinary framework for addressing the problems of managing urban solid waste, in the resource constrained developing countries where quality of such services are poor and costs are high often with no effective means of recovering them. Upgrading the coverage of waste management and services and increasing their efficiency is a precondition for improving the environmental quality of cities. This paper highlights the fact that the involvement and participation of all the stakeholders such as the waste generators, waste processors, formal and informal agencies, non-governmental organisations and financing institutions is a key factor for the sustainable waste management.     

Role of informal sector recycling in waste management in developing countries

Many thousands of people in developing country cities depend on recycling materials from waste for their livelihoods. With the focus of the Millennium Development Goals on poverty reduction, and of waste strategies on improving recycling rates, one of the major challenges in solid waste management in developing countries is how best to work with this informal sector to improve their livelihoods, working conditions and efficiency in recycling.The general characteristics of informal recycling are reviewed, highlighting both positive and negative aspects. Despite the health and social problems associated with informal recycling, it provides significant economic benefits that need to be retained. Experience shows that it can be highly counterproductive to establish new formal waste recycling systems without taking into account informal systems that already exist. The preferred option is to integrate the informal sector into waste management planning, building on their practices and experience, while working to improve efficiency and the living and working conditions of those involved. Issues associated with integrating informal recycling into the formal waste management sector are discussed.     

生物安全实验室活毒废水处理工艺研究

目的在借鉴吸收国外生物安全实验室（BSL）活毒废水处理工艺技术的基础上,结合我国国情,研究开发节能、环保、安全型成套处理技术工艺和设备,实现关键技术和产品国产化。方法处理系统采用序批式工艺,通过高温高压方式消毒灭菌。结果该处理工艺的技术指标：灭菌温度100～150℃（可调）,加热时间≤30rain,灭菌时间30—120min（可调）;处理后排放指标：活微生物为0,温度≤40℃,pH=6～9。结论该处理工艺整体设计简便灵活,符合BSL设计越简单越安全的理念,适合我国国情,可用于生物安全三级、四级实验室（BSL一3,-4）活毒废水处理。     

Class,race, and the disposal of urban waste: Locations of landfills,incinerators, and sewage treatment plants

This study compared the socioeconomic status, racial composition, and ethnic composition of 49 randomly selected U.S. cities with those of the census tracts containing the solid waste disposal facilities and sewage treatment plants for those cities. Contrary to the environmental racism and classism hypotheses, residents of tracts with landfills or incinerators had higher incomes and were less likely to be minority group members than residents of the cities that generated the refuse—although they did have somewhat lower education levels. There were few differences between the population characteristics of the cities and the census tracts that contained their sewage treatment plants. Possible explanations for these findings are discussed.     

Community-based household waste management: Lessons learnt from EXNORA's ‘zero waste management’ scheme in two South Indian cities

This paper presents two case studies on the efforts by a community-based organisation to promote a sustainable integrated waste management system in Indian mega cities. This effort was initiated in 1989 by a local non-governmental organisation (NGO) called EXNORA and is based on a ‘zero waste management scheme’ set up, run and financed by the residents themselves. As this model has been widely quoted as successful, the study aims at learning from two communities implementing this model.Results are reported from a survey of the two schemes that used various tools to assess both their performance and sustainability in selected residential areas of two Indian cities, Chennai and Hyderabad. The results indicate limited success of the schemes both in saving a significant fraction of the generated waste from dumping, and in rehabilitating the local poor. However, they show that motivated individuals can successfully set up and manage waste collection systems that lead to overall environmental improvements. The differences in the two schemes reflect how the local assets and contexts impact on the success of the scheme. The scheme in a rich neighbourhood of Hyderabad was less ambitious in its overall objectives and focussed on the provision of a waste management service, using the opportunity to provide local employment to a socially deprived fraction of the population. The scheme in a middle-class area of Chennai, although pioneering in its approach, suffered from diseconomies of scale and lack of social integration, making it less viable in the medium to long term. Both schemes suffered from a lack of community involvement, motivation and political support, which threatens the long-term sustainability of the enterprise. The research concludes that the role that communities can realistically play in management of their own waste depends on the local context. The system advocated by EXNORA seems to require significant local resources, and political and technical support which are hard to find and sustain without strong local leaders. Another model set up in the city of Visakhapatnam is finally introduced as an alternative. This is based on triangular contracts between the municipality, the residents and micro-enterprises and may provide a good solution in dealing with the technical and commercial aspects which communities find difficult.