大城市外来青年的 "落脚空间"与"社会融入":以南京为例

中国的城市化进程进入新发展阶段,各大城市都在上演新一轮的"抢人大战".城市化的主要动力之一是大量外来人口为追寻更美好的生活而不断徙居,其中青年人口向大城市迁移成为主流.但外来青年在大都市生活并不如想象中顺遂.学术界长期关注的外来人口在大城市面临的生活环境逼仄、工作待遇较低、身份认同模糊、城乡二元困境、短期内难以全面融入大城市等社会问题,在大城市外来青年这个群体身上同样存在.通过问卷调查和案例分析,深度挖掘分析新时期外来青年到大城市从"落脚"到"融入"的过程、心态等问题,从而为新一轮的城市"抢人大战"提供一种新的认知视角.     

上海城市社会极化问题与管治研究

当前中国大城市不同阶层之间收入差距拉大引发的社会极化问题已成为社会最为敏感问题之一,并影响着社会经济的可持续发展。本文以上海为例,分析了上海居民家庭的总体分异特征、上海中高收入阶层和最低生活保障阶层状况、城市贫困人口生活满意度状况。在此基础上,对大城市社会极化相关问题进行了一定思考,并提出了一些管治策略。     

大学生社会实践的现状及问题--对494篇大学生社会实践报告的内容分析

本文通过对494篇大学生社会实践报告的定量分析发现,大学生社会实践时间多在一周以上;实践单位偏重大城市中的私营企业;实践内容多为协助管理和学习技能类;绝大多数实践单位对大学生实践表现比较满意.今后,大学生社会实践需加强书本知识和实际生活的联系,拓宽社会实践的渠道,完善社会实践的评价机制.     

来信

“汽车是现代文明的一个悖论,它给人们带来文明享 受的同时,也带来耗能、污染、拥堵、人车路矛盾等诸 多文明‘恶果’。虽然汽车业的蓬勃兴起在中国才短短 10余年,但其‘恶果’正被无数生活在大城市的你我 苦涩地‘品尝’着。批判和反思汽车文明,并不是要让 汽车‘死亡’,而是要让汽车与整个社会系统更契合、 更和谐,也更人性化。” 北京 黎宛     

浅谈小城市留守妇女存在的问题及其对策

随着城镇化进程的加快,许多小城市和大城市之间的差距在逐渐缩小。尽管大城市小城市基本物质生活水平没有太大差别,但大城市由于人口众多,流动性大,观念思维更与国际接轨,在文化氛围、就业发展机会和信息资讯上仍具有显著优势,发展致富的途径丰富多样,直接导致许多小城市劳动力特别是男性劳动力在不断向大城市转移,继而小城市也出现了像广大的农村出现的一种普遍现象,即所谓的留守妇女群体。该类人群承受着与丈夫的分离之苦,担负着抚养子女、赡养老人的责任。小城市留守妇女现状问题是需求与现实的矛盾所产生的,面对现状,正视解决,对于妇女发展、城市建设、社会和谐等问题具有重要的现实意义。     

汽车氧传感器的故障诊断与检测

随着汽车工业的发展和汽车数量的急剧增加,汽车废气排放对大气的污染加剧,恶化了人类的生存环境,影响了人们的身体健康,已成为严重的社会问题。在一些大城市,汽车废气排放已经接近或超过环保标准。为了保护日益恶化的地球环境,世界各国先后出台了汽车污染物排放标准,进行严格控制;汽车生产商在汽车的生产设计过程中,加设了减少空气污染的辅助装置。     

城里人的孤独与陌生感

从人类历史的长河放眼望去,实际上人类历史的大部分时间都生活在小型社会里,而亲属、朋友及邻里的密切关系又是小型社会生活的主体。虽然现代都市中的人际关系冷漠而短暂,但我们还是不能说人们以往的紧密联系在都市生活中已经百分之百地被取代了。     

给重塑社会一个机会

看问题的角度不同，就会得出全然不同的结论。30年前甚至10年前，人们生活在异常单一的社会体制中的日寸候，对于自己的职业选择、人生规划以及生活兴趣等问题，呈现不出多少个性化色彩来。人们对那种特定年代的特定生活方式也习以为常，不以为怪。今天的情形就大不一样了。各种不同的新型职业不断兴起，各类行业人才被一批批培训出来，我们生活的这个社会结构日益多样，内容更加丰富多彩。原因非常简单，以前我们生活在“传统”中，而现在我们生存在“新社会”。作为21世纪的一个新职业，社会工作师即将成为中国社会转型时期一个新崛起的职业“亮点”，社会工作者队伍即将站立社会潮头，引领社会发展。     

对我国私人汽车保有量快速增长的反思

一、引言
　　我国大城市交通拥堵问题突出，已经严重影响了人们的生产生活。造成城市交通拥堵的原因很多，私人汽车保有量过快、过量增长是其中的重要原因。截至2012年底，我国私人汽车保有量已达9309万辆，比2011年增长18.3%。对我国私人汽车保有量快速增长进行反思是十分必要的，有利于制定相应政策改善城市交通状况。     

社会网络与女性职业性别隔离

社会学理论认为,人们的社会网络具有性别偏好,这导致了男女求职结果的性别分化,并部分地解释了职业的性别隔离问题。本文根据2009年8大城市调查数据,分析了我国城市女性的职业性别隔离在何等程度上受社会网络的影响。分析结果表明:8大城市在职者的社会网络具有性别同质化倾向,女性和男性更多地与同性亲朋交往;使用强关系成功求职的女性往往进入性别隔离的女性职业;使用弱关系成功求职的女性能摆脱职业性别隔离趋向,进入中性职业或男性职业。     

Back and Forth and Beyond

The Journal invited Tom Andersen, author of major pioneering work on the reflecting team, and his colleagues, to offer comment on The Reflecting Team Process in Training. We thought such a north-south dialogue was in keeping with the spirit of reflecting teams, and the team members in Melbourne and Tromsø agree — Editor.     

Time and aging--mechanisms and meanings

A recent European Molecular Biology Laboratory Conference on Science and Society entitled "Time & Aging--Mechanisms & Meanings" fascinated scientists from different research areas as well as nonscientists. Topics discussed included not only the biological aging process but also the psychological effects of aging and social influences that affect this process.     

Arts and Crafts and Reconstruction

Abstract

This paper examines the role of arts and crafts in reconstructing communities after times of upheaval, their use in creating employment opportunities, and their impact on the nature of South African art history. It looks at craft initiatives during and after the Johannesburg World Summit on Sustainable Development in 2002, and draws parallels with early twentieth-century initiatives, particularly those of Florence Phillips, who founded the Johannesburg Art Gallery in 1910, Emily Hobhouse, who established Boer home industries, and the South African National Union, which promoted the manufacture and use of local products.     

Sexual Compulsivity and Sexual Behaviors Among Gay and Bisexual Men and Lesbian and Bisexual Women

Within the existing body of research, the information pertaining to sexual compulsivity (SC) among women, both homo- and heterosexual, remains rather limited in comparison to men. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of SC in a community sample of gay and bisexual men and lesbian and bisexual women and to identify differences in sexual practices based on classification as sexually compulsive within gender. Supporting previous research, the findings indicated that gay and bisexual men were significantly higher in SC when compared to lesbian and bisexual women. Similarly, sexually compulsive gay and bisexual men were more likely to report drug use with sex than their non-sexually compulsive peers, suggesting that “party n' play” may play a larger role for men with SC. In addition, the findings demonstrated empirical support for the proposition that lesbian and bisexual women with symptoms of SC were more likely to engage in specialized sexual behaviors in comparison to their non-sexually compulsive peers. These data suggest that SC manifests differently in gay, lesbian, and bisexual men and women.     

Evening and night work schedules and children's social and emotional well-being

ABSTRACT

An emerging body of evidence shows that parents’ non-standard work schedules have a detrimental effect on children's well-being. However, only a limited number of studies have investigated mediating factors that underpin this association. Likewise, only a few studies have examined the impact of fathers’ non-standard work schedules on children's well-being. Based on data from the Families in Germany Study (FiD), this study aimed to address these research gaps. The sample consists of parents and their children at ages 7–8 and 9–10 (n?=?838 child observations in dual-earner families). The data were collected in the years 2010–2013. Non-standard work hours were defined as working in evenings and or at night (every day, several times a week, or changing as shifts). Children's social and emotional well-being was measured with the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). The findings show that both mothers’ and fathers’ evening and night work schedules are linked to an increase in children's externalizing and internalizing behavior and that this association is partially mediated by mothers’ and fathers’ harsh and strict parenting, with a stronger mediation effect for fathers parenting.     

History and the here and now

This paper explores the lesser-known histories and present-day realities of small towns and non-metropolitan areas in the internal provinces of South Africa. It is different inasmuch as it focuses on transformations that have taken place at the local level, and where possible, generalises from these, rather than following the normal route taken by social scientists – at least from 1994, which has been to examine them from the top down. One feature of such changes has been the growth of gated communicates across the length and breadth of South Africa, but there are many more. One reason for their anonymity is that their evolution has been gradual and corpuscular, that they have become unconsciously familiar and are left unexamined. Another is our collective preoccupation with the metropolitan areas rather than the smaller localities where such processes are subterranean and confined. This paper presents very briefly some of the results of the researchers of the Local Histories and Present Realities programme over the past five years, in 19 separate centres. It examines the history and present circumstance of chiefdoms of Ga-Mphahlele and reveals the surprise finding that much of recent and contemporary politics revolve around events 200 years old. An analogous situation has arisen in Venda as well as in Mpumalanga and elsewhere, where a combination of new legislation to revive chiefly powers, and land reclamation legislation have lent a new legitimacy to chiefly powers, and inspired hundreds of phantom – and time-consuming – quests. Another massive development which has gone on around us but whose internal dynamics have never been observed is the rise of game hunting and ranching all over the interior of South Africa. This is a monster subject which is likely to have influence on all of our lives into which our group is now in a position to offer insights. A change of equal proportions is the rise of mining all over the interior Bushveld Igneous Complex – Mokopane is a good example of this and the huge social consequences this has brought in its wake. One final theme which embraces all the communities that we have studied is the local histories of transformation – collectively the most important – since 1994. This is almost entirely hidden to a wider world, including the transformed positions of local Indian residents.     

Thinking and Speech and Protocol Analysis

Some form of verbal report—that is, a research participant' s concurrent or retrospective verbal account of thought processes during problem-solving activities—has been used throughout this century as the database from which psychologists have developed theories of human mentation. Newell and Simon (1972) and Ericsson and Simon (1980, 1993) have provided extensive justification for using one such method, protocol analysis, as a tool for investigating cognition from an information-processing (IP) perspective. Their arguments have characterized protocol analysis as a methodology capable of providing evidence of the ways in which people attend to information stored in short-term memory to solve problems, with the evidence providing them with the grounds from which to generate models of human cognitive processes. A different view of protocol analysis is available from the perspective of cultural-historical activity theory (CHAT) based on the work of Vygotsky (1987), Leont'ev (1981), and others, and its concern with the mediation of human development by culturally and historically grounded signs and tools. Because of its emphasis on culturally channeled development, a CHAT perspective views speech, including the speech that serves as evidence for cognition in psychological research, as a tool that potentially enables changes in consciousness. In this article I outline a CHAT perspective that accounts for protocol analysis along three key dimensions: (a) the relation between thinking and speech from a representational standpoint, (b) the social role of speech in research methodology, and (c) the influence of speech on thinking during data collection. The purpose of this discussion is not to refute the IP perspective on protocol analysis but to illustrate how this method can be viewed through a CHAT lens and to identify alternative assumptions that must be made to use it from a CHAT perspective.