人力资本与教授收入

自从建国以来 ,教授收入一直是下降的。改革后 ,教授收入总体上低于其人力资本价值的状况仍未得到扭转。造成这种状况的原因是多方面的 ,但根本原因在于传统的高等教育体制不合理与无效率 ;在于高教领域里缺少激励—约束机制 ;冗员过多 ,而在分配上又向非教学人员倾斜 ;在于高校间缺少竞争与淘汰机制 ,使教育家兼企业家型的校长无法形成 ,也无人对教授的人力资本进行负责的评价。现行职称评定体系存在着严重的弊端 ,导致教授“市场”出现“柠檬市场”。在短期内因退出障碍虽不会出现“劣币逐良币” ,但在长期内 ,教授学术水平下降则是必然的。     

中国省际间人力资本和物质资本的相互关系分析

人力资本和物质资本是否存在相互影响、相互作用的关系?影响程度如何?本文通过建立关于人力资本和物质资本的联立方程模型,对中国省际间人力资本与物质资本的相互关系进行实证分析,结果表明两种资本是相互内生的,一种资本存量的增加有利于另一种资本存量的增长。     

人力资本、社会资本与大学生就业的实证研究——以南京市部分高校为例

文章使用南京市部分高校的微观调查数据,对人力资本、社会资本与大学生的就业概率、起薪水平和就业部门之间的关系进行了实证研究。发现：人力资本因素与大学生的就业概率、起薪水平之间均存在着非常显著的正相关关系。但是对于大学生能否进人政府机关、事业单位等公共部门就业却没有显著影响;社会资本与大学生的就业概率之间没有显著关系,对于起薪的高低具有一定的积极影响,但对于大学生进入公共部门内就业具有重要作用。     

The Robustness of High Danish National Happiness: A Temporal Cross-Country Analysis of Population Subgroups

Denmark’s top position in various rankings of country happiness is well-documented. This study goes beyond the national average comparisons and investigates whether Denmark’s top position is also found when we disaggregate data in line with social categories often used within the social sciences. The central measure is the empirical probability that a given population subgroup in Denmark has significantly higher happiness compared to another country’s similar subgroup in a given year. All five rounds of the European Social Survey are used but only the sixteen countries that were surveyed in each of the five rounds are included in this study. The results show that Denmark’s position at the top of the happiness scale is also robust when we look at population subgroups, but not in the sense that Denmark dominates all countries for all years. Instead, a modified version of robustness is necessary; Denmark very often has significantly higher happiness levels than in other countries, only sometimes has the same happiness levels as in other countries, very rarely is it dominated by other countries, and finally it is never dominated by other countries in all 5 years for a given subpopulation characteristic. This conclusion is quite insensitive to the applied SWB measure and the applied significance level.

     

Trade Liberalization And Women’s Integration Into National Labor Markets: A Cross-Country Analysis

This paper examines the effects of trade liberalization and the risks associated with participation in the global trading system on women’s integration into national labor markets. Using data from 1970 to 1995, I identify two global determinants of the female share of national labor markets: trade openness and transnational corporate penetration. Several local predictors of women’s labor force participation are also identified. While a cross-sectional analysis indicates that women have been pulled into national labor markets as a result of neo-liberal economic reforms, more dynamic models show that these same forces can also lead to a preference for male, rather than female labor. Moreover, the analyses specify that the effects of trade openness and trade risk on female labor force participation are determined by position in the world-system and region. These results illustrate that arguments about the relationship between globalization and the feminization of the labor force, are too simplistic and neglect to account for the diverse consequences of global economic expansion on gender relations.     

中国农户人力资本投资及区域差距变化的实证分析

文章利用统计数据计算了中国农户人力资本投资的变异系数和泰尔指数,并对泰尔指数进行了分解,实证分析了农户人力资本投资及区域差异的变化和来源。研究发现,农户人力资本投资处于一个较低的均衡状态,农户的教育投资和健康投资仍是农村社会经济发展的薄弱环节;农户人力资本投资存在明显的地区差距,尤其表现在东西部差距上,并呈现逐年上升的趋势;农户人力资本投资差距主要源于东部、中部和西部三类地区间的差异,以及教育投资的差异。     

中国区域人力资本积聚路径和机制研究

文章利用中国2000和2005年数据,证明区域工资水平差距、资本密度、空间距离和人口平均受教育程度对人力资本积聚有着显著影响,特别是通过大区域模型的检验阐明增长极、城市化、产业集群的作用,继而得出落后地区需要通过培育增长极城市、大力推进城市化、促进产业集群发展及大力发展教育等改变区域内部层级结构,以扭转自身人力资本积聚的劣势地位,实现区域的人力资本积聚,实现经济持续快速的增长。     

人力资本内涵与分类的再研究

从分析人力资本之父舒尔茨的人力资本观点出发,在长期研究与实践中提出了新的观点与看法,并从激励的角度对前人的解释作了一些补充与完善。同时,从分析美国人力资本研究专家明塞尔的人力资本划分方法入手,以人力资本激励特征为基础提出了自己的人力资本分类方法,将人力资本划分为一般人力资本、行业人力资本和特殊人力资本。     

人力资本及其人口分布差异对经济增长的影响——基于Mincer方程人力资本核算方法的人均人力资本存量估算

本文运用基于Mincer方程的人力资本核算方法对我国各省份的人均人力资本存量进行测算,以此为基础计算人力资本基尼系数,结果显示,现阶段我国人均人力资本存量与人力资本基尼系数表现出较强的正相关关系。将人力资本基尼系数引入包含人力资本的扩展的索洛模型,估计结果显示,人力资本存量与人力资本基尼系数对经济增长的作用为正,人力资本对经济增长的贡献远低于物质资本存量的作用,资本的产出效率不高,提高人力资本存量水平或在教育资源有限的条件下适当扩大人力资本基尼系数是一种解决途径。     

Welfare State Development,Individual Deprivations and Income Inequality: A Cross-Country Analysis in Latin America and the Caribbean

Several scholars have confirmed the role that the welfare state (WS) plays in reducing poverty, promoting equality and ensuring the common wellbeing. One of the limitations of the scholarship has been the conceptualization and operationalization of the WS and poverty as one-dimensional variables. The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between welfare state development, single-dimensions deprivations and income inequality in Latin America and the Caribbean, before and after controlling for demographic and cyclical factors. The WS is operationalized as a one-dimensional variable, but also taking into account its multidimensional nature. Three individual deprivations suffered by people on poverty and two income inequality indicators are used as dependent variables. Three pooled time-series cross-section regression analyses with panel-corrected standard errors models were carried out on 18 countries in the region around 2000, 2005 and 2010. This paper shows that the development of social-welfare programs and institutions seems to be an effective way of tackling individual deprivations suffered by people on poverty in the region. On the other hand, the WS development didn’t appear to be effective to reduce income inequality. The outcomes of welfare institutions appear to be the pivotal dimension to reduce income inequality and income deprivations in the region.     

Measuring Youth Living Conditions in Europe: A Multidimensional Cross-Country Approach

Social Indicators Research - Argentina and Brazil report the highest incidence of the fear of crime across Latin America. Although the spread of crime and victimization may explain these trends...     

人力资本与教授收入的实证分析

本文对人力资本与教授收入进行了实证考察,针对我国教授人力资本报酬现状及存在问题进行分析,认为中国的教授并不存在“绝对脑体倒挂”(即受教育越多收入越低现象),但存在教育回报不充分的“相对倒挂”。     

简析传统性别观念对人力资本投资性别差异的影响

我国妇女在劳动力市场上的弱势地位主要受人力资本投资的性别差异影响,而这种人力资本投资性别差异的形成可由传统性别观念来解释。目前,传统性别观念仍有较大影响力,通过影响人力资本投资个体、所在家庭及企业的投资决策,引发并维持了人力资本投资的性别差异,在此过程中还表现出一定的自我强化趋势。要改变这种状况,需采取各种适宜对策,大力促进传统性别观念向现代性别观念的转化。     

Urbanization,Economic Structure,Political Regime,and Income Inequality

Social Indicators Research - The study examined the effect of urbanization on income inequality for 21 Sub Saharan African countries over the period 1984–2014 using heterogeneous panel...     

The Association between Health Workforce and Health Outcomes: A Cross-Country Econometric Study

This study investigates the strength and significance of the associations of health workforce with multiple health outcomes and COVID-19 excess deaths across countries, using the latest WHO dataset. Multiple log-linear regression analyses, counterfactual scenarios analyses, and Pearson correlation analyses were performed. The average density of health workforce and the average levels of health outcomes were strongly associated with country income level. A higher density of the health workforce, especially the aggregate density of skilled health workers and density of nursing and midwifery personnel, was significantly associated with better levels of several health outcomes, including maternal mortality ratio, under-five mortality rate, infant mortality rate, and neonatal mortality rate, and was significantly correlated with a lower level of COVID-19 excess deaths per 100 K people, though not robust to weighting by population. The low density of the health workforce, especially in relatively low-income countries, can be a major barrier to improving these health outcomes and achieving health-related SDGs; however, improving the density of the health workforce alone is far from enough to achieve these goals. Our study suggests that investment in health workforce should be an integral part of strategies to achieve health-related SDGs, and achieving non-health SDGs related to poverty alleviation and expansion of female education are complementary to achieving both sets of goals, especially for those low- and middle-income countries. In light of the strains on the health workforce during the current COVID-19 pandemic, more attention should be paid to health workforce to strengthen health system resilience and long-term improvement in health outcomes.

     

社会保障与人力资本投资

社会保障和人力资本的关系已经成为近年劳动经济学理论研究的热点。文章以中国养老保险的“统账结合”运作模式为例,分析了社会保障对人力资本投资的影响,并结合中国分割的社会保障现状,对城乡人力资本投资的现状进行了解释。分析结果显示,中国应该建立覆盖全国的社会保障体系;把农村社会保障的建立放在首要的位置;适当增加“统账结合”的社会保障模式中个人账户的比例。     

人力资本与区域经济增长

文章利用我国2000~2011年的省际间面板数据对人力资本与我国总体及四大地区经济增长之间的关系进行实证分析。研究认为,教育经费支出在区域经济增长中正在扮演着越来越重要的角色;普通高校毕业生数量在东北和中部地区经济增长中均未表现出显著的影响,说明在该地区高等人才存在一定的外流趋势;在全国的大部分地区,普通高校数量的增加确实对该区域经济增长起到了一定的提升作用;固定资本投资依然是我国各个地区经济增长的主要手段之一,说明经济增长方式的转变仍然是我国今后要面对和解决的问题;适龄劳动力数量的增加对经济增长的促进作用越来越弱化,仅对西部地区表现出显著的影响,这说明单纯依靠劳动力数量的增加来拉动经济增长的时期已经结束,需要在进一步提升劳动力素质方面多做努力。     

Human Capital Composition and Economic Growth

This paper examines the dimensionality and factorial invariance of the Chinese Positive Youth Development Scale (CPYDS) using multigroup confirmatory factor analyses (MCFA). Secondary 1 students (N = 5,649) responded to the CPYDS in the context of a positive youth development program. Results showed that there are 15 basic dimensions of the CPYDS which are subsumed under four higher-order factors (i.e., cognitive-behavioral competencies, prosocial attributes, positive identity and general positive youth development qualities). Evidence of factorial invariance in terms of configuration, first-order factor loadings, second-order factor loadings, intercepts of measured variable, and intercepts of first-order latent factor, was found. The findings suggest that the CPYDS has stable dimensions that can be used to assess positive youth development in Chinese adolescents.     

长三角地区人力资本对经济增长影响的比较研究

本文基于长三角四省一市相关数据,阐述长三角地区人力资本状况,通过长三角地区人力资本对经济增长的比较分析,得出如下结论:长三角地区人力资本总体状况优于全国,但长三角地区内部各省市之间的人力资本存在着一定差距,其中,上海的人力资本优势最明显,其次是江苏、浙江;与全国相比,长三角地区人力资本对经济增长作用较显著;长三角地区内部各省市之间经济增长存在着明显差别,这主要是因为人力资本差别所致。     

呆一会儿。”弗兰姆顿·纳托绞尽

较吕锊唤骋?像这样正式拜访一连串毫不相识的人,究竟对他应该接受的放松神经的治疗能否有所帮助。The Open WindowSaki0新东方英语(大学版)New Oriental English82-85H319.4F08517F;F085_17Saki;80-83理查德·布兰森:如此人生博仰;薛竹;世界上恐怕很难找出第二家像英国维珍集团(Virgin Group)这样的大型商义系。与现有文凭指标相比,这类可比化、标准化的总和指标在测量人力资本方面具有显著的优越性。