美国中东政策调整与中、美、阿关系互动

迫于国际形势和国内外舆论压力，布什政府从2007年开始调整中东政策，把遏制伊朗作为政策重点。为此，美国重新扮演了巴以和平调解人的角色，主动缓和与阿拉伯国家关系。美阿关系的发展对正在积极参与中东事务的中国具有重要意义。未来中东仍是美国对外战略关注的重点，“美国因素”在中阿关系中会更加频繁，三者互动将更为密切。中国对中东问题的积极立场及对中东事务的主动参与，对于推动中、美、阿关系的良性互动将产生深远影响。     

冷战后美国中东政策

东遏两伊,西促和谈是冷战后美国中东政策的重点,但每届政府的具体政策、措施有所差别。由于美国在处理中东事务中采取双重标准和偏袒态度,其中东政策在世纪之交陷入困境。911 事件对美国中东政策产生了重大影响,总的看,美国的中东政策正在作全面调整。     

冷战后美国中东政策

东遏两伊,西促和谈是冷战后美国中东政策的重点,但每届政府的具体政策、措施有所差别.由于美国在处理中东事务中采取双重标准和偏袒态度,其中东政策在世纪之交陷入困境.9·11事件对美国中东政策产生了重大影响,总的看,美国的中东政策正在作全面调整.     

从总体超脱到积极有为: 改革开放以来的中国中东外交

改革开放以后,中国对外交战略进行了重要调整,中国的中东政策及其与中东国家的关系出现了积极变化。中国对参与中东事务的态度经历了从"韬光养晦,总体超脱"到"有所作为",再到强调发挥大国作用的转变。中国的中东政策从开始主要宣示原则立场向积极参与地区热点问题解决、提出中国思路和方案,再向提出"和平发展,合作共赢"和"推动建设新型国际关系,共同构建人类命运共同体"等一系列体现中国特色大国外交理念的深度发展,中东在中国对外战略中的地位不断上升。与此同时,中国与中东国家的关系也实现了从最初侧重政治上互相支持,到走向政治、经济、文化、能源和高科技等多领域的合作,再到建立全面合作、共同发展、面向未来的中阿战略伙伴关系的快速发展。     

阿拉伯国家“向东看”政策评析

冷战结束后,尤其是2004年“中阿合作论坛”成立以来,阿拉伯国家“向东看”政策倾向日益明显。国际格局的变化、美国的中东政策不得人心、阿拉伯国家因受内外部冲击而寻求合适的发展道路以及中国经济的高速发展所产生的强大吸引力,是促使阿拉伯国家实施“向东看”政策的四个主要原因。阿拉伯国家“向东看”政策使大国在中东的互动出现了新特征,国际多极化格局进一步发展。阿拉伯国家对中国期望值升高,既给中国既带来了新的机遇,又带来了新的挑战。     

阿拉伯国家"向东看"政策评析

冷战结束后,尤其是2004年"中阿合作论坛"成立以来,阿拉伯国家"向东看"政策倾向日益明显.国际格局的变化、美国的中东政策不得人心、阿拉伯国家因受内外部冲击而寻求合适的发展道路以及中国经济的高速发展所产生的强大吸引力,是促使阿拉伯国家实施"向东看"政策的四个主要原因.阿拉伯国家"向东看"政策使大国在中东的互动出现了新特征,国际多极化格局进一步发展.阿拉伯国家对中国期望值升高,既给中国既带来了新的机遇,又带来了新的挑战.     

新时期中阿关系的发展和中国中东政策的演变

中国和阿拉伯国家拥有长期友好交往的历史。冷战期间,双方政治领域的合作硕果累累。近年来,双方在“中阿合作论坛”的框架下展开全方位互利合作,取得了重要成就。但中东地区形势动荡、美国推行“大中东”民主计划等因素对未来双边关系发展构成了挑战。中国的中东政策并非一成不变,而是不断调整的,这为中阿双边关系的健康发展注入了活力。     

新时期中阿关系的发展和中国中东政策的演变

中国和阿拉伯国家拥有长期友好交往的历史.冷战期间,双方政治领域的合作硕果累累.近年来,双方在"中阿合作论坛"的框架下展开全方位互利合作,取得了重要成就.但中东地区形势动荡、美国推行"大中东"民主计划等因素对未来双边关系发展构成了挑战.中国的中东政策并非一成不变,而是不断调整的,这为中阿双边关系的健康发展注入了活力.     

中阿合作论坛与国际、地区变革

本文从中阿合作论坛第一个十年的目标与成就、国际形势变化中的中阿合作论坛、中阿合作论坛与中东剧变等角度展开论述，并基于此论述得出以下重要结论：即中阿间历史悠久的文明、文化交流是双方友好交往史的起点；中阿间官民并举、积极合作具有必要性与迫切性；“论坛”的建立是全球化挑战下中阿关系发展的战略性步伐。过去十年间，中阿关系稳步发展，“论坛”为将彼此关系提升到战略合作层面发挥了重要的基础作用。今天，为古代中阿丝绸之路注入新的活力已成为新的命题，这需要双方全面、长久的战略合作，需要兼顾中阿关系的发展，适应国际形势的变幻。“论坛”在重构丝绸之路，建立经济繁荣、文化互动的中阿战略关系方面，有着义不容辞的责任与义务。     

试论新国际环境下的中国与阿拉伯国家关系

近年来,国际形势发生巨变,中阿在新的国际环境下,均面临新的机遇和挑战.中国和平崛起,越来越与世界休戚与共,政治和经济利益的外延不断扩大,加入国际体系的程度也越来越深.与此同时,中东地区矛盾更趋错综复杂,局部动荡不宁,但发展民族经济仍是各国的根本目标.阿拉伯世界正进入政治和社会转型的关键时期,面临来自美国和本国内部巨大的改革压力.新形势下,美国的因素以及中东局势的发展走向对中国周边战略环境、整体安全形势、中阿关系及中国在中东地区的现实和长远利益都具有特殊而重要的意义.因此,要以适应时代变化的发展眼光关注和研究中阿关系,为现有关系注入新的内涵和活力.     

A. B. and C. versus Ireland

This article analyses some possible political implications of the case and the decision in A. B. and C. v. Ireland at the European Court of Human Rights. This case was heard in a public hearing on 9 December 2009; the judgment was provided in December 2010. I argue that the three applicants in this case employed a novel strategy, not previously considered, to access legal abortion in the Republic of Ireland. By highlighting the varied circumstances of unintended pregnancy in more than a single instance, the applicants utilized an offensive manoeuvre to which the government is unlikely to respond consistently over time. They exposed Irish governments' use of clandestine political negotiations in relation to European treaties, the questionable exertion of governments' authority to uphold political and moral agendas and racialized constructions of Irishness and national interests. The applicants also raised serious questions about state practices in the Republic of Ireland in relation to its legal obligation to uphold human rights under the European Convention. However, I argue that it is unlikely that this novel strategy and legal decision and their political implications are enough to adequately address the lack of access to legal abortion in the Republic of Ireland.     

Helping the Battered Child and His Family. C. Henry Kempe,M.D. and Ray E. Helfer,M.D. Philadelphia and Toronto: J. B. Lippincott Company, 1972. 313 Pages. $8.50. Hardbound

The purposes of this article address the efficacy of computer applications, and encourage social work educators and practitioners to use available technology. A preliminary analysis of curricula and other factors suggests that the profession may not be preparing students to take advantage of existing computer technology. A brief overview of contemporary issues, technological developments, and areas of application is provided, and recommendations are made supporting the integration of computers in social work.     

Models for theory-based M.A. and Ph.D. programs

In response to growing demand for advanced public relations education, this article suggests integrated models of outcomes, curriculum, pedagogy and assessment for theory-based M.A. and Ph.D. programs. Because public relations has commonly been approached as a professional rather than theoretical subject, this article begins with a short explanation of why theoretical education is becoming an increasingly important part of public relations education. It then reports the integration team's recommendations for a flexible educational framework allowing for practical constraints and providing for institutional individuality at both the M.A. and Ph.D. levels. Assumptions underlying efforts of the team are outlined and specifics that might be included in M.A. and Ph.D. programs are presented with rationales for each.     

The Experiences of DSWs and Ph.D.s.

To ascertain the similarities and differences between the two social work degrees, the DSW and the Ph.D., a national survey of social work graduates was conducted that examined their academic and employment experiences. The findings show that Ph.D. graduates were more oriented toward research, while DSW graduates were more disposed toward practice. There were more similarities than differences between the groups, however, and neither was at a disadvantage because of their degree.     

Elder Abuse Detection and Intervention: A Collaborative Approach by B. Brandl,C. B. Dyer,C. J. Heisler,M. J. Otto,L. A. Stiegel,and R. W. Thomas

Mediation has recently been developed in America to help seniors deal with their disputes. Some Long Term Care Ombudsmen and their volunteers have also been trained in mediation for use in institutional conflicts. This paper suggests that elder mediation, through its voluntary, non-coercive process, has the potential for enhancing elder rights, providing an acceptable form of minimal social intervention, and contributing to the prevention of elder abuse at early stages of relational conflicts between elders and their carers.