管制放松后的企业竞争行动、竞争对手分类与销售绩效

基于亚洲14个国家(地区)电信企业的二手数据,本文检验了企业竞争行动与销售绩效之间的主效应,以及组内竞争和组间竞争对上述主效应的调节作用。研究发现,企业竞争行动密集性、异质性与销售绩效正相关,企业竞争行动简单性与销售绩效负相关;市场竞争(包括组内竞争与组间竞争)对企业竞争行动密集性、异质性与销售绩效之间的关系存在负向调节,对企业竞争行动简单性与销售绩效之间关系存在正向调节。从3个战略群组的对比看,在企业成员规模越小的战略群组中,组内竞争对企业竞争行动与销售绩效之间关系的调节效应越强;在企业成员规模越大的战略群组中,组间竞争对企业竞争行动与销售绩效之间关系的调节效应越强。上述结论表明,组内竞争对小企业最为不利,组间竞争对大企业最为不利。     

竞争决策组合简单性与企业绩效的关系——基于行动战略性的调节作用

动态竞争中企业采取的竞争行动组合是越复杂越好,还是越简单越好,目前理论界尚未有定论。为探究这一问题,本文以中国家电企业为样本,探讨家电企业的竞争决策组合简单性与企业绩效之间的关系,同时考虑了行动战略性的调节作用。研究结果表明竞争决策组合简单性对企业绩效具有显著的负向影响,这说明竞争中企业采取的竞争决策组合越简单,越不利于企业绩效的提升。行动战略性会弱化竞争决策组合简单性对企业绩效的负向影响,这表明竞争决策组合中行动的战略性程度越高,竞争决策组合简单性会促进企业绩效的上升。本研究有效地回应了学术界关于竞争“简单说”与“复杂说”的争论,拓展了动态竞争领域中竞争行动组合理论的研究。同时,在实践上为我国企业制定与实施有效的竞争策略组合决策提供了重要启示与指导。     

动态能力如何影响企业绩效——基于中国企业的实证研究

本研究以中国企业为样本对动态能力如何影响企业绩效的问题进行了分析和探讨。数据分析结果表明,战略过程对动态能力与企业绩效的正向作用关系具有明显的中介作用。但是,不同的动态能力维度对绩效的不同方面影响程度也不同,动态外部协调能力对企业绩效各个方面影响的显著程度在所有维度中最为突出,是企业在超竞争环境中树立竞争优势的关键。此外,动态能力构成维度间的路径关系表明,动态信息利用能力在企业动态适应外部环境变化过程中具有非常重要的节点作用,是企业培育动态能力路径的关键。     

客户导向和竞争者导向的整合与企业绩效

结合市场导向和组织双元理论,讨论如何整合客户导向和竞争者导向的问题。识别出客户导向和竞争者导向的两种整合方式,即组合和平衡,探讨两种整合方式对企业绩效的直接效应及企业资源对两种整合方式与企业绩效关系的调节作用。以209家中国制造企业为对象进行问卷调查,运用多元回归分析等方法对以上直接效应和调节作用进行统计检验。研究结果表明,组合客户导向和竞争者导向会提升企业绩效,平衡客户导向和竞争者导向不能提升企业绩效。企业的营销能力和规模显著调节不同整合方式对企业绩效的作用,企业营销能力负向调节平衡方式对绩效的影响,正向调节组合方式对绩效的影响;企业规模会正向调节平衡方式对绩效的影响,但不能显著改变组合方式对绩效的影响。最后,提出企业根据营销能力和企业规模的特点对客户导向与竞争者导向进行整合的相关建议。     

动荡环境下技术多元化与企业绩效关系

基于资源基础理论,探索行业竞争互动和动态环境情境下技术多元化对企业绩效的影响。通过对创业板291家上市公司非平衡面板数据的实证分析,发现技术多元化负向影响企业绩效;行业竞争互动正向调节技术多元化与企业绩效之间的关系;环境动态性负向调节技术多元化与企业绩效之间的关系,且负向调节行业竞争互动对技术多元化与企业绩效关系的正向影响。研究表明,企业在实施技术多元化战略时应该考虑所处行业的竞争动态以及环境的动态性。     

组织学习导向、知识转移和吸收能力对国际企业绩效的影响研究

利用组织学习理论,对国际企业在动态的海外市场如何维持竞争优势、提高绩效进行了探讨.实证分析结果发现,学习导向和吸收能力对国际企业的绩效产生显著的正向影响,而知识转移对绩效的影响是通过与吸收能力的交互作用实现的.     

制度环境多样性、跨地区经营经验与服务企业产品市场绩效——来自中国证券业的经验证据

企业在跨地区经营时不可避免地要面对各地区多样化的制度环境,不同地区的制度环境对企业提出的要求不同,甚至是相互矛盾的.因此,如何适应多样化的制度环境是企业跨地区经营面临的重大挑战.本文提出了制度环境多样性这一概念,并进一步基于制度理论探讨制度环境多样性和跨地区经营经验对服务企业产品市场绩效的影响.通过理论分析和基于中国证券企业数据的实证检验发现:(1)制度环境多样性与企业产品市场绩效呈倒U形关系,说明制度环境多样性水平过低或过高均不利于提高产品市场绩效;(2)跨地区经营经验对产品市场绩效有正向影响;(3)跨地区经营经验对制度环境多样性与产品市场绩效的关系有调节作用:跨地区经营经验越丰富,制度环境多样性对产品市场绩效的影响越小.本研究首次从理论和实证上探讨了制度环境多样性和跨地区经营经验对企业产品市场绩效的影响,研究结论对服务企业跨地区经营决策有重要启示.     

过去产品成功与失败经验的绩效反馈机制:IVC与CVC的调节作用

在高度竞争的行业中,企业如何从过去产品的成功与失败经验中及时获得绩效反馈,进而提升未来新产品绩效是学术界关注的热点问题。本文基于绩效反馈相关理论,探讨在高度竞争行业中,企业过去产品的成功与失败经验如何影响未来的新产品绩效,并基于委托代理理论考察不同背景风险投资对过去成功、失败经验与企业新产品绩效关系的调节效应,以2019年度始终处于App Store畅销榜单前200的76个移动游戏应用作为样本进行实证检验。结果发现:(1)在高度竞争行业中,过去产品的成功经验对企业新产品绩效具有显著的正向影响,而失败经验对企业新产品绩效具有显著的负向影响;(2)当企业拥有独立背景风险投资(IVC)时,过去产品成功经验对企业新产品绩效的正向作用会增强,失败经验对企业新产品绩效的负向作用同样会增强。相比之下,当企业拥有企业背景风险投资(CVC)时,过去产品成功经验对新产品绩效的正向作用会减弱,而失败经验对新产品绩效的负向作用同样会减弱。本研究丰富了绩效反馈相关理论发挥作用的内在机制及边界条件,对我国移动游戏领域创业企业新产品开发策略选择也具有一定参考价值。     

网络嵌入性视角下基于知识的动态能力构建机制

基于知识的动态能力、网络嵌入性以及创新绩效之间的影响关系,本研究利用探索性案例的方法证实了多样性、信任、共同解决问题和承诺等不同网络嵌入属性分别对知识获取能力和知识整合能力具有显著的正向影响,证实了知识整合能力对创新绩效具有关键性的正向影响,从而建立了网络嵌入性——动态能力——创新绩效的理论框架,进一步打开了网络嵌入性作用机制的黑箱,为网络环境中的动态能力及创新研究的深入开展创造了条件。     

动念能力对企业绩效影响的理论回顾

企业如何保持长久的竞争优势是企业所要面对的永恒问题。为了回答这一问题，先后出现过战略定位学派、资源学派和能力学派。但是随着市场环境的多变和竞争的加剧，使得企业越来越关注企业所拥有的资源和能力如何与其所处环境相匹配。基于此，追求以迅速进行资源整合获得动态环境下的竞争优势的动态能力（Dynamic Capabilities）理论应运而生，并逐渐得到重视并发展起来。在这种情况下，将企业动态能力理论同企业绩效结合起来进行研究，探讨动态能力对企业绩效的影响作用和机制就具有非常重要的理论和现实意义。 为了说明动态能力对企业绩效的影响作用以及动态能力对企业绩效的作用机制，本文在以前学者研究的基础上，对有关动态能力与企业绩效关系的理论研究与实证研究进行了回顾与总结，并重点介绍并分析了有关动态能力与企业绩效关系研究的前沿理论模型。     

Educational Landscapes and Urban Development. Contextual and Spatial Interfaces and Linkages

In the broad sociopolitical discussion on education quality within the last decade, it has become apparent that education is gaining importance for urban development, as well as space and the urban context are important dimensions of education. This becomes particularly evident in concepts for local educational landscapes (Ger. Bildungslandschaften). The young field of research on educational landscapes is currently lacking empirical research from spatial and planning sciences. In the paper, the current state of scientific research on educational landscapes in Germany and Europe and first insights to contextual and spatial interfaces and linkages between education and urban development in general are presented.     

Inventory Models with Continuous and Poisson Demands and Discounted and Average Costs

We develop a new, unified approach to treating continuous‐time stochastic inventory problems with both the average and discounted cost criteria. The approach involves the development of an adjusted discounted cycle cost formula, which has an appealing intuitive interpretation. We show for the first time that an (s, S) policy is optimal in the case of demand having a compound Poisson component as well as a constant rate component. Our demand structure simultaneously generalizes the classical EOQ model and the inventory models with Poisson demand, and we indicate the reasons why this task has been a difficult one. We do not require the surplus cost function to be convex or quasi‐convex as has been assumed in the literature. Finally, we show that the optimal s is unique, but we do not know if optimal S is unique.     

E-governance and Corruption-developments and Issues in Ethiopia

This paper reports the results of a survey of 400 respondents in Ethiopia about factors generating corruption and the potential of e-Governance to mitigate corruption. It is suggested that e-Governance can help not only in weeding out corruption but also in the establishment of sounder government citizen relationships in Ethiopia. While e-Governance cannot cure all the structural factors that breed corruption in the society, strategic implementation of e-Governance can help improve the critical variable in combating corruption-government citizen relationships. It is argued that while e-Governance initiatives can make important contributions to improving public services they can best do so by helping improve overall relationships between governments and citizens.

CEO and Chairperson characteristics and firm performance

This paper focuses on the relationship between Chief Executive Officer (CEO) and Chairperson characteristics and firm performance. Specifically, the study examines the association between the characteristics of the CEO and the Chairperson of the board and firm performance. Using a sample of S&P 500 firms, the evidence found suggests that demographic and experience-related characteristics may be associated with the market valuation and financial performance of the firm. In particular, the reported results indicate a positive relationship between the presence of female CEOs or Chairs and firm performance, thus suggesting that gender-based differences may affect the CEO’s/Chairperson’s success. Moreover, the findings concerning the age of the CEO or Chair are mixed, while their experience and quality appear positively related to firm performance. Interestingly, a CEO or Chairperson holding multiple board seats is negatively associated with firm performance, whereas CEO duality has a positive relationship with Tobin’s Q and the return on assets (ROA) of the firm.     

David and Goliath: causes and effects of coopetition between start-ups and corporates

Coopetition (collaboration between competitors) among young firms (i.e. start-ups) and larger, more established firms (i.e. corporates) may be beneficial for both partners as each party typically has something to offer that is missing in the other. Start-ups often develop innovative ideas, are flexible and agile, willing to take risks, and aspire to achieve high growth, but they tend to lack the required resources, capabilities, and knowledge due to their newness and smallness. Corporates have resources, routines, and experience that enable them to work efficiently but lack a certain innovation capability. Research has suggested that coopetition represents an opportunity for start-ups facing restrictions in resources, while corporates benefit from start-ups’ innovative ideas. However, it is yet unknown whether start-ups and corporates engage in coopetition with each other and, if so, how and why they do this. This study seeks to fill this void by exploring the motives of coopeting start-ups and corporates, how they manage their coopetitive relationship, and what implications occur including potential benefits and risks. We present a multiple case study based on qualitative data collected through 70 interviews with Austrian-based start-ups and corporates representing 35 coopetitive partnerships. Discussing the findings based on our data, we propose relationships concerning coopetition and its role to enlarge resource- and technology-bases as well as its role in the development of dynamic capabilities.     

Career orientations and career success among research,and development and engineering professionals

Managing the careers of research, development and engineering (RD&E) professionals is important to the strategic use of RD&E in the economy. Appropriate mechanisms for motivating RD&E professionals will probably emerge as a critical success factor for organizations that want to compete in world markets. This study examines dimensions and levels of career orientation and their correlations with individual and work-related outcome variables among 78 RD&E professionals. The findings reveal a rich diversity of career orientation in RD&E professionals. The data strongly suggest that RD&E professionals are service, lifestyle and security oriented. However, they scored low on technical orientation and entrepreneurship. This paper suggests that the dual career ladder is not an effective device for managing RD&E professionals. Organizations must be careful to provide career paths that retain and motivate workers and, more importantly, find matches between organizational needs and individuals' needs, and restructure jobs accordingly. The authors offer suggestions for future research and identify implications for management.     

Work and shopping overflow — Consequences and differentiation among selected psychological and demographic characteristics

Contemporary individuals are forced to deal with excessive stimulation, which causes an overload in the cognitive and emotional areas. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the possible factors differentiating the perceived level of work and shopping overflow experienced by individuals and consequences of these states. Two psychological variables: cognitive control and sensation seeking, are chosen as potential factors differentiating the perceived levels of overflow. We assume that individuals with high cognitive control and sensation seeking will report lower levels of both types of examined overflows. Experiencing low overflow levels may manifest in the search for additional stimuli, rather than in the desire to limit them. Two indexes of behavior connected to seeking extra stimulation are selected: one belonging to the area of consumer behavior (readiness to participate in the experience economy) and one belonging to vocational behavior (choosing a boundaryless career). The quantitative study is conducted on a sample of 297 management students who are currently employed. The research results support the relation between cognitive control and perceived level of work and shopping overflow. Individuals who can cognitively control the situation and the incoming stimuli report lower levels of overflow. No significant relationship between sensation seeking and the level of overflow is found. The demographic variables that influence the perceived overflow are age and salary for work overflow and age for shopping overflow. As far as consequences of overflow are concerned, a low level of shopping overflow is related to readiness to participate in the experience economy. However, there is no link between work overflow and preferred career pattern. The managerial implications for human resource management and marketing strategy design are discussed.     

Review and reappraisal of modelling and predicting mental workload in single- and multi-task environments

The concept of mental workload has long been recognized as an important factor in individual performance within complex systems. It is documented that either overload or underload may degrade performance, and further affect the efficiency of the whole system. Therefore, systems designers need some explicit models to predict the mental workload imposed on individuals by the system at an early design phase so that alternative system designs can be evaluated. In examining mental-workload literature, it is found that few predictive mental-workload models have considered factors specific to individuals. This research aims to develop a practical framework for predicting mental workload in both single- and multi-task environments considering such individual factors. In order to describe mental workload more precisely and more completely, a framework for mentalworkload definitions, which contains instantaneous workload, average workload, accumulated workload, peak workload and overall workload, is proposed. In order to model individual factors, two new variables, i.e. effective workload and ineffective workload, are introduced to model the taskgenerated workload and individual-generated workload. The extension of the model to multi-task environments is also discussed. The proposed conceptual models are domain-independent and could be used to guide the development of operational models for different specific tasks.