城镇化进程中的人口流动与城镇新增贫困人口问题分析

在城镇化的过程中,农村人口净流向城镇。这一方面推动城镇和农村的发展,另一方面带来城镇贫困人口的增加。由农村流入城镇的人口其贫困发生率大致在3%以上。为预防和保障人口流动中的城镇新增贫困人口,应该采取措施分类引导人口的城镇化,建立和完善进入城镇农民的社会保障体系,积极发展城镇服务业等第三产业,避免过度的城市化带来城镇贫困问题的扩大。     

“Population Invasion” versus Urban Exclusion in the Tibetan Areas of Western China

This article examines the confluence of local population transitions (demographic transition and urbanization) with non‐local in‐migration in the Tibetan areas of western China. The objective is to assess the validity of Tibetan perceptions of “population invasion” by Han Chinese and Chinese Muslims. The article argues that migration to Tibet from other regions in China has been concentrated in urban areas and has been counterbalanced by more rapid rates of natural increase in the Tibetan rural areas—among the highest rates in China. Overall, it is not clear whether there is any risk of population invasion in the Tibetan areas. However, given that non‐Tibetan migration to Tibet has been concentrated in urban areas, Tibetans have probably become a minority in many of their strategic cities and towns, and non‐Tibetan migrants definitely dominate urban employment. Therefore, while the Tibetan notion of population invasion may be a misperception, it reflects a legitimate concern that in‐migration may be exacerbating the economic exclusion of Tibetan locals in the context of rapid urban‐centered development.     

城市农民工的基本权益保障研究

城市农民工是城市人口中不容忽视的重要组成部分,相对城市人口,他们处于一定的弱势地位。城市农民工的工作权、受教育权等常常受到侵害,亟待维护。要真正维护农民工的权益,就要改变现有观念,调整现行政策,完善法治建设,建立良好的社会环境。     

“城中村”的城市化特征及其问题分析——以广州为例

城市化的过程,不仅仅是人口向城市集中,农村经济向城市经济、农村地域向城市地域转化的过程,也包括人们的行为方式和生活方式的转变."城中村"是我国大城市扩张的必然产物,也是我国城市化的一个阶段.本文从社会学的角度,分析了"城中村"的出现,"城中村"土地、人口、经济、生活方式以及社会问题所具有的城市化特征.     

Sex ratio at birth for urban and rural areas

Previous studies show that sex ratio at birth in China's urban areas is usually higher than that of rural areas. The higher proportion of 1st births in urban areas was once taken to explain the cause for the higher sex ratio. The data of the 1982 fertility sampling survey show that the sex ratio at birth during the period from 1964 to 1981 remains higher in the urban areas (108.0) than in the rural areas (107.8). Further studies are yet needed on the differentials in sex ratios at birth between urban and rural areas and on their causes. The sex ratio in 1981 of the 29 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions in China's mainland was 108.5, somewhat higher than that of most countries in the world. 2 things account for the occurrence. 1 is that, biologically, certain particularities may exist in the sex ratio at birth of China's population, for the ratio varies with ethnic groups, nationalities and regions. The other is that, sociologically, female infants may be underreported in some areas and the phenomenon of infanticide left over by history still exists in some isolated cases. These surveys suggest that a certain specific characteristic does exist in the sex ratio at birth of China's urban areas, but they also contribute to the explanation of the higher sex ratio at birth of the total population of the country.     

上海郊区城乡一体化进程中的人口再分布和社会重构

上海郊区城乡一体化进程中的人口再分布 ,主要呈现城市人口郊区化扩散与农村人口城市化集聚同时加快推进、城乡人口扩散 -集聚流高强度辐合于近郊地带等特点 ;这是一个深刻的社会重构过程。本文利用 2 0 0 0年人口普查数据 ,对浦东新区街镇社区人口的社会重构现象作了多侧面的分析 ,并对有关问题进行了探讨。     

论中国人口逆淘汰：驳斥一个伪命题

本文对中国人口（素质）逆淘汰问题进行定性和定量的分析,认为不能简单的以城乡生育率的差异去考量人口的整体素质变化。人口的整体素质变动是一个动态的过程,以静态的、封闭的人口观点去看待人口素质问题必然得出与事实不相符合的结论。把城镇、农村人口当作两个封闭的群体。同时忽视农村人口素质快速提升的的现实,得出的中国人口逆淘汰的结论必然是一个伪命题。     

Determinants of rural-urban migration in Ghana

Abstract In the 39 years between the 1921 and 1960 censuses, urban population in Ghana multiplied by nine while the population of the whole country only trebled. The major factor in urban growth was rural-urban migration and the reproduction of the migrants. In 1963 a survey consisting of a systematic sample of households in 45 rural centres, randomly chosen in Local Authority Areas selected in accord with the regional rural population distribution, reconstituted the rural population so as to include current migrants in the towns as well as those remaining in rural areas. For analysis 13,748 respondents were divided into 14 categories by ruralurban migration behaviour. At the same time a survey of urban population provided a check on rural-urban migration data. study of the propensity to migrate from rural to urban areas shows that this increases with the closeness of the rural area to a large town, the population size of the rural centre, the economic well-being of the rural household, the number of relatives already in the urban area, the individual's level of education, larger family size and probably lower birth rank, as well as exhibiting specific age and sex patterns. It is shown that only a minor role is played by occupation, conjugal condition and number of dependants. Various interrelations between these factors are discussed, and attention is given to the special importance of education in partially or wholly determining some of the other factors. Census data are used to demonstrate the effect of rural-urban migration in concentrating persons with certain characteristics in the urban areas.     

[A brief analysis of the characteristics of the urban population].]

Characteristics of China's urban population are described. These include high population density, significant levels of heterogeneity, and frequent mobility. The problems of having a large transient population in urban areas are considered. Comparisons are made with rural population characteristics.     

外来人口对中国城市地区出生性别比的影响

外来人口对中国城市地区出生性别比的影响是近年来学术界争论的焦点问题之一。利用2000年人口普查数据,通过比较农村本地人口、城市本地人口和城市外来人口三个人口群体在出生性别比上的差异,并进行多元统计分析,考察20世纪90年代以来中国城市地区异常偏高的出生性别比是否由外来人口造成?结果表明,城市外来人口生育的性别偏好与农村本地人口和城市本地人口相比没有显著差异,都存在强烈的生男意愿。20世纪90年代以来中国生育水平迅速下降的同时,出生性别比出现了不分城乡的普遍升高和偏高,城市出生性别比偏高,既有外来人口的作用,也有本地人口的作用,外来人口并不是造成中国城市地区出生性别比偏高的唯一或主要的原因。     

1990年以来中国各民族人口教育发展研究——来自人口普查和人口抽样调查数据的分析

运用人口普查和人口抽样调查数据,研究1990年以来各民族人口教育发展状况,考察7～16岁儿童在校率的影响因素。在实证分析的基础上,针对如何促进少数民族人口的教育发展提出政策建议。研究发现,在过去几十年中,少数民族与汉族人口的教育都取得了长足发展。少数民族人口中,未受过初中教育的人口比例高于汉族。不论对少数民族还是汉族,与城镇地区相比,乡村地区初中教育的缺失更加严重。在城镇地区,少数民族与汉族7～16岁儿童在校率相差很少,但在乡村地区仍然存在一些差距。在考虑了地区影响因素后,少数民族与汉族儿童的在校概率差异或者缩小,或者消失,只有满族除外。     

城乡一体化与我国“二元”生育政策改革

我国目前实施的是以户籍为标志的城乡有别的二元生育政策。随着城乡一体化的发展,户籍制度的改革是大势所趋,由此会带来生育政策适用对象不明确的问题。为了克服这一问题,本文通过比较多种生育政策调整方案,认为选择新的区分城乡人口的标志来代替户口以维持现有二元政策的方法不能成立;城乡统一的更严格的生育政策不符合我国人口和社会经济发展需要;将现有的二元生育政策经两阶段六步骤调整为城乡一体的普遍二孩的生育政策是一种更优方案,它既能解决户籍制度改革带来的生育政策执行问题,又符合我国社会经济发展的客观需要。     

Rural-Urban Migration and Reproductive Behavior in Guatemala

Guatemala has the highest fertility of any country in Latin America, and it is also the least urbanized. Projected rural-urban migration will shift more of Guatemala's population from rural areas into towns and cities. This article uses retrospective life-history data collected in migrant origin and destination areas in Guatemala to compare the fertility of rural-urban migrant women to that of rural and urban nonmigrants. Results from discrete-time hazard regression models of union formation, first birth, and third and higher parity births indicate that delayed marriage while still in rural areas, and the rapid adoption of urban fertility practices after migration, result in intermediate migrant fertility that is closer to that of urban natives than rural nonmigrants. If current patterns are any guide to the future, the redistribution of population from high fertility rural areas to towns and cities in Guatemala will accelerate the decline in aggregate fertility beyond what would have resulted from declines in rural and urban fertility alone.     

90年代以来中国城市人口结构体系分析

随着中国城市化进程的加快,中国城市人口结构体系中各种不同规模城市的比重发生变化,其中特大城市和小城市的比重下降。另外,通过比较东、中、西部地区的城市人口结构发现,西部地区的城市人口结构不合理,大城市的比重过少。     

Population density,urban centrality,and agricultural intensification in Jordan

This paper explores the relationship between population growth, agricultural production, and urban development. Ongoing debate in the literature regarding the relationship between population and economic development is restricted by the limited availability of time series data and the difficulty of evaluating causality using cross-sectional data. This analysis uses the special case of Jordan with its massive refugee flows to evaluate the influence of a sudden and exogenous change in population in urban areas on the intensification of agricultural production. Spearman Rank Order correlations are calculated from time series data to show that the districts which experienced the most rapid population growth and increases in population density also exhibited the largest increases in agricultural intensity. Cross-sectional analysis in which measures of agricultural intensification were predicted by population density and urbanization factors reveals a significant interaction between density and urban centrality, where centrality is an indicator of the accessibility of urban goods to rural communities. The results suggest that population density has a strongly positive effect on agricultural intensity in areas with few urban goods and services available, whereas the influence of population density on agricultural intensity is substantially reduced in areas with a greater diversity of urban goods and services.This article is based on a paper presented at the 1992 Meeting of the Southern Demographics Association, Charleston, SC, 15–17 October 1992.     

Preliminary analysis of population distribution in Beijing, Tianjin, and Tangshan]

The author analyzes population distribution in Beijing, Tianjin, and Tangshan, China. According to the author, the population distribution of these areas is characterized first by high population density. The forms of distribution are found to be many and varied: network distribution, cluster distribution, star distribution, bar distribution, and point distribution in rural residential areas. The ratio of urban population to rural population is high, but the distribution is concentrated. The factors affecting population distribution are natural environment, economic development, and historical heritage.     

城市人口和计划生育工作新机制研究

多年来,我国人口和计划生育工作的重点、难点一直在农村。而城市人口和计划生育工作一直走在全国前列,不仅有效控制了人口过快增长,为全国人口控制目标的实现作出了积极贡献,而且创造了许多好经验,对农村起到很好的示范、带头和辐射作用,为统筹解决人口问题打下了良好的基础。但是随着外部环境和工作任务、要求的变化,随着社会主义市场经济体制的建立和城市经济、社会的迅速发展,城市化进程的大大加快,城市计划生育工作开始面临许多新情况、新问题,必须加快改革与创新的步伐。     

1980年代以来北京市城市化过程中人口分布的变化

20世纪80年代以来,北京城市化步伐加快。人口分布变化的特点是从居住地看,城市中心区人口减少、人口分布趋向于均等化;外围区人口迅速增长、地域人口密度差别很大;郊区人口缓慢增长。人口分布向单极集中。从工作地看,从业人口继续向城区,特别是市中心区集中,但城区第二产业从业人员减少,第三产业人员增加,且比例在提高。由昼夜人口算得,中心区的昼夜人口比提高,外围区的昼夜人口比减少。以上变化说明,北京在城市发展过程中,在城市地域扩大的同时,中心区的中心地功能也在加强,各地域的功能定位进一步明晰。     

Revisiting the hierarchy of urban areas in the Brazilian Amazon: a multilevel approach

The Legal Brazilian Amazon, while the largest rainforest in the world, is also a region where most residents are urban. Despite close linkages between rural and urban processes in the region, rural areas have been the predominant focus of Amazon-based population-environment scholarship. Offering a focus on urban areas within the Brazilian Amazon, this paper examines the emergence of urban hierarchies within the region. Using a combination of nationally representative data and community based surveys, applied to a multivariate cluster methodology (Grade of Membership), we observe the emergence of sub-regional urban networks characterized by economic and political inter-dependency, population movement, and provision of services. These networks link rural areas, small towns, and medium and large cities. We also identify the emergence of medium-size cities as important nodes at a sub-regional level. In all, the work provides insight on the proposed model of ‘disarticulated urbanization’ within the Amazon by calling attention to the increasing role of regional and sub-regional urban networks in shaping the future expansion of land use and population distribution in the Amazon. We conclude with a discussion of implications for increasing intra-regional connectivity and fragmentation of conservation areas and ecosystems in the region.     

Thailand’s urban population reconsidered

In lieu of any official definition of “urban population” in Thailand, researchers and policy makers have generally used a simple urban-rural dichotomy, relying upon the administratively designated municipal areas as urban and the remainder of the kingdom as rural. For administrative purposes, however, a more refined set of residence categories is available: the “urban” segment is subdivided into three categories of municipal areas; within the “rural” group, units of population concentration classified as sanitary districts are distinguished from the remainder of the rural population. Data from a 1970 census sample tape have been used to analyze a number of socioeconomic characteristics, as well as migration and fertility, for each of these five residence categories separately in an attempt to determine if the formerly used rural-urban dichotomy is valid. For each of the characteristics and for migration and fertility, a clear urban-rural continuum emerges, with the sanitary districts generally resembling the smaller urban places more than they do the rural areas under which they are usually subsumed. The evaluation thus suggests the importance to research and policy either of using an urban-rural continuum or of grouping sanitary districts with municipal areas when a dichotomy must be used. Doing so should facilitate evaluation of the interrelations between urbanization and demographic and development factors.