农村老年人进城养老：挑战及社会工作干预

农村老年人进城养老是随着中国城市化和农村老年人口分化而出现的社会养老新问题。农村老年人进城养老对现行的家庭养老、机构养老、社区照顾等养老模式形成挑战。应对农村老年人进城养老问题,在制度层面需取消城乡二元户籍限制;在养老服务理念和方式上则需社会工作的介入和干预。     

The “Socialization of Elderly Hospitalization” in China: Development,Problems, and Solutions

ABSTRACT

Objectives to analyze the development of the elderly patients with chronic diseases and to make some suggestions for the elderly social hospitalization. Methods By using yearbook data and theoretical analyses, the paper respectively presents the problems and furthermore solutions of China's elderly services. Results The elderly patients with chronic illnesses have formed a new group, and the phenomenon of “socialization of elderly hospitalization” has become a major social risk. Discussions China needs to promote the idea of “long-term care” in elderly social security, establishing long-term care insurance and fostering a private, professional elderly service system.     

This Old Stereotype: The Pervasiveness and Persistence of the Elderly Stereotype

Americans stereotype elderly people as warm and incompetent, following from perceptions of them as noncompetitive and low status, respectively. This article extends existing research regarding stereotyping of older people in two ways. First, we discuss whether the mixed elderly stereotype is unique to American culture. Data from six non-U.S. countries, including three collectivist cultures, demonstrate elderly stereotypes are consistent across varied cultures. Second, we investigate the persistence of the evaluatively -mixed nature of the elderly stereotype. In an experiment, 55 college students rated less competent elderly targets (stereotype-consistent) as warmer than more competent (stereotype-inconsistent) and control elderly targets. We also discuss the type of discrimination—social exclusion—that elderly people often endure.     

Commercial,non‐profit and governmental residential elderly care in Flanders: Differences in client selection and efficiency?

Verschuere B, Moray N, Decramer A. Commercial, non‐profit and governmental residential elderly care in Flanders: differences in client selection and efficiency? Inspired by New Public Management, governments have stimulated competition, outsourcing and privatisation in the public sector. Also, in care of the elderly, there has been a substantial increase in commercial provision. The present study explored the presumed differences in the performance of public (governmental), private non‐profit and private commercial elderly care organisations. We used quantitative indicators on the population of residential elderly care organisations in Flanders (Belgium). Although we found that commercial elderly care facilities tended to be more input‐efficient while non‐profit and public elderly care facilities tended to be more attentive to recruiting and housing residents with high care needs, these results need to be interpreted in light of the regulatory framework in which the different types of elderly care facilities operate.     

老年社会工作在养老机构中的应用探讨

随着人口老化,越来越多的国家政府开始正视老龄问题。而作为社会福利服务的重要组成部分,老年社会工作更日益受到重视。我国内地老年社会工作的发展却很滞后,大多数养老机构对于老年社会工作如何介入没有一个清晰的认识。这是由于我国内地社会工作发展较晚,相关的研究和实践都不是很充分的缘故。本文以笔者的实践经历为基础,从老年社会工作在养老机构服务中的角色、相处原则与介入的模式,尝试探讨老年社会工作在养老机构中的应用。     

Out with the Old,In with the Old: A Closer Look at Younger Versus Older Elderly Migration*

Objective. This research examines the migration behavior of the elderly, recognizing that the older and younger elderly may make different decisions and have different consequences for the states in which they live. Methods. Using U.S. Census migration flow data, we describe the movements of the younger and older elderly. Our econometric analysis brings together the wisdom of elderly migration research that focuses on motives (amenity vs. return/assistance) and the Tiebout‐related research that considers the effects of policy. Results. We find that all elderly age groups avoid moving to states with high estate/inheritance/gift taxes, although the effect weakens with age. Likewise, the younger elderly appear to be “shopping around” for destinations with a temperate climate and favorable government policies regarding income taxes and welfare spending, whereas the older elderly are more likely to be “driven out” of their origin state by a high cost of living and income and property taxes. Conclusions. Our findings suggest that both the patterns of migration and the factors that affect migration decisions differ between the younger and older elderly.     

Elderly Consumers and Social Care Policy

The development of social care policy for elderly Australians is proceeding with little regard for the preferences and perspectives as expressed by the elderly themselves. The likely consequence is a continuation of policies based largely on other people's assumptions about what elderly people actually need and the extension of service categories into which many elderly people do not easily fit. Discussions with 71 elderly consumers during 1983 in Queensland established that they have input to make into policy and service delivery issues such as the provision of information on services, the determination of needs, the extension of choices between alternative services and choice of appropriate service providers. Social care policy should not continue to develop around singular and untested assumptions concerning what elderly people need and prefer.     

个案工作在老年思想政治教育中的运用初探

在老龄化日益加剧的今天,传统思想政治教育已越来越不能满足老年人科学、积极、健康发展的需要。而在老年思想政治教育中引入个案工作,有助于创新和发展老年思想政治教育、认清老年人思想现状以及提高老年人自我教育能力。二者在很多方面的相容性、个案工作的中国化以及现代思想政治教育的开放态度又使个案工作在老年思想政治教育中的运用成为可能。进而从理念、技巧和模式初步探讨了个案工作在老年思想政治教育中的运用方略。     

老年社会工作在养老机构中的应用探讨

随着人口老化,越来越多的国家政府开始正视老龄问题。而作为社会福利服务的重要组成部分,老年社会工作更日益受到重视。我国内地老年社会工作的发展却很滞后,大多数养老机构对于老年社会工作如何介入没有一个清晰的认识。这是由于我国内地社会工作发展较晚,相关的研究和实践都不是很充分的缘故。本文以笔者的实践经历为基础,从老年社会工作在养老机构服务中的角色、相处原则与介入的模式,尝试探讨老年社会工作在养老机构中的应用。     

Services Provided by Elderly Volunteers

As the number of elderly persons increases, the social service needs of older Americans will grow too. To provide a variety of services, many social service agencies across the nation are helping the elderly organize to help themselves. This paper represents the second of a series of research reports derived from a federally funded research project to investigate the types of services that trained elderly volunteers provide to other elderly persons in the community. This paper presents a multivariate analysis of elderly volunteers who go beyond providing socializing and reassuring services and provide instrumental services. The independant variables are developed to capture the level of the physical and mental strengths of elderly volunteers. Theses strengths are psychological functioning, perceived health, psychological adjustment, and social resources. In addition, program-participation factors, such as the duration of participation in the volunteer project and the number of persons served, as well as variables related to demographic and educational backgrounds, are included in the analysis as controls. The major findings from this study are the following: (1) Among the independant variables, perceived health is a statistically significant predictor of a volunteer's becoming a provider of instrumental services; (2) The volunteer's level of education and the number of elderly persons served are also statistically significant predictors. One the whole, however, elderly volunteers perfer socialization and reasurance over instrumental services when they try to help other elderly persons.     

Quality of care: relationship between the perceptions of elderly home care users and their caregivers

The aim was to study the relationship between elderly home care users', and their caregivers', perceptions of the quality of care. The sample consisted of 151 matched elderly home care user-caregiver pairs in a Swedish municipality. The elderly home care users were interviewed and their caregivers filled in questionnaires using an established, theory-based instrument. Results showed that the elderly home care users evaluated most care components more favourably than their caregivers. On ratings of the various care components' subjective importance to the caretaker, the caregivers consistently scored higher than the elderly home care users. Within the subset of elderly home care users who received help at least twice a day, there were greater similarities between caregivers and caretakers. The results are related to comparable research and discussed in terms of caregivers' needs to legitimize their professional identity and actions.     

构建老人福利机构危险管理机制——日本经验之启示

"养儿防老"是中国传统的养老模式,长期以来老人的养老主要依靠子女来解决,但是随着生活方式的改变、家庭规模的日趋小型化,老人的长期照顾问题受到了社会的广泛关注。近年来国家制定了相关的政策、制度以及服务来满足老人及其家人的需求,然而老人福利机构及所提供的照顾服务,其服务质量离人性化照顾服务仍有一段距离。就现阶段而言,老人福利机构所提供照顾服务的质与量,均有提升与改善的空间。日本是亚洲第一个施行公共性长期照顾保险的国家,其施行之初也面临着一些与我国同样的问题,为提升长期照顾机构的服务质量,日本厚生劳动省在介护保险制度施行后的2002年,就开始倡导老人福利机构应建立危险管理机制的理念,并于2006年修订老人长期照顾福利机构管理规则,规定老人福利机构应建立危险管理机制,以提升照顾服务质量。有鉴于此,本文将对日本老人长期照顾福利机构建立危险管理机制的过程、基本架构,以及相关课题做系统说明,为我国老人福利机构经营管理提供参考,也可为我国未来在探讨老人长期照顾问题之际,提供必要的配套依据。     

农村老年人口闲暇生活状况与影响因素分析——基于湖北省长阳县农村调查数据

随着人口老龄化的到来,农村老年人生活质量与闲暇生活问题日益突显。本文运用实证研究方法,通过对湖北省长阳县387名农村老年人的问卷调查与结构式访谈,运用单变量描述性统计分析和双变量交互分析,探讨当前农村老年人的闲暇生活状况,发现农村老年人闲暇生活普遍不丰富;文化程度、收入状况、照顾孙辈与农村老年人闲暇生活质量关联颇深,而性别、田间劳作与农村老年人闲暇生活质量不存在明显关系。在此分析的基础上,本文还提出提高农村老年人闲暇生活质量的一些建议,从而促进新农村建设。     

社区居委会为老服务的现状及发展路径——基于NT市X街道HJ社区的实证分析

社区居委会是社区为老服务的重要主体。通过实证分析发现,社区居委会为老服务取得成效之时,也存在着户籍管理制度,老人心理、生理特性和为老服务资源等方面的问题。因此必须建立非在籍老人登记制度;采用社工技巧加强与社区老人的沟通;开发和整合社区居委会为老服务的人力和财力资源。     

机构养老中社工元素的融入——基于南昌市X老年中心实践的思考

专业的社会工作者和社会工作专业方法融入养老机构,需结合国情和养老机构本身拥有的资源,对其加以发掘,在此基础上寻求合理的途径将专业社工融入机构养老工作中,从而更好的发展老年事业,促进老年事业和老年社会工作的专业化、全面化发展。     

THE USE OF SOCIAL SERVICES BY BLACK AND WHITE ELDERLY

Little is known about the roles of the family, kin, and non-kin support networks in determining the use of social services by the elderly. The purpose of this study was to examine the role of the formal and informal support systems in explaining social service utilization by Black and White elderly. Path analytic procedures are used to test an explanatory model of utilization by a national area probability sample of 3.996 non-institutionalized elderly. The findings indicate that informal family support was more important for Black elderly than White elderly. In addition, family aid was found to be supplementary rather than an alternative support system. In the planning, designing, and delivery of social services to the elderly, it is imperative that racial and cultural differences become explicit input factors. Additionally, future researchers have a responsibility to employ research procedures capable of simultaneously dealing with a comprehensive range of variables in investigating this rather complex phenomenon.     

城市“空巢”老人与孤独感研究

本文运用对烟台市230位城市老人的问卷调查数据,研究“空巢”与城市老人孤独感之间的关系及影响老人孤独感的因素。研究结果表明,“空巢”与老人的孤独感没有统计意义上的相关关系;大多数的老人自愿选择与子女分住;代际间的交往受居住距离的影响;影响老人孤独感的主要因素有婚姻状况、子女是否孝顺及对自己赡养现状和子女照顾的满意度等。通过分析我们可以得出这样的结论：在烟台市,“空巢”对老人的孤独感没有显著的影响,而婚姻状况和子女是否孝顺是影响老年孤独感最为重要的因素。     

Reciprocity and Affection

This paper provides a view of the creation of social services to meet the needs of the elderly since the turn of the century. The framework herein reveals that the development of the social worker's role in dealing with the elderly remains historically consistent. Differentiations within the profession since 1900 have not affected services to the elderly as they have other client groups. Furthermore, social policies designed to provide services to the elderly have not met their needs.     

城市社区老人心理健康服务现状调查——来自重庆市主城社区的调查数据

以重庆市主城社区老人为调查对象,从老人的基本情况、心理健康状况、心理健康服务需求、心理服务支持系统等方面的调查数据进行详细分析,得出了家庭、邻里同辈群体是老人心理健康的重要支持系统、需要建立完善的城市社区老人心理健康服务体系等结论。     

探讨医务社会工作在社区养老中的作用

社区是老年人生活和活动的主要场所,在提供养老服务方面具有很大优势。由于政府投入社区养老的资源有限和人们观念认识等方面的问题,使得社区养老没有达到预期的效果,即没有满足老年人的有效需求,特别是老年人的医疗需求,使得老年养老问题再次陷入困境。医务社工的介入,是解决当前社区养老中追切需要解决的问题的有效元素,也是使得社区养老资源发挥更大效用的关键因素。