社区矫正的社会工作介入

我国从2003年起试行在社区中改造罪犯的社区矫正制度。实践过程中作为刑罚执行的价值理念、以司法机构为主而民间力量弱小的运作方式及缺乏对矫正对象问题的系统改善的矫正效果制约了社区矫正的顺利发展。为此,文章梳理了矫治社会工作的工作理念与方法,提出社会工作应从操作层面、机构层面和社会领域介入社区矫正的对策性建议。     

Utilization of Community-Based Social and Health Services Among Foreign Born Hispanic American Elderly

ABSTRACT

This study examined factors associated with the utilization of community-based social and health services among foreign born elderly Hispanic Americans. The data came from a nationwide probability sample of Hispanic Americans age 65 and older including 296 Mexico-born Mexican Americans, 571 Cuba-born Cuban Americans, and 247 respondents from other Hispanic countries. Being a Cuba-born Cuban American, living alone, having poorer self-rated health and living below poverty level were positively related with the utilization of community-based social services. Cuban Americans with more limitations in activities of daily living (ADL) used more community-based health services. Among Mexico-born Mexican Americans, those who lived alone used more social as well as health services while those who were married used more social services. Those with greater limitations in ADL used more health services. Among other foreign born Hispanic Americans, going to church, living alone and living below poverty status, were positively correlated with the utilization of social services. Respondents with better English language ability were less likely to use community based health services. Elderly men and people who rated their health as poorer or had more ADL limitations were more likely to use these services. Implications of these findings for health and social services are discussed.     

社会工作在精神疾病领域的干预研究

社会工作在精神疾病领域的介入是医务社会工作的重要领域。目前,针对精神疾病,精神病学和心理学有很多治疗精神疾病的模式和方法,但是所有的这些都是针对患者个人的,对于患者所处的环境,两个学科涉及得不多。在现行的对精神疾病的治疗和处理上,还存在着很多不够完善和完整的地方,社会工作的介入能很好的填补这个空缺,使精神疾病的发病率降低,治愈率上升。     

社会工作在精神疾病领域的干预研究

社会工作在精神疾病领域的介入医务社会工作的重要领域。目前,针对精神疾病,精神病学和心理学有很多治疗精神疾病的模式和方法,但是所有的这些都是针对患者个人的,对于患者所处的环境,两个学科涉及得不多。在现行的对精神疾病的治疗和处理上,还存在着很多不够完善和完整的地方,社会工作的介入能很好的填补这个空缺,使精神疾病的发病率降低,治愈率上升。     

Using Promotores Programs to Improve Latino Health Outcomes: Implementation Challenges for Community-Based Nonprofit Organizations

ABSTRACT

Promotores are community lay health workers who provide outreach and services to Latinos. Little research on the promotores programs exists, and the focus of this article is to identify the challenges faced by community-based nonprofits when implementing promotores programs. To explore this type of program, telephone interviews were conducted with 10 promotores academic experts and nonprofit executives. The results suggest that implementation challenges fall into three major categories: the lack of standardized information on promotores programs, labor issues, and organizational costs. Future recommendations made in the article highlight promotores recruitment and retention strategies and the development of a clearinghouse of programmatic implementation information for community-based nonprofits.     

Development of Social Health Insurance in Mongolia: Successes, Challenges and Lessons

This paper examines the process of developing social health insurance in Mongolia, and its successes, challenges and lessons. The government of Mongolia introduced social health insurance in 1994, which is compulsory for all public and private sector employees and low-income and vulnerable population groups. The scheme also provided voluntary insurance for unemployed people of working age. About 95 per cent of the population was covered by health insurance within the first two years thanks to a high level of government subsidy for vulnerable population groups. The insurance benefit initially covered nearly all inpatient services except the treatment of some specified chronic and infectious diseases, which were directly funded by the government. The scheme not only had many successes but also faced challenges in maintaining universal coverage. The new financing arrangement has provided little financial incentive for healthcare providers to contain health expenditure, contributing to rapid health cost inflation. In addition to reforming the payment system for providers, there has been an increasing need to expand benefits into ambulatory care. The development of compulsory health insurance in Mongolia shows that a prepaid health insurance mechanism based on risk sharing and fund pooling is feasible in low-income countries given political commitment and government financial support for vulnerable population groups.     

Challenges in Multidisciplinary Systematic Reviewing: A Study on Social Exclusion and Mental Health Policy

In the clinical sciences, systematic reviews have proved useful in the aggregation of diverse sources of evidence. They identify, characterize and summate evidence, but these methodologies have not always proved suitable for the social sciences. We discuss some of the practical problems faced by researchers undertaking reviews of complex and cross‐disciplinary topics, using the example of mental health and social exclusion. The barriers to carrying out social science and cross‐disciplinary reviews are reported and some proposals for overcoming these barriers are made, not all of them tried and tested, and some of them controversial. Using a mapping approach, a wide‐ranging search of both clinical and social science databases was undertaken and a large volume of references was identified and characterized. Population sampling techniques were used to manage these references. The challenges encountered include: inconsistent definitions of social phenomena, differing use of key concepts across research fields and practical problems relating to database compatibility and computer processing power. The challenges and opportunities for social scientists or multidisciplinary research teams carrying out reviews are discussed. Literature mapping and systematic reviews are useful tools but methods need to be tailored to optimize their usefulness in the social sciences.     

Using Community-Based Participatory Research Strategies in Age-Friendly Communities to Solve Mobility Challenges

ABSTRACT

The number of older adults is steadily increasing in the United States and across the globe. Aging is linked to an increased risk of disability. Disabilities that limit one or more major life activities such as seeing, hearing, walking, and motor skills impact a person’s ability to drive a car. Low utilization of alternative transportation by older adults and people with disabilities may put them at risk for social isolation. Social isolation is associated with a variety of negative health outcomes. While communities are challenged to create available, acceptable, accessible, adaptable and affordable mobility options, there are widely held, inaccurate biases around older adults’ abilities to contribute to the development and improvement of alternative transportation options. Gerontological social workers are well-positioned to address this bias. This paper presents a case study of a large metropolitan county in the Midwest where community-based participatory research (CBPR) strategies were used to engage older residents to support the development of alternative transportation options supporting the tenets of environmental justice.     

Social Housing Policy Challenges in Tasmania

This paper considers the social policy discourses that senior public housing and Non‐Government Organisation (NGO) housing managers employ to articulate and explain changes in social housing provision in Tasmania. We suggest that the Tasmanian social housing reform agenda is reflective of reforms in other Australian states. The period 2003–10 marked a time of policy change affecting social housing supply and policy discourse, which were influenced by neo‐liberal practices favouring multi‐actor governance models and financing. Interviews reveal that contradictory values and discourses were commonplace. Divergent views centred on the social goals and the efficiency elements of the new social policy focus, the Affordable Housing Strategy (AHS) and its eventual key delivery organisation, Tasmanian Affordable Housing Limited (TAHL). Despite constrained application, neo‐liberal processes remained strong within accounts of new social housing governance practices. We suggest that neo‐liberal practices have extended economic considerations into areas of social housing provision that were previously sheltered from market concerns.     

Developing a Community-Based Social Service Program for the Elderly

This article describes the development and implementation of a community-based social service program for the elderly. The problems encountered as a new professional unit within the municipality are analyzed and the role of the social worker in resolving those problems is described. The local community is the primary focus of change and strategies of intervention include reaching out and involving members from all levels of the community in the social service program, from members of the client group to individuals with political influence in the governmental system. Planning considerations for social work practice are posed including the relationship of the private, nonprofit sector to the public sector, the demands for service and difficulties establishing program stability.     

Social Work Intervention in Community Service

Gill McIvor, Research Fellow, Social Work Research Centre, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA. Summary The recently introduced National Standards for Community Serviceschemes in Scotland recognize that certain offenders on CommunityService may experience personal difficulties that interferewith their ability to comply with the order of the court andrecommend that where necessary advice and help should be providedto assist completion. A study of twelve Scottish Community Serviceschemes revealed that in spite of their often being acceptedfor Community Service because of the absence of obvious instabilityin their lives, many offenders encountered personal difficultieswhile completing their orders and those who did had a higherincidence of absence from placement. The relatively few instancesof intervention by Community Service staff that were found weremainly of a practical nature. Two schemes were, however, identifiedas offering a more intensive social work service which may haveenabled certain offenders who would not otherwise have doneso to complete their Community Service Orders. The practicalimplications of increased intervention by Community Servicestaff are discussed as is the possibility that such an approachmight enable schemes to deal successfully with a higher proportionof offenders who would otherwise have received a custodial sentence.     

Social Work Practice for Social Development in Bangladesh: Issues and Challenges

Social work addresses social issues that constrain the betterment of a community. However, social work practice is struggling to deal effectively with the development challenges of Bangladesh. Based on a literature review and the experiences of the authors, this paper explores the emerging issues where social work practice is anticipated as a promising alternative for bringing sustainable social development in Bangladesh. Simultaneously, the paper discovers the limitation of social work practice in Bangladesh addressing these challenges.     

Evaluating a Case of Parent Separation in Social Services Through a Text Analysis: Clinical and Health Implications

Abstract

The assessment of the family system is very complex, as several factors have to be taken into account: The number of people involved (one or more children), the involvement of other partners, and the presence of legal disputes. Although evaluation practices have increased considerably, it remains difficult for services to prove their effectiveness. The questions that have guided this work have concerned how much and how do the discourses (discursive repertoires) produced by the conflicting parents change as a result of an intervention by the Service? And how much is it possible to evaluate the change in short texts? We used the Methodology for the Analysis of Computerised Text Data (MADIT) methodology that makes it possible to analyze the texts produced by the parents after the Service consultancy. The text is acquired through 14 emails sent by each parent to the other. The results showed that it was possible to detect a change in the repertoires used by the two parents to make decisions regarding their child. This data could increase the use of evaluation in the Services, reducing costs and evaluating change also by email. Future research could apply this methodology in situations where the conflict has not yet exploded and has not had an impact on children.     

论灾害救助中的社会救助网络构建与社会工作介入

目前我国灾害救助主体包括政府、社会团体以及个人,为了更好地发挥合力,要加强三者之间联系,建立横向的灾害救助体系;此外,需要引入专业社会工作方法,在纵向上建立以提高个人自助能力为基础的救助网络,以形成立体化式的救灾网络。     

家庭暴力社会干预

家庭暴力是全球性的社会问题,古今中外从未灭迹,很长一段时期里,人们一直当作家务事对此回避、宽容,最大限度地保持沉默.家庭暴力不分地域、民族、意识形态、阶级、社会制度都不同程度地存在,已成为世界公害.在我国,近年来伴随着生活节奏的加快,竞争机制的引入,家庭暴力案件呈上升趋势.家庭暴力是一种侵犯公民人身权利的违法犯罪行为,其造成的后果恶劣且持久,家庭不稳定,社会不和谐,国家相关部门不能等闲视之.家庭暴力发生在家庭.但暴力的实施已超出了家庭的承载能力,是家事--国事--天下事,挑战的是人类的文明,社会的和谐,必须引入干预机制才能遏制其危害的发生和蔓延.国家负责,社会介入,公民自觉,形成预防和制止家庭暴力的社会氛围,还家庭平等、民主、温馨、和谐的天地.