中国管理学建构与演化——基于哲学四分法与管理文化结构的推演

按照事物存在与运行的"一分为四"法则,管理作为事物运动的形式是由分构运动、竞构运动、转化运动与整合运动所构成的。历史演进中的中国(管理)文化观是注重整体性、运行和合机制的合一观,欧美(管理)文化观是注重结构性、运行分竞机制的分构观。由欧美文化缘起,东西方文化融合的现代科学文化观与科学管理观是注重系统性、运行整分合机制的结构观。基于中国管理文化的存行结构和中国企业管理存行的现实,中国管理学应以管理过程结构观为核心理念,以管理过程"分竞转合"的四分法则为结构方法,以"和谐管理"的优先设计与能动演化为路径方法,来实现其在中国的建构和演化。     

A Comparison of Strategies for Facilitating Smoking Survey Return in Low-SES Employees

Antecedent-only and discriminated operant interventions were used to increase the return rate of surveys measuring smoking behavior and attitudes toward a smoke-free policy in low SES employees. Subjects in four groups were exposed to antecedent only interventions (Reduced Response Cost or Repeated Prompting) or discriminated operant interventions (Promised Punishment or Promised Reward). The discriminated operant interventions yielded a higher percentage of surveys returned, with the Promised Reward intervention resulting in the highest percentage of surveys returned (89.84%). These results are consistent with recent organizational behavior management research comparing the relative efficacy of antecedent interventions and discriminated operant interventions, as well as with research comparing the relative efficacy of behavior maintained by aversive and positively reinforcing contingencies.     

Estimation of Long-Term Risk from Canadian Uranium Mill Tailings

A methodology is presented for assessing the risk from Canadian uranium mill tailings piles. The methodology is based on the "set of triplets" concept and uses an event tree to identify various scenarios representing the performance of a pile over its 1,000-year design life. Compartment-type mathematical models are used to quantify the movement of hazardous substances through the environment. Numerical examples are given of both "level 1" (straight probabilistic) and "level 2" (probability of frequency) type analyses.     

Chemical and Radiation Environmental Risk Management: Differences, Commonalities, and Challenges

Driven by differing statutory mandates and programmatic separation of regulatory responsibilities between federal, state, and tribal agencies, distinct chemical and radiation risk management strategies have evolved. In the field this separation poses real challenges since many of the major environmental risk management decisions we face today require the evaluation of both types of risks. Over the last decade, federal, state, and tribal agencies have continued to discuss their different approaches and explore areas where their activities could be harmonized. The current framework for managing public exposures to chemical carcinogens has been referred to as a "bottom up approach." Risk between 10(-4) and 10(-6) is established as an upper bound goal. In contrast, a "top down" approach that sets an upper bound dose limit and couples with site specific As Low As Reasonably Achievable Principle (ALARA), is in place to manage individual exposure to radiation. While radiation risk are typically managed on a cumulative basis, exposure to chemicals is generally managed on a chemical-by-chemical, medium-by-medium basis. There are also differences in the nature and size of sites where chemical and radiation contamination is found. Such differences result in divergent management concerns. In spite of these differences, there are several common and practical concerns among radiation and chemical risk managers. They include 1) the issue of cost for site redevelopment and long-term stewardship, 2) public acceptance and involvement, and 3) the need for flexible risk management framework to address the first two issues. This article attempts to synthesize key differences, opportunities for harmonization, and challenges ahead.     

On the Ethical Justification for the Use of Risk Acceptance Criteria

To protect people from hazards, the common safety regulation regime in many industries is based on the use of minimum standards formulated as risk acceptance or tolerability limits. The limits are seen as absolute, and in principle these should be met regardless of costs. The justification is ethical - people should not be exposed to a risk level exceeding certain limits. In this article, we discuss this approach to safety regulation and its justification. We argue that the use of such limits is based on some critical assumptions; that low accident risk has a value in itself, that risk can be accurately measured and the authorities specify the limits. However, these assumptions are not in general valid, and hence the justification of the approach can be questioned. In the article, we look closer into these issues, and we conclude that there is a need for rethinking this regulation approach - its ethical justification is not stronger than for alternative approaches. Essential for the analysis is the distinction between ethics of the mind and ethics of the consequences, which has several implications that are discussed.     

An Integrated Methodology for Assessment and Selection of the Project Risk Response Actions

In a systematic process of project risk management, after risk assessment is implemented, the risk analysts encounter the phase of assessment and selection of the project risk response actions (RA). As indicated by many researchers, there are less systematic and well-developed solutions in the area of risk response assessment and selection. The present article introduces a methodology including a modeling approach with the objective of selecting a set of RA that minimizes the undesirable deviation from achieving the project scope. The developed objective function comprises the three key success criteria of a project, namely, time, quality, and cost. Our model integrates overall project management into the project risk response planning (P2RP). Furthermore, the proposed model stresses on an equivalent importance for both "risk" and "response." We believe that applying the proposed model helps the project risk analyst in most effective and efficient manner dealing with his or her complicated RA selection problems. The application of the proposed model was implemented in projects in the construction industry in which it showed tremendous time, cost, and quality improvements.     

Training and Management of the Psychiatric Aide

This paper evaluates the research on training and management of inpatient psychiatric aides conceptualized in an operant conditioning paradigm. The training techniques reviewed include in-service training, modeling, prompting, and role playing. The management techniques reviewed include the use of posted feedback, money, trading stamps, supervisor approval, and days off. Recommendations for future research emphasize the use of direct and indirect approaches, analysis of reinforcers, group and individual data, social validity of training goals, teaching client skills, group contingencies, and the relationship between management and community, institutional and client goals.     

Positive Psychology and the Distinction Between Positive and Negative Reinforcement

Abstract

The authors make a reasonable point, that behavior analysis should be concerned with effective behavior in its own right and not only as a replacement for ineffective behavior. But positive psychology is then described as “a science of positive subjective experience, positive individual traits, and positive institutions …” based largely on correlations among self-report inventories; a science which has the goal of identifying traits that function as the explanations of the behavior of interest. An effort is made to justify this move in a nonbehavioral direction by reference to the distinction between positive and negative reinforcement and an exhortation that OBM practitioners emphasize the former. But this rationale is seriously flawed by either a clearly erroneous or a drastically oversimplified understanding of this distinction. Furthermore, all of the more specific recommendations can be easily justified in terms of ordinary behavioral advantages without recourse to the achievement motivation literature or such concepts as self-efficacy.     

Action Learning - A Paradigm in Emergence: the Problems Facing a Challenge to Traditional Management Education and Development

This paper examines the proposition that action learning is a new paradigm in management education. Action learning is becoming widely accepted methodology for the development of managers and managerial competence. This is in both public and private sector organizations and within the context of certificated and organisationally based programmes. The paper seeks to use Kuhn's work on the nature of paradigms and change as a way of explaining the increase of interest in his approach. Importantly, although this approach promises to answer some of the problems of traditional management education, it is not without its own critics. Kuhn's criteria for a paradigm change are explained with reference to action learning literature and knowledge of practice. From this a framework is developed that compares a traditional approach to management education with an action learning approach on three levels. Our conclusion is that action learning is a new paradigm, but for the maximum benefit to be gained from the approach its application needs to be more carefully considered, particularly in relation to the provision of some wider external frameworks for the manager to use as‘tools for thinking’     

OPTIMAL PORTFOLIO SELECTION OF BONDS AND STOCKS*

In the present study, we offer an alternative approach to bond portfolio management which differs from the traditional immunization approach. In doing so, we formalize what has been a common practice among some investors who form portfolios of bonds and stocks with a view to optimizing the trade-off between risk and return. By using the general multiindex model to characterize the variance-covariance structure of security returns, both duration theory and modern equilibrium theories of the term structure are incorporated in the analysis. In addition, a simplified selection procedure based on a single-index model is derived. This procedure is intuitively appealing to practitioners since it selects assets on the basis of reward per unit of risk of individual assets.     

Leadership as social identity management: Introducing the Identity Leadership Inventory (ILI) to assess and validate a four-dimensional model

Although nearly two decades of research have provided support for the social identity approach to leadership, most previous work has focused on leaders' identity prototypicality while neglecting the assessment of other equally important dimensions of social identity management. However, recent theoretical developments have argued that in order to mobilize and direct followers' energies, leaders need not only to ‘be one of us’ (identity prototypicality), but also to ‘do it for us’ (identity advancement), to ‘craft a sense of us’ (identity entrepreneurship), and to ‘embed a sense of us’ (identity impresarioship). In the present research we develop and validate an Identity Leadership Inventory (ILI) that assesses these dimensions in different contexts and with diverse samples from the US, China, and Belgium. Study 1 demonstrates that the scale has content validity such that the items meaningfully differentiate between the four dimensions. Studies 2, 3, and 4 provide evidence for the scale's construct validity (distinguishing between dimensions), discriminant validity (distinguishing identity leadership from authentic leadership, leaders' charisma, and perceived leader quality), and criterion validity (relating the ILI to key leadership outcomes). We conclude that by assessing multiple facets of leaders' social identity management the ILI has significant utility for both theory and practice.     

Distinction making and pattern recognition in management

The ability to make new distinctions in management, and to diffuse these rapidly throughout a company into shared practices, will be a corporate strategic advantage in the future. Johan Roos justifies this view on the grounds that knowledge development provides the foundation for distinction making, and it is the management of this knowledge that provides the driver.The author argues it is the process of distinction making which is a conscious managerial process. He first discusses the art of making distinctions in general, and then focuses on a particular form of distinction making: pattern recognition. He concludes with three managerial actions that can be taken to enhance the pattern recognition capability of an organisation.     

Description and Evaluation of an Approach to Implementing Programs in Organizational Settings

A broad-based approach to implementing programs is described and evaluation information is reported from two investigations of its use by program managers in educational organizations. The approach consists of a framework of program implementation factors from which implementation procedures are derived. The procedures then are used by a manager to help facilitate implementation of a program according to plan. In the first investigation, three program managers were trained in the approach to assist them in implementing a behavioral group counseling program in three public high schools. In the second investigation, a program manager was trained to help implement a case management system in an elementary school. Results of both investigations suggest that managers were able to utilize the program implementation procedures, with their respective programs being more completely implemented when the procedures were applied. Reactions aboul the approach obtained from human service program managers, following both investigations, suggest that it may be a worthwhile managerial strategy. Advantages and limitations of the approach are considered and its relationship to organizational behavior management is discussed.     

关系营销范式下营销努力对客户行为的影响研究

关系营销范式日益得到理论界和实业界的认可,但却很少有研究着眼于不同关系营销努力能否对衡量关系营销绩效的不同客户行为产生一致的影响作用.本文重点研究了客户关系感知与关系营销手段--回报计划对客户重复购买行为与客户份额增加所产生的不同影响.结果显示,不同的关系营销努力对客户重复购买行为与客户份额增加所产生的影响是不一致的,情感承诺与回报计划有助于促进客户的重复购买,而客户满意感与价格公平感更容易影响客户份额的增加.     

A network-based approach to integrated supply chain design

The inherent complexity of supply chains, combined with their economic importance, has prompted research in supply chain management. While there has been a significant amount of work reported in modelling supply chains, the effectiveness of these models in addressing the complex area of supply chain management is questionable. What is giving added urgency to the need for research in this area are the recent developments in communications that offer the promise of connecting suppliers, assemblers and customers in a seamless network of information that can form integrated supply chain management. This paper aims to address the deficiency in modelling by proposing a methodology that models the integrated supply chain as an abstracted network, called a Trans-Net. The Trans-Net approach offers three main potential advantages. First, the multiple participants in a supply chain can be modelled without undue complexity. Second, it is an approach that allows users to examine the interactions between different considerations so that important attributes such as cost and lead-time can be readily calculated and bottleneck areas identified. Third, it applies a mathematical formalism to the problem, with the potential of being relatively straightforward to computerize.     

A multiple goal methodology for evaluating management information systems

The behavior and performance of an organization are intimately tied to the mode and effectiveness of its information processing function. While there is a rapidly expanding level of research concerned with the design, development, and implementation of management information systems (MIS), relatively few approaches to the evaluation and improvement of these systems have been suggested. The current paper develops a multiple goal methodology aimed at filling this gap by evaluating and, if necessary, subsequently modifying any given set of MIS design variables considered capable of enhancing a series of operational and, perhaps, conflicting goals. The methodology is based on a series of significant findings from the MIS design literature. In particular, the procedure incorporates the tripartite of decision type/decision-maker/MIS design into the evaluation process. The methodology is user-based, being flexible with respect to the definition of performance objectives, evaluation measures, design variables, and correction strategies. A brief example applies the methodology to the evaluation of an MIS within a health services organization.     

管理学研究中的假设解构:方法论视角下的考察

为了明晰复杂的管理学研究假设体系,提升管理学的科学价值和合法性地位,从一般假设的概念体系与层次划分出发,基于方法论视角在哲学思考、学科建构和操作研究3个层次上梳理和解构了管理学研究的假设问题,并对各个层次的管理研究假设的有效性改善进行了相应的探讨.