依法执政与加强党的执政能力建设

依法执政是加强中国共产党的执政能力建设的重要内容,是推进依法治国和实现法治的过程,是改善中国共产党的领导方式和执政方式的客观要求.中国共产党在依法执政方面还存在党法关系处理不当、党政不分等问题,通过将执政党的领导纳入程序化,制度化和规范化的范畴,完善对执政党的权力运行制约和监督机制等制度,提高其依法执政水平,加强其执政能力建设.     

执政党治国方式的历史选择——从依法执政到依宪执政

党的十一届三中全会结束了揭批林彪、"四人帮"的群众运动,标志着执政党对国家领导执政方式根本性转变的开始。1997年召开的中共15大提出"依法治国,建设社会主义法治国家"则完成了执政党执政方式的战略性转变。经过几十年的努力探索,中国共产党领导人民终于找到一条社会主义条件下治理国家的有效方法及执政方式。这就是抛弃"群众运动",从"法制"走向"法治",从"依法执政"走向"依宪执政"。     

从以党代政到依法执政

在新形势下,中国共产党要提高自己的领导水平和执政能力,必须改进党的执政方式,不断强化执政意识,提高执政本领,切实做到依法执政而不是以党代政。坚持依法执政,是实行依法治国基本方略、发展社会主义民主政治的必然要求。     

中国共产党法治话语的形成及其规律研究——基于改革开放以来历次全国党代会及中央全会文件的分析

党的十九大报告指出,成立中央全面依法治国领导小组,加强对法治中国建设的统一领导,将中国共产党的法治建设推向了高潮。从话语的立场看,中国共产党的法治话语已经初步建立,而其建立过程则是本文关注的重点。文章通过梳理改革开放以来历次全国党代会及中央全会相关文件,基于"法制""法治""依法办事"三个关键词的话语变迁分析可知,中国共产党的法治基于"法制"与"法治"的分离及其对"依法办事"话语的吸收,才得以最终形成。它坚持社会主义的性质,在人民的实践摸索中以稳定为核心价值,具有连续性、发展性的规律。     

近十年来海外学者对中国共产党推进依法治国的研究述评

近十年来,海外学者对中国共产党领导下的法治建设给予积极关注;尤其是党的十八届四中全会以来,相关的海外研究更是迅速升温。总体上讲,海外学者的主要关注点在于中国法治建设的历史进程、现实状况、存在挑战和发展趋势等方面。对于中国共产党领导依法治国的一般性评价,正面肯定者居多数,但亦不乏悲观否定者;虽然其中不乏真知灼见,但必须看到,由于价值观和立场不同,在某些问题上海外学者对中国法治建设存在很多误读、误解,甚至存在一些偏颇之处。系统梳理、理性看待和客观评价海外学者的代表性观点,可为新常态下中国共产党全面推进依法治国提供参考借鉴。     

全面推进依法治国必须坚持五项原则——学习十八届四中全会《决定》

党的十八届四中全会《决定》提出了全面推进依法治国的总目标,同时特别强调,实现这个总目标必须坚持五项原则,就是坚持中国共产党的领导,坚持人民主体地位,坚持法律面前人人平等,坚持依法治国和以德治国相结合,坚持从中国实际出发。这是全面推进依法治国的底线思维,决不能在这个原则性问题上犯"颠覆性错误"。这充分反映了我党对坚持走中国特色社会主义法治道路理论上的清醒、政治上的坚定、实践上的自觉。     

法治视域中党的执政能力提升之思考

坚持党的领导,是社会主义法治的根本要求,是全面推进依法治国的题中应有之义。当前,法治建设还存在许多不适应、不符合的问题,必须把党的领导贯彻到依法治国全过程和各方面,更好地发挥法治的引领和规范作用,把依法治国基本方略同依法执政基本方式统一起来,保障立法机关、行政机关、司法机关依法履行职能。在坚持依法治国、依法执政、依法行政共同推进,法治国家、法治政府、法治社会一体建设的进程中不断提升党的执政能力。     

论中国共产党执政的合法性——以权力与权利的关系为进路

中国共产党由革命的党转变为执政的党,在这样的情况下,其历史合法性是否一劳永逸?党执政的现实合法依据是什么?中国共产党执政的合法性实质上涉及执政权的合法性。所以,从权力与权利关系的维度就解答了党执政的现实合法性问题,即执政权来源于权利,取得于法律的规定和确认,受制于权利。它反映了"三个代表"重要思想的本质内涵,符合中国共产党"依法治国,建设社会主义法治国家"的战略目标。     

法治理念与和谐社会的构建

和谐社会在本质上是法治社会,因此,法治理念在构建和谐社会中具有重要的功能.它使法治成为良法之治,从而为构建和谐社会提供制度保障;它使政府服从法律,从而为构建和谐社会提供组织保障;它使法律获得民众的普遍信仰,从而为构建和谐社会提供主体力量.构建社会主义和谐社会,必须大力弘扬法治理念,在法制建设中坚持人本的法律观,将中国共产党的领导、人民当家做主的民主制度和依法治国结合起来,促进社会的公平和正义,进而实现社会和谐的最终目标.     

以法治精神深入推进党的建设

习近平同志强调法治是治国理政的基本方式,党的十八届四中全会进一步确立了全面推进依法治国的总目标。法治作为社会主义核心价值观的基本内容,具有普遍性的意义和价值,它不仅是实现我国国家治理体系现代化的基本方略,也是新时期加强党的建设的基本要求和科学理念,应该成为在新的历史条件下进一步推进和深化党的建设的自觉价值追求。     

International Law as the Law of Domestic Governance: China’s Propositions and Institutional Practice

Like domestic law, international law can be used in domestic governance, where it can become an important instrument assisting China’s Party and government to rule the country and manage state affairs. Incorporating part of international law into domestic law and comprehensively advancing the rule of law in accord with the principle of national sovereignty demonstrate the openness and international vision of China’s rule of law construction. Translating these propositions into concrete institutional practice will be of vital significance for improving the socialist rule of law with Chinese characteristics, advancing the international rule of law and promoting world peace.     

The Chinese Logic of Consultative Governance

Contemporary China needs to change from a Western to a Chinese-style governance discourse so as to form and explore a consultative governance discourse with Chinese characteristics. This is profoundly evident in the following: the Marxist philosophy of the state is the theoretical premise of contemporary China’s consultative governance; traditional Chinese thought on governance and practice are the soil in which contemporary Chinese consultative governance grows; socialism with Chinese characteristics is the realm in which contemporary Chinese consultative governance exists; the masses under the leadership of the CPC are the necessary subjects of contemporary Chinese consultative governance; and the target of contemporary Chinese consultative governance is a multi-layered and diverse existence. Realization of national governance through consultative democracy is the basic form of contemporary Chinese consultative governance; the balanced development of public, collective and individual interests is the basic objective of contemporary Chinese consultative governance; the basic principles of contemporary Chinese consultative governance are equality, inclusiveness and peace; and the criteria for assessing contemporary Chinese consultative governance are authority, consensus, institutions and the rule of law. Guided by the Marxist view of the state, rooted in the tradition of China’s fine political culture, and founded on the theoretical and practical claims of socialism with Chinese characteristics, socialist consultative governance with Chinese characteristics constitutes the Chinese form of contemporary governance theory.     

Construction of Chinese Judicial Power from the Perspective of National Governance

The Chinese national governance system includes the Party’s governing system, the People’s Congress system, the administrative system, the court system and the procuratorate. Judicial power is neutral, passive, independent and final, features that reflect the irreplaceable nature of its role in national governance. The growth of judicial power is diachronic, complex and evolutionary, which means that its construction will be a tortuous and difficult process. Given the limitations of the functions of judicial power in China and their immediate results, we should fix our gaze on the construction of a socialist country under the rule of law and the optimization of the structure and functions of our national governance system by taking checks and balance as the principle in the allocation of judicial power, taking rights protection as the heart of the operation of judicial power, taking harmonious operation as the standard for guaranteeing judicial power, and cultivating legal culture as the foundation supporting judicial power. In optimizing national governance itself, we should strengthen its functions of adaptation, integration, goal attainment and latency.     

SPECIAL ISSUE： ECOLOGICAL CIVILIZATION AND BEAUTIFUL CHINA Roadmap for the Construction of an Ecological Rule of Law in China

十八大报告在将建设社会主义法治国家作为治国理政总体方略的同时,把中国特色社会主义事业总体布局由经济建设、政治建设、文化建设、社会建设“四位一体”拓展为包括生态文明建设的‘五位一体’,勾画了中国生态法治建设的路线图。其目标是确立与生态文明相适应的生态环境法治系统,任务是将生态理性纳入法治运行轨道,路径是健全和完善生态法治的制度与体制机制。     

The Role of Consultative Democracy under the Constitutional Framework and the Associated Rule of Law*

The logical sequence of China’s state governance is “governing party—consultative conferences—people’s congresses—the people.” The “governing party—consultative conferences” link in the chain involves political consultation through people’s consultative conferences. The “governing party—consultative conferences—people’s congresses” link involves a process of obtaining legitimacy for the Party’s views based on political consultations which are then translated into the national will by the system of people’s congresses. The “people’s congresses—the people” link involves the two-pronged logic of elections and governing the country according to law. The “governing party—the people” link is an illustration of the party’s mass line, which essentially involves social consultation. Consultative democracy usually includes the political consultation in the “governing party—consultative conferences” link and the social consultation in the “governing party—the people” link in the chain, both of which are connected through the system of people’s congresses. This logically determines the inner relations between the Party’s leadership, consultative democracy and the people’s congress form of representative democracy and shapes the institutionalization of consultative democracy. That is, in the process of democratic decision-making, a circular system consisting of “political consultation—legislative consultation—social consultation” is created to guide development of the actual system.     

The Development of Jurisprudence in China

Over the past forty years since the launch of reform and opening up in 1978, China has passed through three developmental stages: recovery, stability and flourishing growth. This development has revolved around the axis of “politics—rule by law—rule of law— rule of law system—rule of law path—rule of law China.” By virtue of discussion of the core themes of jurisprudence and basic categories, jurisprudence has mounted ever higher. On the basis of summing up existing experience, the development and progress of Chinese jurisprudence in the new era should firmly uphold a disciplinary orientation, an indigenous orientation, a mass orientation and an orientation toward practice and modernization. We must seek new logical starting points, constantly pioneer and innovate, and contribute new wisdom and programs to the comprehensive governance of the country according to law.     

The Rule of Law Model of Internet Governance*

The rule of law is the basic form of national governance and the rule of law model is the necessary direction for the governance of online society. Online society is in essence a new pattern of social relationships and structural forms comprising relationships among citizens, legal persons, organizational bodies, etc., formed and brought together on the basis of Internet technology; and also a reflection, expansion and expression, singly or in synthesis, of various relationships in the fields of the real economy, politics, culture, society and the environment. The rule of law model of Internet governance refers to governance theories, systems and practices that employ rule of law thinking and the rule of law model to bring the elements, structures, procedures and functions of Internet governance into the scope of the rule of law and its operational track. Reviewing the tortuous course of the development of rule of law Internet governance in China, summarizing useful experience in the construction of rule of law Internet governance, and reflecting on existing legislative, law enforcement and judicial dilemmas will enable us to build up a rule of law system of online governance with comprehensive norms, effective implementation, strict supervision and strong guarantees. This will be marked by Chinese characteristics and will ensure the application of rule of law thinking and the rule of law model in governing, operating, using and safeguarding the Internet, thus achieving sound and orderly Internet operation and development along the path of the rule of law and advancing the modernization of the Internet governance system and governance capability.     

The Rule of Law Approach to Government Governance in China*

Chinese government governance involves the two dimensions of autonomy and co-governance. The process of moving from government management to government governance is a synchronous process of moving from government by a legal system to a “rule of law” government. Such governance coincides with the rule of law in terms of fundamental guarantees, governance frameworks, intrinsic values, external forms, goal pursuits and construction paths and lays the foundation for the realization of government governance. The multi-subject structure, multiplicity of rules and regulations, interaction of processes, diversity of modes and complexity of disputes in this form of governance place new demands on the construction of the rule of law. In response to these needs, we should improve the government’s functional orientation and the disposition of its powers by means of statute law; expand the types of administrative bodies and improve the laws on administrative organizations; enrich the sources of law; use consensus rules to improve controlling rules; be guided by interactivity in improving the administrative procedure system; normalize diversified administrative behavior; and establish multiple dispute resolution mechanisms and strengthen right relief. This will highlight the rule of law path taken by government governance. In the course of the integration and interaction of such governance with the rule of law, we will need to coordinate our responses to its latent risks, such as governance pitfalls and the limitations of the rule of law.     

The Governance of Higher Education According to the Marxist View of Fairness

According to Marxism, fairness or equity is concrete, evolving, and practice-based, and has as its ultimate aim the realization of the full and free development of man. Xi Jinping Thought on Fairness and Justice underscores governing the country according to law, improving work styles, innovating the social governance model, and making social welfare and people's full and free development the point of departure and ultimate goal, in a fresh development of the Marxist approach to equity in the contemporary era. Guided by this approach, Chinese higher education institutions should break free of the traditional regimen, shifting the governance structure from bureaucratic management to shared governance and from the traditional rule of man to the rule of law. Through institutional measures and observance of the basic laws of higher education development, we can build a new type of collaborative relationship among governments, institutions of higher learning, academics and students, and society as a whole. In this way, all participants will find their proper place and realize their full potential, thus activating and enhancing the innovative capacity of higher education. Only thus will higher education institutions be able to modernize their governance systems and capacity.     

中共第三代领导人对多党合作制的发展

中国共产党领导的多党合作和政治协商制度是我国的一项基本政治制度,是中国共产党人将马克思主义与中国革命的具体实践相结合的产物。中共第一代领导人创立这一理论和制度;第二代领导人完善这一理论和制度;第三代领导人进一步完善和发展这一理论和制度。尤其是中共第三代领导人在改革开放和建设有中国特色社会主义的过程中,无论从理论上还是实践上都对多党合作制这一基本政治制度的发展做出了巨大贡献,对建设有中国特色的民主政治有着积极的和重要的作用。