父母外出务工对留守儿童健康与教育的影响北大核心CSSCI

伴随中国流动人口的日益增多,由于父母外出务工而导致的留守儿童规模不断扩大,城乡留守儿童的健康与教育水平受到一定程度的影响。文章运用中国营养与健康调查(CHNS)1997~2011年六轮家庭数据,研究了父母外出务工对留守儿童健康和受教育情况的影响,并进一步分析了该影响的城乡差异。为解决内生性问题,文章运用工具变量法构建了内生处理效应模型。主要结论为:父母外出务工对留守儿童的受教育情况造成显著负面影响,尤以农村儿童突出;对儿童身高产生显著负面影响,尤以城市儿童突出;对儿童体重产生显著改善作用,超重减少,尤以农村儿童突出;对儿童过去四周内的患病没有显著影响;这些影响也因儿童年龄群体的不同而有所差异。     

家庭老年照料对女性照料者健康的影响研究

本文基于中国健康与营养调查1991²009年的面板数据,利用面板工具变量估计模型分析从事家庭老年照料对女性健康的影响。研究发现:从事照料活动使女性过去四周患病率显著提高5.51%2009年的面板数据,利用面板工具变量估计模型分析从事家庭老年照料对女性健康的影响。研究发现:从事照料活动使女性过去四周患病率显著提高5.51%¹7.04%,自评健康状况"一般"和"差"的概率分别提高0.24%和0.10%。照料活动对于女性健康的影响存在城乡、家庭结构和居住模式上的差异。城镇地区女性从事照料活动对健康的影响明显高于农村地区;家庭中兄弟姐妹数量少于3人的女性因照料老年人导致过去四周患病率显著增加7.63%;对于与父母(公婆)同住的女性,提供照料使她们过去四周患病率上升6.66%;提供照料帮助还对不与父母(公婆)同住的女性有显著影响,使其自评健康水平下降7.41%。此外,高强度照料活动对健康的负面影响更大。     

卫生医疗资源的可及性与农村儿童的健康问题

文章利用中国健康与营养调查2000年数据,分析目前中国农村卫生医疗资源的可及性及其对农村儿童健康状况的影响。实证结果发现,卫生医疗资源对不同社会经济特征家庭具有不公平的可及性。新时期卫生医疗资源的投入和使用应更着眼于提高农村儿童及其家庭公平享有卫生医疗资源的程度,从而有效地提高贫困及低受教育水平家庭儿童的健康水平,促进农村地区和谐发展。     

父母心理健康与农村儿童人力资本积累——来自中国家庭追踪调查(CFPS)的经验证据北大核心CSSCI

基于新人力资本理论,利用中国家庭追踪调查(CFPS)2012年和2016年面板数据分析了我国农村地区父母心理健康对儿童认知能力、非认知能力和营养健康的影响。研究发现:父母抑郁总体上不会对儿童认知能力产生显著影响,但由于留守儿童被抑郁的父母一方照料,其认知能力受负面影响显著;母亲抑郁显著提高女孩抑郁程度;父母抑郁会显著降低儿童摄入高蛋白食物的频率。更高的母亲受教育程度和家庭人均收入对于父母抑郁带给儿童人力资本积累的消极影响有一定缓解作用。研究揭示了父母心理健康问题对儿童发展产生的负面溢出效应,为思考和应对农村成年人心理健康、儿童发展、贫困代际传递等公共健康和社会民生问题提供了新视角。     

农村儿童受教育水平的决定因素研究——基于COX比例风险模型的分析

数据截取是研究儿童入学时经常被忽视的问题,文章提出运用Cox比例风险模型加以解决,并根据2004年在云南省一个县的调查数据分析了影响农村受教育水平的因素。结果发现,农村儿童受教育水平在整体上已不存在性别差异,但女孩入学受到的限制更大,更依赖于家庭经济条件和社区内的学校供给;在家庭层面上,有兄弟姐妹、出生在少数民族家庭、母亲文化程度较低、母亲不曾加入过共青团及家庭经济条件较差的儿童面临更少的受教育机会;在社区层面,富裕村子里的儿童将接受更多的教育,村里外出打工人员比例较高有可能刺激儿童较早地结束教育,本村有一所完全小学则能显著改善儿童的入学状况。     

农村地区孩子教育投资影响因素分析:山西省的经验证据

文章使用家庭内部资源分配的理论框架对中国农村家庭孩子教育投资影响因素进行分析。通过对山西省农村抽样调查数据的经验研究,揭示出在生存经济条件下,父母的劳动参与程度对于孩子的教育投入有显著的影响。作为父母劳动有效替代者,母亲的劳动参与程度增加会减少女孩的受教育年限,增加男孩的受教育年限,而父亲则相反。文章指出,减轻女性家务劳动负担的投资和补贴等政策有利于提高农村女孩受教育程度和缩小性别差距。     

中国农村儿童健康不平等及其影响因素研究——基于CHNS数据的经验研究

本文使用“中国家庭营养与健康调查”（CHNS）数据,测度了中国农村儿童健康不平等程度,重点计算了收入、医疗保险、母亲教育水平等因素对健康不平等的贡献。回归基础上的集中系数及其分解结果显示：我国农村地区存在亲富人的健康不平等,高收入家庭儿童的健康状况更好;健康不平等主要的贡献因素是父母亲收入、母亲教育程度、母亲工作状况、父亲身高等：收入对于儿童健康不平等的贡献最大,但不同的收人类型表现出一定的差异。父母亲的工资收入对于儿童健康不平等的贡献为正,收入不平等会扩大健康不平等;医疗保险的不平等程度不断扩大,进一步强化了健康不平等。     

农村居民最低生活保障制度的教育溢出效应——基于贫困儿童人力资本的实证分析北大核心CSSCI

农村居民最低生活保障制度作为一项专门针对农村贫困人口的政府无条件转移支付项目。基于家庭人力资本投资模型,利用2012年和2014年的中国家庭动态跟踪调查(CFPS)数据,运用面板倾向得分—固定效应模型,实证分析了农村低保对贫困儿童认知能力的影响,并从家庭教育物质投入和时间投入两个角度检验了其影响路径。研究结果表明:无论是深度贫困还是轻度贫困儿童,农村低保均能够显著提高其认知能力,尤其是对深度贫困儿童的促进作用更加显著;异质性分析显示,相对于父母受教育程度较低的儿童,农村低保对父母受教育程度较高的贫困儿童认知能力的提升作用更加明显。同时,相较于东、中部地区,农村低保对西部地区贫困儿童认知能力的提升效果更为明显;进一步路径分析显示,农村低保主要通过影响家庭教育物质投入,间接提升农村贫困儿童的认知能力,但并未改变贫困家庭父母的时间配置偏好。因此,政府应该适当提高农村低保的补助标准和瞄准效率,并从儿童的教育、健康等方面设置合理的受益条件,使得农村贫困家庭优先将一定比例的补助金用于儿童人力资本投资,从而充分发挥出农村低保的教育溢出效应。     

家庭因素对中国儿童健康的影响分析

利用中国健康与营养调查(CHNS)2009年度数据,运用OLS及分位数回归计量方法,对1291名18周岁以下儿童的健康状况(HAZ)进行理论分析与实证研究后发现,在剔除了生理遗传因素的影响后,家庭所在的地理位置、家庭长期福利水平、父亲受教育水平、父母的职业类别以及儿童的年龄都与儿童的健康有显著的相关关系。同时,孩子的性别及家庭中孩子的性别组成显著影响我国儿童的健康。具体而言,男孩的健康状况优于女孩,双子女的家庭规模最利于儿童的健康,且与家庭中只有同一性别的孩子相比,孩子性别比例更为均衡的家庭更利于儿童健康。     

中国女性的社会经济特征与生育决策

女性的社会经济特征、婚姻地位及家庭结构等因素在家庭生育决策中起着重要作用。对2006年中国健康营养调查中的家庭微观数据的分析结果表明,女性的受教育程度、社会地位等社会经济特征与生育率显著相关;体现家庭结构的丈夫劳动参与和夫妻年龄差距等指标也对生育率有显著影响。另外,通过对城镇与农村的比较分析得出农村女性受教育程度的提高对生育率的影响要大于城镇。     

性别、家庭财富与不同年龄阶段儿童辍学行为——基于2006年中国营养与健康调查数据

基于2006年中国营养与健康调查截面数据中农村教育阶段儿童样本的研究,本文发现,儿童性别、教育阶段、母亲最高教育年限及父亲身体健康状况是影响儿童辍学的重要因素,然而,随着儿童年龄增长性别歧视和家庭财富状况的影响逐渐减弱,并且会在一定年龄阶段改变影响方向。儿童辍学行为的影响因素中家庭财富状况由家庭父母教育程度和职业内生决定。     

同胞数量与教育获得的性别差异

同胞数量对教育获得的影响存在性别差异，对女性影响较大，对男性没有统计上的影响。在国家强调教育公平的时期，同胞效应的性别差异较小；在强调效率的时期，性别差异较大。在农村，同胞效应的性别差异要高于城镇。从同胞构成来看，对女性教育获得影响最大的是弟的数量。研究表明，同胞效应产生的主要原因是家庭预算约束和性别偏好。     

Family size and children’s education in Vietnam

Data from the nationally representative 1994 Inter-Censal Demographic Survey are used to examine the association between family size and children s schooling in Vietnam. The data provide information on several education measures for all children over age 10, including children no longer residing in the household. Although a clear inverse bivariate association between family size and children s school attendance and educational attainment is evident, multivariate analysis controlling for urban/rural residence, region, parents’ education, household wealth, and child’s age, reveals that much of this association, especially that predicting educational attainment, is attributable to these other influences. Moreover, much of the effect that remains after statistical adjustment for the other influences is seen mainly at the largest family sizes. We consider the implications of these findings for current population policy in Vietnam and the possible features of the Vietnamese context that might account for the modest association.     

Do Measured and Unmeasured Family Factors Bias the Association Between Education and Self-Assessed Health?

The association between educational attainment and self-assessed health is well established but the mechanisms that explain this association are not fully understood yet. It is likely that part of the association is spurious because (genetic and non-genetic) characteristics of a person’s family of origin simultaneously affect one’s educational attainment and one’s adult health. In order to obtain an unbiased estimate of the association between education and health, we have to control for all relevant family factors. In practice, however, it is impossible to measure all relevant family factors. Sibling models are particularly appropriate in this case, because they control for the total impact of family factors, even if not all relevant aspects can be measured. I use data on siblings from a US study (MIDUS) and Dutch study (NKPS) to assess the total family impact on self-assessed health and, more importantly, to assess whether there is a family bias in the association between educational attainment and self-assessed health. The results suggest that there is a substantial family effect; about 20% of the variation in self-assessed health between siblings can be ascribed to (measured and unmeasured) family factors. Measured family factors, such as parental education and father’s occupation, could account only for a small part of the family effect. Furthermore, the results imply that it is unlikely that there is substantial bias due to family effects in the association between education and self-assessed health. This strengthens the conclusions from prior studies on the association between education and self-assessed health.     

Education Gains Attributable to Fertility Decline: Patterns by Gender,Period, and Country in Latin America and Asia

We investigate the heterogeneity across countries and time in the relationship between mother’s fertility and children’s educational attainment—the quantity-quality (Q-Q) trade-off—by using census data from 17 countries in Asia and Latin America, with data from each country spanning multiple census years. For each country-year, we estimate micro-level instrumental variables models predicting secondary school attainment using number of siblings of the child, instrumented by the sex composition of the first two births in the family. We then analyze correlates of Q-Q trade-off patterns across countries. On average, one additional sibling in the family reduces the probability of secondary education by 6 percentage points for girls and 4 percentage points for boys. This Q-Q trade-off is significantly associated with the level of son preference, slightly decreasing over time and with fertility, but it does not significantly differ by educational level of the country.     

Prenatal Health,Educational Attainment,and Intergenerational Inequality: The Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 Study

In this article, we study the effects of prenatal health on educational attainment and on the reproduction of family background inequalities in education. Using Finnish birth cohort data, we analyze several maternal and fetal health variables, many of which have not been featured in the literature on long-term socioeconomic effects of health despite the effects of these variables on birth and short-term health outcomes. We find strong negative effects of mother’s prenatal smoking on educational attainment, which are stronger if the mother smoked heavily but are not significant if she quit during the first trimester. Anemia during pregnancy is also associated with lower levels of attained education. Other indicators of prenatal health (pre-pregnancy obesity, mother’s antenatal depressed mood, hypertension and preeclampsia, early prenatal care visits, premature birth, and small size for gestational age) do not predict educational attainment. Our measures explain little of the educational inequalities by parents’ class or education. However, smoking explains 12%—and all health variables together, 19%—of the lower educational attainment of children born to unmarried mothers. Our findings point to the usefulness of proximate health measures in addition to general ones. They also point to the potentially important role played by early health in intergenerational processes.     

Children's residence patterns and educational attainment in rural South Africa, 1997

Using data collected by the Agincourt Health and Population Programme in a rural sub-district of South Africa's Northern Province, this paper describes the residential arrangements of a population in rural South Africa, and analyses the impact of these arrangements on children's educational attainment. Children with co-resident parents generally have higher levels of schooling than those who have one or no co-resident parents. However, having a father who is away from home as a migrant appears to benefit older children whereas, for girls aged 11 to 15, having a mother who is a migrant lowers educational attainment. Children who live in households headed by Mozambican refugees have lower levels of schooling than those who live in non-refugee households. Living in a household headed by a woman is not associated with lower levels of education and, for some age-sex groups, appears to be an advantage.     

The long arm of childhood: The influence of early-life social conditions on men’s mortality

Increasingly, social scientists are turning to childhood to gain a better understanding of the fundamental social causes of adult mortality. However, evidence of the link between childhood and the mortality of adults is fragmentary, and the intervening mechanisms remain unclear. Drawing on the National Longitudinal Survey of Older Men, our analysis shows that men's mortality is associated with an array of childhood conditions, including socioeconomic status, family living arrangements, mother's work status, rural residence, and parents' nativity. With the exception of parental nativity, socioeconomic-achievement processes in adulthood and lifestyle factors mediated these associations. Education, family income, household wealth, and occupation mediated the influence of socioeconomic status in childhood. Adult lifestyle factors, particularly body mass, mediated the effects of family living arrangements in childhood, mother's work status, and rural residence. Our findings bring into sharp focus the idea that economic and educational policies that are targeted at children's well-being are implicitly health policies with effects that reach far into the adult life course.     

Disparities in Children’s Family Experiences by Mother’s Socioeconomic Status: The Case of Finland

A well-known argument claims that socioeconomic differentials in children’s family structures have become increasingly important in shaping child outcomes and the resources available to children in developed societies. One assumption is that differentials are comparatively small in Nordic welfare states. Our study examines how children’s experiences of family structures and family dynamics vary by their mother’s educational attainment in Finland. Based on register data on the childbearing and union histories of women in Finland born from 1969 onwards, we provide life-table estimates of children’s (N?=?64,162) experiences of family dissolution, family formation, and family structure from ages 0–15 years, stratified by mother’s education level at the child’s birth. We find huge socioeconomic disparities in children’s experiences of family structures and transitions. Compared to children of highly educated mothers, children of mothers with low levels of education are almost twice as likely to be born in cohabitation and four times as likely to be born to a lone mother. They are also much more likely to experience further changes in family structure—particularly parental separation. On average, children of low-educated mothers spend just half of their childhood years living with both their parents, whereas those of high-educated mothers spend four-fifths of their childhood with both parents. The sociodemographic inequalities among children in Nordic welfare states clearly deserve more scholarly attention.