我国民营企业政治关联、多元化战略与公司绩效

本文以我国2002-2005年在沪深证券交易所上市的民营企业为样本,综合考察了政治关联与多元化对公司绩效的共同影响,探讨企业政治关联是否具有多元化效应,这种多元化效应是否真正促进了企业绩效的实现。本文研究结果发现:第一,无政治关联企业的多元化与公司业绩关系呈倒U型,具有政治关联的企业多元化与公司业绩关系呈逆L型;第二,具有政治关联的企业更可能实施多元化,尤其是非相关多元化;第三,有政治关联的民营企业在进行国际化发展时,更有可能通过非相关多元化战略进行扩张,但是对于无政治关联的企业,则更可能通过专业化战略拓展海外市场。进一步,本文发现,国际化与相关多元化在一定程度上存在着替代关系,而与非相关多元化存在一定程度的互补关系;第四,具有政治关联企业的多元化(包括相关多元化与非相关多元化)比无政治关联企业更可能促进企业短期经营状况的改善,即会计绩效的提高;但具有政治关联企业的非相关多元化将对未来的绩效表现产生负面影响,即损害公司的市场价值。     

多元化并购能给股东创造价值吗?——兼论影响多元化并购长期绩效的因素

本文以1998￣2002年发生于我国证券市场的251起多元化并购事件为样本,考察了多元化并购公司的长期市场绩效及其影响因素。实证结论表明:多元化并购公司股东在并购后1￣3年内财富损失达到6.5%￣9.6%;政府关联对并购绩效影响显著,这种作用在管理能力差和并购绩效恶化的公司中作用更为显著;政府关联与管理能力之间存在替代关系,与公司资源之间存在互补关系;管理能力与公司资源之间存在互补关系。     

产品市场竞争、经理报酬与公司绩效：来自中国上市公司的证据

文章利用2003—2005年上市公司年度数据检验我国产品市场竞争、经理报酬与公司绩效之间的经验关系。研究发现：产品市场竞争和经理报酬对于企业产出增长率具有显著的正面效应，并且产品市场竞争对国有企业绩效的促进作用尤为显著。研究还发现。产品市场竞争与经理报酬之间呈显著的互补关系。这意味着，在加大对经理报酬激励的同时建立有效的市场竞争机制，对于提高我国企业绩效有着重要的现实意义。     

公司特征、行业特征和并购战略类型的实证研究

本文以2001～2004年的我国上市公司中的148起相关并购事件和169起无关多元化并购事件为样本,考察了相关并购公司以及无关多元化并购公司并购前的公司特征和行业特征。研究发现:相关并购的公司与无关多元化并购的公司并购前在公司绩效、公司规模、国有股比例以及多元化状况方面存在显著差异,而公司可利用资源中除了每股未分配利润所代表的内部资金之外,其他资源以及公司经营风险和行业绩效等方面不存在显著差异。     

政治关联、国际化战略与企业价值——来自中国民营上市公司面板数据的分析

本文以中国2006-2010年期间上市的所有民营公司为样本,探讨民营企业在母国的政治关联对其国际化成长的促进作用与机制,并通过细分国际化的维度,考察了在母国具有政治关联与不具有政治关联的民营企业在国际化战略层面提升企业价值的具体路径差异。本文主要结论如下:第一,企业国际化对企业价值总体上具有正向影响,其中国际化深度对企业绩效具有正向的促进作用,国际化广度对企业绩效具有一定程度的负向影响;第二,民营企业在母国的政治关联对其国际化程度总体上不具有显著的正向作用。但进一步发现,民营企业的母国政治关联对国际化深度具有显著的正向促进作用,但却显著地负向影响国际化广度;第三,母国的制度环境对民营企业政治关联与国际化之间关系具有显著的调节作用。进一步研究发现,制度环境对民营企业政治关联与国际化深度之间的关系具有显著的正向调节作用,而对于政治关联与国际化广度之间关系具有显著的负向调节作用;第四,总体上,相对于不具有政治关联的民营企业而言,在母国已构建了政治关联的民营企业所实施的国际化战略更有可能带来公司绩效的提升。我们进一步发现,政治关联型民营企业的国际化深度对企业短期经营状况的改善具有明显的作用;但长期而言,政治关联型民营企业的国际化深度对公司的市场价值却并没有显著的提高。而在母国无政治关联型民营企业的业绩受到国际化广度显著的正面影响,但国际化深度对企业绩效却不存在显著的正向影响。进一步验证了民营企业在母国的政治关联对其国际化路径或模式选择具有显著的调节影响。     

基于中小企业多元化战略与经营绩效关系的实证研究

多元化战略可以使企业分散经营风险、降低交易费用、提高资本使用效率、实现扩张的目的,本文以2010年至2012年128家中小板上市公司为样本,通过建立计量经济模型,运用相关性分析和多元回归分析方法对我国中小企业多元化战略与经营绩效进行实证研究,结果显示:多元化经营指标与经营绩效之间均不存在显著的相关关系,因此为了抢占市场而盲目实施多元化经营是不科学的,我国中小企业一定要谨慎考虑实施多元化战略。     

以往绩效对企业多元化战略的影响研究

企业多元化和绩效的关系是战略管理研究的主题之一,现有文献集中研究了多元化对绩效的影响.本文以我国201家上市公司为样本,采用纵向分析方法,实证检验了绩效对多元化战略的作用.结果显示,企业以往绩效和主营产业以往绩效不但能显著影响多元化程度,还能显著影响多元化的方向,以往绩效和多元化战略之间存在因果关系.     

基于中国上市公司经验证据的国际多元化与企业绩效关系研究

基于中国上市公司样本的实证研究发现,企业绩效与国际多元化显著正相关,这种相关关系的统计显著性依赖于企业规模。关于企业绩效与国际多元化程度之间的关系分析表明,企业绩效与国际多元化程度之间的关系是线性的,不存在非线性关系;利用跨国公司作为样本的检验发现,企业绩效随国际多元化程度的增加而上升,对ROA统计上显著。关于国际多元化和行业多元化对企业绩效的交叉效应考察表明,行业多元化不是国际多元化与企业绩效之间关系的调节因子。同时,内生性检验表明,不能拒绝国际多元化是外生变量的假设。     

上市公司股权结构、多元化经营与公司绩效问题研究

公司股权结构与多元化经营是理论界颇具争议的问题.研究表明,公司多元化经营虽可获得显著收益但也会产生显著成本,这些成本可能会随着多元化程度提高而侵蚀公司利益,进而影响到公司绩效.结合代理成本假设,利用复回归模型探讨股权结构对多元化程度的影响以及多元化对公司绩效的影响.     

董事会制度安排、多元化经营与公司绩效

在考察多元化经营与公司绩效关系的基础上,通过构建"制度-行为-绩效"分析框架,以寻求董事会制度安排对这种关系的解释。结果发现:多元化经营导致公司价值折价,但这种价值折价在各年的表现形式不一样;董事会会议频率、独立董事比例以及二职合一与多元化经营决策呈显著正相关关系;董事持股比例与公司进行多元化经营的概率呈负相关关系。进一步的解释是,董事会会议频率和独立董事比例是通过影响多元化经营决策,从而影响多元化经营公司绩效的主要因素。     

Criteria for selecting a production control philosophy

Logistic objectives constitute a compromise between having short leadtimes and a low volume of work in progress on the one hand and a high resource loading and due date obligation on the other. Miscellaneous production planning approaches offered today provide different combinations of logistic objectives for satisfying a manufacturing strategy. To combine the strength of the various approaches into a unified system, a new approach based on a dynamic and distributed production planning methodology is proposed. To customize the approach, various analyses and specifications have to be made and for that reason some important characteristics and criteria for analysing production control philosophies will be given.     

The social construction of the meaning of acute stressors: a qualitative study of the personal accounts of police officers using a stress counselling service

The police profession is one in which acute stressors are encountered more frequently than in other occupations. Using the personal accounts of 35 police officers attending an in-house stress counselling clinic, the aim of the present study was to provide a qualitative examination of how the institutional context of policing influenced the ways in which acute stressors signified to individual police officers experiencing felt distress. Using the framework of Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy as an analytical tool, it is argued that beliefs contributing to the experience of felt distress are related to the way in which policing as both an identity and an activity is constructed through the police organizational culture. Not only do these constructions influence the ways in which officers perceive themselves and their environments, but they also operate at the collective level to 'normalize' some emotional responses and to 'pathologize' others which, it is argued, could impact upon the outcomes of interventions such as stress counselling.     

The moderating role of social support in Karasek's job strain model

This paper examines whether social support is a boundary-determining criterion in the job strain model of Karasek (1979). The particular focus is the extent to which different sources of social support, work overload and task control influence job satisfaction, depersonalization and supervisor assessments of work performance. Hypotheses are tested using prospective survey data from 80 clerical staff in a university setting. Results revealed 3-way interactions among levels of support (supervisor, co-worker, non-work), perceived task control and work overload on levels of work performance and employee adjustment (self-report). After controlling for levels of negative affect in all analyses, there was evidence that high levels of supervisor support mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of job satisfaction and reduced reported levels of depersonalization. Moreover, high levels of non-work support and co-worker support also mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of work performance. The results are discussed in terms of the importance of social support networks both at, and beyond, the work context.     

Job insecurity, coping resources and personality dispositions in occupational strain

This paper presents research on the relationships between the work-related stressor of perceived job insecurity and various indicators of occupational strain, taking into account employees' personality dispositions (trait negative and positive affectivity) and coping resources. Respondents were 222 Australian public servants surveyed during organizational restructuring that involved downsizing and threat to job certainty. The research was formulated within an adaptation of Osipow, Doty, and Spokane's (1985) framework of stress-strain-coping that included the possible direct as well as moderating effects of personality dispositions in reporting occupational strain (Parkes, 1990). Findings from hierarchical regression analyses indicate consistent significant independent effects of personality dispositions, coping resources and perceived job insecurity on various indicators of strain. There was also support for the moderating roles of negative affectivity and self-care in the relation between perceived job insecurity and physical strain. Implications for the role of dispositional factors, especially negative affectivity, and the utility of various coping resources in accounting for occupational strain in times of threatened job security are discussed.     

Introduction to Special Section on Sensitivity Analysis and Summary of NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis

This guest editorial is a summary of the NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis held June 11–12, 2001 at North Carolina State University and sponsored by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Office of Risk Assessment and Cost Benefit Analysis. The objective of the workshop was to learn across disciplines in identifying, evaluating, and recommending sensitivity analysis methods and practices for application to food‐safety process risk models. The workshop included presentations regarding the Hazard Assessment and Critical Control Points (HACCP) framework used in food‐safety risk assessment, a survey of sensitivity analysis methods, invited white papers on sensitivity analysis, and invited case studies regarding risk assessment of microbial pathogens in food. Based on the sharing of interdisciplinary information represented by the presentations, the workshop participants, divided into breakout sessions, responded to three trigger questions: What are the key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods applied to food‐safety risk assessment? What sensitivity analysis methods are most promising for application to food safety and risk assessment? and What are the key needs for implementation and demonstration of such methods? The workshop produced agreement regarding key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods and the need to use two or more methods to try to obtain robust insights. Recommendations were made regarding a guideline document to assist practitioners in selecting, applying, interpreting, and reporting the results of sensitivity analysis.     

Job stress, job strain, and psychological withdrawal among Dutch university staff: towards a dualprocess model for the effects of occupational stress

This study examined the antecedents of job strain (emotional exhaustion, health complaints) and withdrawal behaviour (e.g. lowered organizational commitment) among a cross-sectional sample of 131 academic staff members of the law department of a large Dutch university. Conservation of resources theory (Hobfoll, 1989) provided the theoretical background for this study. Strains and withdrawal behaviours were expected to be most prominent among those who reported having few resources and/or who reported high job demands. Structural equation modelling revealed that this was indeed the case. As predicted, differential patterns of effects emerged for job demands and job resources. Analysis of the effects of four job-specific stressors revealed that especially the structural aspects of a staff member's teaching task (e.g. the number of students in their classes) contributed strongly to perceived job demands. Theoretical and practical implications of the study are discussed.     

Distinguishing traumatic, vicarious and routine operational stressor exposure and attendant adverse consequences in a sample of police officers

Problems in studying occupational stress within the police service are identified and the paucity of work on operational duties as potential stressors are discussed. The present study reports the results of a factor analysis of operational stressors (N = 601 serving British police officers) that revealed three factors: exposure to death and disaster; violence and injury; sexual crime. These were demonstrated to be reliable scales and were included in logistic regression models together with a range of demographic and psychological variables. Models were applied to men and women separately, which showed there to be different predictors of the likelihood of suffering distress (measured by the General Health Questionnaire, GHQ) in terms of the officer's gender and operational role. Overall the model for women officers was better at predicting psychological distress than that for men. These findings are related to aspects of the police occupational culture. Further discussion is offered that conceptualizes police operational stressors as traumatic, routine and vicarious. Finally, some implications are drawn for the provision of stress intervention in the light of this differentiation.     

Dermal Uptake of 18 Dilute Aqueous Chemicals: In Vivo Disappearance‐Method Measures Greatly Exceed In Vitro‐Based Predictions

Average rates of total dermal uptake (K_up) from short‐term (e.g., bathing) contact with dilute aqueous organic chemicals (DAOCs) are typically estimated from steady‐state in vitro diffusion‐cell measures of chemical permeability (K_p) through skin into receptor solution. Widely used (“PCR‐vitro”) methods estimate K_up by applying diffusion theory to increase K_p predictions made by a physico‐chemical regression (PCR) model that was fit to a large set of K_p measures. Here, K_up predictions for 18 DAOCs made by three PCR‐vitro models (EPA, NIOSH, and MH) were compared to previous in vivo measures obtained by methods unlikely to underestimate K_up. A new PCR model fit to all 18 measures is accurate to within approximately threefold (r = 0.91, p < 10^?5), but the PCR‐vitro predictions (r > 0.63) all tend to underestimate the K_up measures by mean factors (UF, and p value for testing UF = 1) of 10 (EPA, p < 10^?6), 11 (NIOSH, p < 10^?8), and 6.2 (MH, p = 0.018). For all three PCR‐vitro models, log(UF) correlates negatively with molecular weight (r² = 0.31 to 0.84, p = 0.017 to < 10^?6) but not with log(vapor pressure) as an additional predictor (p > 0.05), so vapor pressure appears not to explain the significant in vivo/PCR‐vitro discrepancy. Until this discrepancy is explained, careful in vivo measures of K_up should be obtained for more chemicals, the expanded in vivo database should be compared to in vitro‐based predictions, and in vivo data should be considered in assessing aqueous dermal exposure and its uncertainty.     

Systems Resilience for Multihazard Environments: Definition,Metrics, and Valuation for Decision Making

The United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction reported that the 2011 natural disasters, including the earthquake and tsunami that struck Japan, resulted in $366 billion in direct damages and 29,782 fatalities worldwide. Storms and floods accounted for up to 70% of the 302 natural disasters worldwide in 2011, with earthquakes producing the greatest number of fatalities. Average annual losses in the United States amount to about $55 billion. Enhancing community and system resilience could lead to massive savings through risk reduction and expeditious recovery. The rational management of such reduction and recovery is facilitated by an appropriate definition of resilience and associated metrics. In this article, a resilience definition is provided that meets a set of requirements with clear relationships to the metrics of the relevant abstract notions of reliability and risk. Those metrics also meet logically consistent requirements drawn from measure theory, and provide a sound basis for the development of effective decision‐making tools for multihazard environments. Improving the resiliency of a system to meet target levels requires the examination of system enhancement alternatives in economic terms, within a decision‐making framework. Relevant decision analysis methods would typically require the examination of resilience based on its valuation by society at large. The article provides methods for valuation and benefit‐cost analysis based on concepts from risk analysis and management.     

UNIX系统性能监控简述及shell系统资源统计程序

本文简要阐述了unix系统中(主要以IBM的AIX为例)进行系统性能管理的几种命令行工具,并通过编写shell实例程序,运用其中提到的工具实现系统资源利用率的统计程序,为做好unix系统管理和调优提供参考.