三教合一对宋代文人审美心理素质的影响：－兼评《宋代文学通论》

宋代社会,三教合一的影响达到了空前的盛况,它直接深入文人文化心理素质层,对文人心胸涵养、思维模式的扩展和变化起了决定性的作用。随着审美主体意识的强化,审美执著的破除,审美域限进一步扩大,美的本质得到深入的发掘,导致审美形式创造的充分自觉及其有效的灵活性把握。同时因心性修养削平情感的高峰,重理节情的体貌,沉稳平淡的意境,标志着审美情趣的翻新。宋代文学在此基础上得以灿烂辉煌,盛极而变。王水照先生主编的《宋代文学通论》,从文化的角度切入文学领域,重视文化对文学影响的层次性问题,辩证地历史地把握其过程,作深入细致的动态研究,进而提出创作主体心理结构问题以及文化影响文学的美学中介问题,对当前文学史研究观念的调整、视角的更新、思路的开拓无疑具有很大的启发意义。     

What can the regression model of human judgment learn from multi-attribute decision theory?

Zeleny's recent conjecture that multi-attribute decision theory may help to overcome the inadequacies of the linear regression model is incorrect. Recognition of the information processing advantages inherent in multiple -attribute decision situations combined with a requirement of transitivity itself implies linear objective functions. This follows from some recent developments by a psychologist and an economist in the analysis of individual and collective decision processes, developments which do not take as their starting point the paradigm of choice offered in utility theory.     

On the inadequacy of the regression paradigm used in the study of human judgment

Although traditional instruments of research into human judgment - correlational statistics, the lens model, the ANOVA approach, etc. - are analytical, logical, and explicit tools of study, they might be inadequate, irrational and incorrect in their ultimate impact. In this short note a few examples are introduced to show that linear (in parameters) regression models could represent only a quasi-rational paradigm at best. Simple graphical diagrams are used to clarify three main difficulties with the linear model.     

The Relation Between Probability and Evidence Judgment: An Extension of Support Theory

We propose a theory that relates perceived evidence to numerical probability judgment. The most successful prior account of this relation is Support Theory, advanced in Tversky and Koehler (1994). Support Theory, however, implies additive probability estimates for binary partitions. In contrast, superadditivity has been documented in Macchi, Osherson, and Krantz (1999), and both sub- and superadditivity appear in the experiments reported here. Nonadditivity suggests asymmetry in the processing of focal and nonfocal hypotheses, even within binary partitions. We extend Support Theory by revising its basic equation to allow such asymmetry, and compare the two equations' ability to predict numerical assessments of probability from scaled estimates of evidence for and against a given proposition. Both between- and within-subject experimental designs are employed for this purpose. We find that the revised equation is more accurate than the original Support Theory equation. The implications of asymmetric processing on qualitative assessments of chance are also briefly discussed.     

对我国是否出现两极分化的基本判断

中国的收入差距和收入分配矛盾已经达到了相当大的程度。不同的学者运用不同的分析方法和判断标准 ,对中国是否已经形成收入分配的两极分化得出了不同的结论。要对收入差距的状况做出客观认识 ,必须要有客观的标准。把静态标准、动态标准、居民心理承受力标准和政治标准综合起来分析后认为 ,尽管收入差距已经使贫富差别出现 ,并有继续扩大化的迹象 ,但是从总体上来说 ,仍在社会的可承受范围之内 ,并没有形成两极分化。当务之急 ,是积极采取各种措施 ,防止两极分化的产生     

心理学发展逻辑线索辨析--库恩范式论观点

心理学发展以库恩范式论来予以考察和审视,究其内在逻辑线索,是哲学心理学、科学心理学、人文心理学和文化心理学四种范式的更替与兴衰过程。按照库恩范式论中所表达的价值相对主义以及真理是科学家的主观约定性理念,心理学四种范式也只是心理学家基于不同的立场对人类心理不同理解和假设而已,这就为这四个范式的合理性与合法性找到了立论根据。以库恩范式论为视角,会重新理解心理学内在发展问题。     

Human uniqueness explored from the uniquely human perspective: Epistemological and methodological challenges

Exploring human uniqueness encounters fundamental challenges because we can approach this endeavour only from within our uniquely human perspective. The intrinsic presumptions that this involves may entail two types of anthropocentric, ethnocentric, and egocentric biases, which can influence research on both epistemological and methodological levels. Their impact may be particularly pronounced if quests for the origins of human sociality are based only on our knowledge about humans. Tomasello's (2019) research demonstrates that the comparative study of humans and nonhuman species offers unique opportunities to explore forms of social cooperation, underlying cognitive and meta-cognitive abilities as well as pathways in their ontological and (possible) phylogenetic development. It also shows that comparative approaches are essential to unravel the ways in which humans are indeed unique. But species comparisons are challenged by the need to consider inherent trade-offs between achieving operational comparability in empirical studies and establishing ecological validity for the species compared—challenges, which analogously occur in comparisons across human cultures as well. This shows that comparative research can also contribute meaningfully to methodology development in psychology.     

Social class as a dimension in casework judgment 1

With few exceptions, outcome studies evaluating batterer treatment groups are inconclusive at best and, at worst, label such treatment programs as ineffectual. This qualitative research study was developed in an effort to understand the forces behind how positive change either happens or is subverted. Through analysis of treatment groups for batterers, the study investigated two questions: How do batterer treatment groups affect the psychological defenses of the members? What types of group dynamics emerge in offender treatment that might be unique to this population and promote defensive change? The theoretical frameworks used in this project include constructs from ego psychology related to defensive maturity and the curative factors in group process, articulated by Yalom (2005).     

Metaconfirmation

When is it possible to decide that a theory is confirmed by the available evidence? Probabilities seem first to be the good framework for addressing this question. But the philosophers of science did not succeed in building any probabilistic criterion of confirmation beyond dispute. We examine two of the main reasons for this failure. First, the principles of adequacy used by philosophers are often logically inconsistent with each other. We show in the paper how to build consistent subsets of these principles. We identify three main subsets which embody the principles of adequacy for two main kinds of confirmation, namely the relative confirmation and the absolute confirmation. Second, we prove the impossibility of building any probabilistic criterion for absolute confirmation.     

心理学文化意识演变中的反思与追问——兼论人类行为机制探究的新视角

文化、意识与行为的关系是心理学文化意识演变中的核心问题。通过对三者关系的不断反思与追问,得出：语言以及由诸符号所构成的神话、宗教、艺术、科学等文化形式是探究人类行为机制的新视角。     

Understanding responsibility: Adolescents' views of delegation and follow-through within the family

Most studies of responsibility emphasize judgments about blame, with cognitive sophistication as the major basis for variations in judgments. The present study explores an alternative. The judgments are about actions that should be taken, with interpersonal relationships as the major basis. In the situations considered, one sibling asks another to take on a job normally done by the asker. The judgments have to do with the responsibility to follow-through, and with the implementation of responsibility (appropriate as against inappropriate ways to remind, give details, or check that the job has been done). Among 14- and 18-year-olds, the majority regarded follow-through as an obligation, with some variation as a function of circumstances. Judgments about appropriate and inappropriate implementation showed a concern with avoiding both negative attributions and the appearance of coercion, in line with the nature of the relationship. Age differences were not significant but gender, in combination with age, was a factor on some judgments. Overall, the results point to the feasibility and the value of considering responsibility in terms of appropriate actions and of linking the analysis of judgments about responsibility to analyses of relationships.     

历史地看待哲学的"爱智梦想"

在历史中的哲学总是做着一种"超历史"的"梦".西方传统哲学的这个特点构成了传统哲学的"爱智梦想".由"爱智梦想"塑造的西方形而上学史,反映了那种需要抽象永恒本质的"人的处境",是对人的非人的理解、对历史的非历史的抽象.它隐含着分裂人、瓦解人、失落人的"病症.历史地看待哲学的"爱智梦想",既要看到西方当代思想家在破除哲学的爱智梦想时的真实动机,又要以"哲学在历史中、人在历史中"的视野把握哲学和人的内在一体关系,并从这个"在之中"出发思考人的生命本质.     

心理学哲学视野中的主体心理学与存在心理学

从心理学哲学的角度加以观察,我们会发现当代心理学正面临一场变革———从主体心理学转向存在心理学。主体心理学建立在近现代西方理性哲学的基础之上,强调主体理性在研究中的至尊地位,最后导致研究中理性与生活的分离、研究者与被研究者的分离、研究内容与研究对象的分离。存在心理学关注个体的生存实践,主张打破研究中的主客分离,消解主体理性的中心地位,将研究者与被研究者有机地统一起来,将研究内容与方法结合起来,使研究更具日常性与现实性。     

On the integration and development of psychology and logic within the framework of cognitive science

心理学研究感性认识形式,逻辑学研究理性认识形式。二者密切相关但却长期分离。认知科学的建立和发展,为心理学和逻辑学的交叉融合提供了科学依据和学科框架。在认知科学的框架下,逻辑学发生了本质的变化,产生了认知逻辑新的研究框架。在这个框架下,心理学与逻辑学交叉融合,产生了心理逻辑这一新兴学科。它认为逻辑推理受心理因素影响,是由人参与的、涉身的经验科学。认知逻辑开启了当代逻辑学发展的新时代,走上了作为多学科共同工具的广阔发展道路。认知科学的发展将带来一个学科综合交叉、问题引领科学研究、科学研究引领学科建设、人才全面发展的新时代。     

中国湿地保护立法评判

中国迄今没有国家层面的、以湿地整体为保护对象的专门立法,这既是湿地保护管理面临困境的主要根源,也是导致湿地持续恶化和减少的主要原因之一.改变中国湿地保护立法不足的当务之急是将国家层面的湿地立法提上议程,其前提是先行制定和完善湿地保护的行政法规和地方性法规,具体方式是依据行政法规与地方性法规及其司法经验制定国家层面的湿地专门立法.作为这种改变的必要条件,要有步骤地尽快消解中国湿地立法现状的支撑基础.     

关于剥削的理性分析与实证判断

马克思的劳动价值论和剩余价值理论具有明显的时代特征。应该分清马克思对劳动雇佣关系的经济分析与道德分析的界限,由于人们对“劳动创造价值”的理解过于狭窄,因而对剥削现象认识和理解过于浅显和敏感。人们较多地注意了剩余价值的创造,却忽视了剩余价值的实现。通过理性分析和实证判断,本文对剥削的定义是剥削是以占有一定的生产资料为前提,以经营或管理等方式对受雇一方剩余劳动成果的合法、文明地占有,是劳动雇佣双方契约关系的产物。     

Framing,probability distortions,and insurance decisions

A series of studies examines whether certain biases in probability assessments and perceptions of loss, previously found in experimental studies, affect consumers' decisions about insurance. Framing manipulations lead the consumers studied here to make hypothetical insurance-purchase choices that violate basic laws of probability and value. Subjects exhibit distortions in their perception of risk and framing effects in evaluating premiums and benefits. Illustrations from insurance markets suggest that the same effects occur when consumers make actual insurance purchases.Presented at the Conference onMaking Decisions about Liability and Insurance, The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 6–7 December, 1991. This research is supported by National Science Foundation Grant SES88-09299. The authors thank Jon Baron, Colin Camerer, Neil Doherty, Paul Kleindorfer, Amos Tversky, and two anonymous referees for many helpful comments. We particularly acknowledge the efforts of Matthew Robinson and Penny Pollister for their help with data analysis.     

Repeating probability of authors with retracted scientific publications

Both the scientific community and the general public have expressed concern over scientific misconduct. The number of retracted articles has increased dramatically over the past 20 years and now comprises about .02% of the 2 million articles published each year. Retraction of publications available in large public databases can be analyzed as an objective measure for scientific misconduct and errors. In this project, we analyzed retractions of scientific publications using the Web of Science (WoS) and PubMed databases. We found that a power law is applicable to distributions of retracting authors and retracted publications with exponents of about ?.6 and ?3.0, respectively. Application of a power-law model for retracted publications implies that retraction is not a random event. Analysis of the retraction distributions suggests that a small fraction (1–2%) of retracting authors with ≧5 retractions are responsible for around 10% of retraction. The probabilities for their repeating retraction are calculated using a statistical model: 3–5% likelihood of repeat retraction for authors with a single retraction at five years after the latest retraction and 26–37% for authors with five retractions at five years after the latest retraction. By focusing on those with repeated retractions, this analysis could contribute to identification of measures to reduce such repetition of retractions.     

Empirical evidence of two-attribute utility dependence on probability

We investigate utility dependence on probability using a new methodology that examines how indifference statements vary with the probability of obtaining times and costs of individual trips. Of 127 subjects, 8 supplied 3 (out of 3) sets of indifference statements consistent with probability independence. Those subjects with 2 or more sets of indifference statements violating probability independence exhibited a systematic dependence, in that knowing the direction of a subject's violation in one set of indifference statements would increase the likelihood of his or her violating other sets of indifference statements in the same direction. Data show that this systematic violation of dependence should not be attributed to artifacts of the experiment.