中国农村能源消费的田野调查——以晋黔浙三省2253个农户调查为例

本文在回顾1978~2011年中国能源供求变化趋势的基础上,利用晋黔浙三省调查数据,对中国农村农家能源消费情况进行了细致分析,发现:在气候环境恶化和国际减碳目标的压力下,长期被忽视的农村能源消费问题需要引起高度重视;中国农村能源消费结构正在从传统的非商品能源过渡到商品能源,农家能源需求正在成为中国能源需求和碳排放增长的主要来源;收入水平和地区能源禀赋差异以及由此带来的能源可获得性和便利性是影响农户能源消费选择的重要因素,其中收入水平是决定农家能源消费转型升级的根本动力,而现有国家层面的节能减排政策忽视了农户收入水平和地区能源禀赋差异可能是导致其在农村推广效果不佳的根源。本文基于对晋黔浙三省农家能源消费现状、消费行为以及能源干预政策效果的调查,为国家农村能源发展战略以及节能减排政策提供参考依据。     

中国能源需求和能源强度预测的情景分析模型及其应用

介绍了应用投入产出法和情景分析法进行能源需求和能源强度预测的基本原理,并给出了基于投入产出的能源需求和能源强度情景分析模型的总体框架.针对该模型,围绕影响能源需求和能源强度变化的各种社会经济因素,以逐层叠加的方式建立其情景分析模型.运用1997年的数据,针对全面实现小康社会目标的各种情景,定量地分析了社会经济发展因素对能源需求和能源强度的影响,得到了有关结论,并提出了有关政策建议.     

中国能源消费、经济增长与能源需求预测的研究

本文利用历史数据并运用灰色技术对其进行改进,采用C-D生产函数扩展模型,揭示了GDP和能源消费增长之间的内在比例关系。通过对能源需求预测方法的比较,发现采用能源消费弹性系数法用于测算和预测能源消费的增长率比较理想,由此测算了未来几年的能源消费量。得出结论,为了可持续发展的需要,一是必须实行节能降耗;二是调整能源消费结构;三是加大对不可再生能源的替代能源的科研开发,有序发展清洁能源。     

中国能源消费的影响因素分析

能源是国民经济发展和社会进步的重要物质基础,做好能源消费影响因素的分析,为能源规划及政策的制订提供科学的依据,对于保持我国国民经济健康、持续、稳定的发展具有重要的现实意义。本文从影响能源消费的因素角度出发,通过实证分析,筛选出对能源消费较为重要的几个核心因素,并建立能源消费模型,利用EVIEWS软件对计量模型进行了参数估计和检验,并对所得的分析结果作了经济意义的解释,同时相应提出一些政策建议。     

中国股市是宏观经济的晴雨表吗?——基于马氏域变模型的研究

本文运用马氏域变向量自回归模型研究我国宏观经济因素变动对股市的影响。宏观因素选取了工业增加值、消费、出口、通胀率、广义货币增速、利率以及人民币兑美元的实际汇率以反映实体经济增长和货币政策变动。本文首先利用马氏域变模型对所选变量不同时期所处状态进行识别,进而分析了各宏观经济变量周期与股市周期之间的关系;在此基础上,对各序列绝对离差建立马氏域变向量自回归模型,并利用其冲击响应函数研究各宏观经济因素波动对我国股市的影响。研究发现,A股收益率和各宏观经济变量变动都具有明显的非线性;在大多数时间里实体经济变动和股市波动保持了较好的协同性,股市周期略领先于实体经济周期;M2的快速增长往往伴随着股市的大幅上涨,但股市大幅上涨阶段并不与M2的快速增长相伴;利率调节对股市周期有显著的负向影响;通货膨胀对股市收益率影响显著;实际汇率变化周期与股市收益率周期相协同。     

中国城市化进程对能源需求的动态冲击效应

运用VAR和SVAR模型脉冲响应函数及方差分解技术,对我国1989~2009年间城市化进程与能源需求之间动态波动效应的实证研究表明:短期内,城市化率和人均GDP的增加均对能源需求增长起到促进作用;中长期内,城市化率的提高对能源需求量的影响高于对人均GDP的影响,且城市化率的提高对能源的需求在中期表现出集约和节约效应。在制定和调整城市化进程及能源供需战略和决策时,需要考虑到城市化进程对能源消费量的扩张作用、城市化进程的不可抑制性、较低的人均能源需求水平以及能源供给的基本状况,选择不同期限的能源供需策略以实现城市化进程中能源供需平衡。     

我国交通运输业能源强度影响因素研究

为深入研究我国交通运输业能源强度居高不下的原因,本文分别利用LMDI和Refined Laspeyres指数分解法和宏观VAR计量模型,从内部和外部两个角度,对1985～2008年我国交通运输业能源强度的变动原因进行了实证分析,结果表明,交通运输业内部的结构变化和各交通子方式能源效率波动共同导致了整体行业能源强度的偏高,但效率因素的贡献度更大;就外部宏观经济因素而言,交通基础设施的发达有助于降低能源强度,但城市化进程却提高了能源强度,能源价格的上涨也未能起到降低交通运输业能源强度的作用.     

基于耐用品市场营销的我国农村居民区域消费模式与特征

基于大量的营销调查数据,从分析影响农民消费特征的因素层次入手,探索性地指出了农村市场研究的分析路径,从整体与个体两方面分析,提出农村居民消费的机能需求、核心需求和外延需求3种模式,并利用第一手资料对所提炼的农村居民消费模式特征给以阐述,并分析其影响因素.     

石油消费及其影响因素:基于非参数模型的研究

本文通过建立半参数模型和非参数模型来考察石油消费系统中各线性和非线性影响因素因素的影响效应,结果表明,我国近年来的石油消费急剧增加主要是由于经济的快速增长和工业化进程加快以及汽车拥有量的急速增加所引致,石油价格的上升并不足以抵消经济快速增长等因素引致的石油消费的增加,我国的能源利用效率还处于一个较低的水平。     

异常情况下基于VARX模型的中国投资者行为研究

内容本文基于市场数据和宏观经济变量,通过引入虚拟变量代表作为大牛市和大熊市的异常情况,利用VARX模型研究了中国证券投资者在异常情况下的行为决策,同时,利用Cholesky正交分解的脉冲响应和方差分解分析了投资者行为变化的主要影响源。结论显示：中国资本市场存在大量的非理性因素和投机因素;与大牛市相比,中国投资者在大熊市的情绪变化更加剧烈;宏观经济对中国投资者行为变化作用不大,债券市场和国际股票市场是影响投资者行为变化的主要因素。     

Criteria for selecting a production control philosophy

Logistic objectives constitute a compromise between having short leadtimes and a low volume of work in progress on the one hand and a high resource loading and due date obligation on the other. Miscellaneous production planning approaches offered today provide different combinations of logistic objectives for satisfying a manufacturing strategy. To combine the strength of the various approaches into a unified system, a new approach based on a dynamic and distributed production planning methodology is proposed. To customize the approach, various analyses and specifications have to be made and for that reason some important characteristics and criteria for analysing production control philosophies will be given.     

The social construction of the meaning of acute stressors: a qualitative study of the personal accounts of police officers using a stress counselling service

The police profession is one in which acute stressors are encountered more frequently than in other occupations. Using the personal accounts of 35 police officers attending an in-house stress counselling clinic, the aim of the present study was to provide a qualitative examination of how the institutional context of policing influenced the ways in which acute stressors signified to individual police officers experiencing felt distress. Using the framework of Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy as an analytical tool, it is argued that beliefs contributing to the experience of felt distress are related to the way in which policing as both an identity and an activity is constructed through the police organizational culture. Not only do these constructions influence the ways in which officers perceive themselves and their environments, but they also operate at the collective level to 'normalize' some emotional responses and to 'pathologize' others which, it is argued, could impact upon the outcomes of interventions such as stress counselling.     

The moderating role of social support in Karasek's job strain model

This paper examines whether social support is a boundary-determining criterion in the job strain model of Karasek (1979). The particular focus is the extent to which different sources of social support, work overload and task control influence job satisfaction, depersonalization and supervisor assessments of work performance. Hypotheses are tested using prospective survey data from 80 clerical staff in a university setting. Results revealed 3-way interactions among levels of support (supervisor, co-worker, non-work), perceived task control and work overload on levels of work performance and employee adjustment (self-report). After controlling for levels of negative affect in all analyses, there was evidence that high levels of supervisor support mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of job satisfaction and reduced reported levels of depersonalization. Moreover, high levels of non-work support and co-worker support also mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of work performance. The results are discussed in terms of the importance of social support networks both at, and beyond, the work context.     

Job insecurity, coping resources and personality dispositions in occupational strain

This paper presents research on the relationships between the work-related stressor of perceived job insecurity and various indicators of occupational strain, taking into account employees' personality dispositions (trait negative and positive affectivity) and coping resources. Respondents were 222 Australian public servants surveyed during organizational restructuring that involved downsizing and threat to job certainty. The research was formulated within an adaptation of Osipow, Doty, and Spokane's (1985) framework of stress-strain-coping that included the possible direct as well as moderating effects of personality dispositions in reporting occupational strain (Parkes, 1990). Findings from hierarchical regression analyses indicate consistent significant independent effects of personality dispositions, coping resources and perceived job insecurity on various indicators of strain. There was also support for the moderating roles of negative affectivity and self-care in the relation between perceived job insecurity and physical strain. Implications for the role of dispositional factors, especially negative affectivity, and the utility of various coping resources in accounting for occupational strain in times of threatened job security are discussed.     

Introduction to Special Section on Sensitivity Analysis and Summary of NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis

This guest editorial is a summary of the NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis held June 11–12, 2001 at North Carolina State University and sponsored by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Office of Risk Assessment and Cost Benefit Analysis. The objective of the workshop was to learn across disciplines in identifying, evaluating, and recommending sensitivity analysis methods and practices for application to food‐safety process risk models. The workshop included presentations regarding the Hazard Assessment and Critical Control Points (HACCP) framework used in food‐safety risk assessment, a survey of sensitivity analysis methods, invited white papers on sensitivity analysis, and invited case studies regarding risk assessment of microbial pathogens in food. Based on the sharing of interdisciplinary information represented by the presentations, the workshop participants, divided into breakout sessions, responded to three trigger questions: What are the key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods applied to food‐safety risk assessment? What sensitivity analysis methods are most promising for application to food safety and risk assessment? and What are the key needs for implementation and demonstration of such methods? The workshop produced agreement regarding key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods and the need to use two or more methods to try to obtain robust insights. Recommendations were made regarding a guideline document to assist practitioners in selecting, applying, interpreting, and reporting the results of sensitivity analysis.     

Job stress, job strain, and psychological withdrawal among Dutch university staff: towards a dualprocess model for the effects of occupational stress

This study examined the antecedents of job strain (emotional exhaustion, health complaints) and withdrawal behaviour (e.g. lowered organizational commitment) among a cross-sectional sample of 131 academic staff members of the law department of a large Dutch university. Conservation of resources theory (Hobfoll, 1989) provided the theoretical background for this study. Strains and withdrawal behaviours were expected to be most prominent among those who reported having few resources and/or who reported high job demands. Structural equation modelling revealed that this was indeed the case. As predicted, differential patterns of effects emerged for job demands and job resources. Analysis of the effects of four job-specific stressors revealed that especially the structural aspects of a staff member's teaching task (e.g. the number of students in their classes) contributed strongly to perceived job demands. Theoretical and practical implications of the study are discussed.     

Distinguishing traumatic, vicarious and routine operational stressor exposure and attendant adverse consequences in a sample of police officers

Problems in studying occupational stress within the police service are identified and the paucity of work on operational duties as potential stressors are discussed. The present study reports the results of a factor analysis of operational stressors (N = 601 serving British police officers) that revealed three factors: exposure to death and disaster; violence and injury; sexual crime. These were demonstrated to be reliable scales and were included in logistic regression models together with a range of demographic and psychological variables. Models were applied to men and women separately, which showed there to be different predictors of the likelihood of suffering distress (measured by the General Health Questionnaire, GHQ) in terms of the officer's gender and operational role. Overall the model for women officers was better at predicting psychological distress than that for men. These findings are related to aspects of the police occupational culture. Further discussion is offered that conceptualizes police operational stressors as traumatic, routine and vicarious. Finally, some implications are drawn for the provision of stress intervention in the light of this differentiation.     

Dermal Uptake of 18 Dilute Aqueous Chemicals: In Vivo Disappearance‐Method Measures Greatly Exceed In Vitro‐Based Predictions

Average rates of total dermal uptake (K_up) from short‐term (e.g., bathing) contact with dilute aqueous organic chemicals (DAOCs) are typically estimated from steady‐state in vitro diffusion‐cell measures of chemical permeability (K_p) through skin into receptor solution. Widely used (“PCR‐vitro”) methods estimate K_up by applying diffusion theory to increase K_p predictions made by a physico‐chemical regression (PCR) model that was fit to a large set of K_p measures. Here, K_up predictions for 18 DAOCs made by three PCR‐vitro models (EPA, NIOSH, and MH) were compared to previous in vivo measures obtained by methods unlikely to underestimate K_up. A new PCR model fit to all 18 measures is accurate to within approximately threefold (r = 0.91, p < 10^?5), but the PCR‐vitro predictions (r > 0.63) all tend to underestimate the K_up measures by mean factors (UF, and p value for testing UF = 1) of 10 (EPA, p < 10^?6), 11 (NIOSH, p < 10^?8), and 6.2 (MH, p = 0.018). For all three PCR‐vitro models, log(UF) correlates negatively with molecular weight (r² = 0.31 to 0.84, p = 0.017 to < 10^?6) but not with log(vapor pressure) as an additional predictor (p > 0.05), so vapor pressure appears not to explain the significant in vivo/PCR‐vitro discrepancy. Until this discrepancy is explained, careful in vivo measures of K_up should be obtained for more chemicals, the expanded in vivo database should be compared to in vitro‐based predictions, and in vivo data should be considered in assessing aqueous dermal exposure and its uncertainty.     

Systems Resilience for Multihazard Environments: Definition,Metrics, and Valuation for Decision Making

The United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction reported that the 2011 natural disasters, including the earthquake and tsunami that struck Japan, resulted in $366 billion in direct damages and 29,782 fatalities worldwide. Storms and floods accounted for up to 70% of the 302 natural disasters worldwide in 2011, with earthquakes producing the greatest number of fatalities. Average annual losses in the United States amount to about $55 billion. Enhancing community and system resilience could lead to massive savings through risk reduction and expeditious recovery. The rational management of such reduction and recovery is facilitated by an appropriate definition of resilience and associated metrics. In this article, a resilience definition is provided that meets a set of requirements with clear relationships to the metrics of the relevant abstract notions of reliability and risk. Those metrics also meet logically consistent requirements drawn from measure theory, and provide a sound basis for the development of effective decision‐making tools for multihazard environments. Improving the resiliency of a system to meet target levels requires the examination of system enhancement alternatives in economic terms, within a decision‐making framework. Relevant decision analysis methods would typically require the examination of resilience based on its valuation by society at large. The article provides methods for valuation and benefit‐cost analysis based on concepts from risk analysis and management.     

UNIX系统性能监控简述及shell系统资源统计程序

本文简要阐述了unix系统中(主要以IBM的AIX为例)进行系统性能管理的几种命令行工具,并通过编写shell实例程序,运用其中提到的工具实现系统资源利用率的统计程序,为做好unix系统管理和调优提供参考.