Response to Commentaries by Mitchell and by Butler

This paper is a response to a discussion of my work by Stephen Mitchell and Judith Butler. I treat number of issues raised by those writers. Chief among the issues raised by Mitchell are the status of drive theory and the interrelation of the intersubjective and the intrapsychic. I clarify that, although I do value the paradoxical tension between opposites in relation to many binaries, I do not aim to preserve Freud's instinct theory alongside current views of Object relations. However, I do believe that intersubjectivity theory should posit an inherent conflict in the mind that is not simply a reflection of Object relations, that is, experiences with outside others. Rather, the inherent difficulty in recognizing the other, and the attendant problems of splitting and destructiveness, are crucial aspects of intersubjective theory. Precisely for this reason I reject Butler's claim that my theory does not see destruction and breakdown as essential to the movement of recognition. I see my own intentions as closer to those expressed by Butler's own statements about the relation of destruction and recognition. However, the faith that the clinical endeavor can overcome destructiveness may be the real point of contention. Another important difference relates to the question of the triad and the third. I accept Butler's view that I emphasize the dyad over the triad and attempt to take up some of her questions about triadic relations and the nature of thirdness.     

Can Africa Reduce Poverty by Half by 2015?

This article uses simulations to explore the possibility of halving the number of people in Africa living in extreme poverty by 2015. It shows that initial levels of inequality and per capita consumption determine the cumulative growth and reductions in inequality required to achieve this target, and finds that on average Africa needs only a relatively modest annual rate of growth in per capita household consumption, if inequality remains unchanged. The trade‐off between the two varies greatly among countries, and their policy choices are thus quite different: in some cases small changes in income distribution can have a large effect on poverty, while in others a strong focus on growth is the only viable option.     

Research by children

This paper draws on an international literature to consider ways in which children work as researchers. Children's and teenagers' activities at various stages of research projects, their levels of participation, and their use of a range of research methods are described, with a review of some of the problems and advantages of children doing research.     

Childfree by Choice

In this article, the author blends research, queer theory, clinical material, and anecdotal evidence to explore the topic of voluntary childlessness—particularly for women—and the stigma associated with it. Her aim is fourfold: (a) to shine a brighter light on those who are childfree by choice—a population that, to date, has received inadequate attention in psychoanalysis; (b) to expose the stigmatization of a group that falls outside the margins of normativity in a society that is pronatalist (one that encourages increasing birthrates); (c) to propose a move away from rigid categories and, instead, consider childlessness within a queer context; and (d) to raise awareness among psychoanalysts and help bridge a gap in the literature.     

漂亮的诱惑

A recent post on Weibo （the Chinese equivalent of Twitter） caught the attention of countless netizens, and was especially popular with young Chinese. The post said that if netizens were asked to write down five characteristics of a male/female that would attract them to the person, the five characteristics would be： Being attractive, attractive, attractive, attractive and attractive. If netizens were also asked to write down five characteristics of a male/female that would make them feel uncomfortable, they would be： Being ugly, ugly, ugly, ugly and ugly.     

Decision-making by children

In this paper, we examine the determinants of decision-making power by children and young adolescents. Moving beyond previous economic models that treat children as goods consumed by adults, we develop a noncooperative model of parental control of child behavior and child resistance. Using child reports of decision-making and psychological and cognitive measures from the NLSY79 Child Supplement, we examine the determinants of shared and sole decision-making based on indices created from seven domains of child activity. We find that the determinants of sole decision-making by the child and shared decision-making with parents are quite distinct: sharing decisions appears to be a form of parental investment in child development rather than a simple stage in the transfer of authority. In addition, we find that indicators of child capabilities and preferences affect reports of decision-making authority in ways that suggest child demand for autonomy as well as parental discretion in determining these outcomes.

Philanthropy by Decree

This article investigates the relationship among nonprofit foundations’ choice of philanthropic strategy (expressive, receptive, proactive, and collaborative) and sound governance, as measured by board capital (competencies and networks), board processes (planning, control, evaluation, and so on), and chairman power (entrenchment and tenure). Using a sample of fifty‐one Italian foundations of banking origins, this article shows that high levels of board capital, complete board processes, and chairman long tenure are positively associated with proactive and collaborative philanthropic strategies.     

Disabled by Design

This paper describes and analyses the author's attempts to engage in a user-led design/research process. This was undertaken during an MA in Design Research for Disability. The first section of the study delineates the background and context of the process of inquiry. This involves examination of the common features within design participation and emancipatory research. The second section of the study uses six principles of emancipatory research, defined by Emma Stone and Mark Priestley (1996), as a framework for analysis of the author's own process of inquiry.     

Researching by Camera

Abstract

The History of Art and the History of Civilization: History of Art. By Elie Faure. Trans. by Walter Pach. Vols. II–IV. Harper and Brothers, New York, 1922–1924. 433, 401, 517 pp. $7.50 a vol.

The History of Art and the History of Civilization: History of Art. By H. B. Cotterill. F. A. Stokes Co., New York, 1923–24. 2 volumes. 442, 566 pp. $10.00.

The History of Art and the History of Civilization: The History of Art. By G. Carotti. E. P. Dutton &; Company, New York, 1923. 3 vols. 420, 375, 365 pp. $3.00 a vol.

The History of Art and the History of Civilization: Apollo. By S. Reinach. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York, 1924. 350 pp. $2.00.

The History of Art and the History of Civilization: The Outline of Art. Edited by Sir William Orpen. G. P. Putnam's Sons, New York, 1923–1924. 2 volumes. 231, 491 pp. $4.50 a vol.

The History of Art and the History of Civilization: A Primer of Modern Art. By Sheldon Cheney. Boni and Liveright, New York, 1924. 383 pp. $6.00.

The History of Art and the History of Civilization: Masters of Modern Art. By Walter Pach. B. W. Huebsch, New York, 1924. 118 pp. $3.50.

The History of Art and the History of Civilization: A History of Ornament, Renaissance and Modern. By T. D. F. Hamlin. Century Co., New York, 1925. 521 pp. $5.00.

The History of Art and the History of Civilization: The Nature, Practice and History of Art. By H. Van Buren Magonigle. Chas. Scribner's Sons, New York, 1924. 319 pp. $2.50.

The History of Art and the History of Civilization: The Appreciation of Art. By Eugen Neuhaus. Ginn and Company, Boston, 1924. 250 pp. $3.00.

Government: The Political Parties of Today. By Arthur N. Holeonhe. Harper and Brothers, 1924. viii, 399 pp. $3.00. Reviewed by: J. P. Watson, A. Gordon Dewey, George A. Lundberg

The American Kevolution and the Making of the Constitution: the Convtilution of the United States; an Historical Survey of its Formation. By Robert Livingston Schuyler. The Macmillan Company, New Yorlr, 1993. 211 pp. $1.50. Reviewed by: E. P. Tanner

The Colonial Baclcground of tha Arnarican Revolution. By Charles M. Andrews. Yale University Press, New Haven, 1924. x, 218 pp. $2.50. Reviewed by: Harry J. Carxan

Imperialism and World Politics: Syllabus on Intamational Relations. By Parker Thomas Moon. The Macmillan Co., New York, 1995. xix, 276 pp. $2.00. Reviewed by: A. C. Flick

Imperialism and World Politics: The Open Door Doctrina in Relation to China. By Mingchien Joshua Bau, Ph. D. Macmillan CO., New York, 1993. xxviii, 245 pp. $2.50. Reviewed by: E. B. Hewes

Imperialism and World Politics: Manchuria, Land of Opportunities. By the South Manchurian Railway Company. Rev. Ed. (New York, 1924. ix, 98 pp.)

Imperialism and World Politics: White and Black in East Africa. By Hermann Norden. F. R. G. (Small Maynard &; Company, Boston, 1924. 304 pp. $5.00.)

Miscellaneous: History of Western Europe, VoZ. I. By James Harvey Robinson. Ginn and Co., Boston, 1924. 531 pp. Reviewed by: A. C. Krey, Eugene N. Curts

Miscellaneous: Great Peoples of tha Ancient World. By Dorothy M. Vaughan, M. A. (Longmans, Green &; Co., London, 1925. x, 178 pp. $1.90.) Reviewed by: Margaret Bancroft     

Joint custody and co-parenting: not by law but by love

In recent years, joint custody and co-parenting of children after divorce or separation has received considerable attention. The authors advocate wider recognition of this option to sole custody and visitation, review pertinent legal and other literature, identify indications and contraindications, and briefly discuss the implications for social workers.     

Treatment of premenstrual disorders by suppression of ovulation by transdermal estrogens

The understanding of the cause and treatment of premenstrual disorders is confused but it is essentially the result of cyclical ovarian activity, usually ovulation, and an effective treatment should be by suppressing ovulation. This can be done by an oral contraceptive but as these women are progestogen intolerant the symptoms may persist becoming constant rather than cyclical. Alternatively, transdermal estradiol by patch, gel or implant effectively removes the cyclical hormonal changes, which produce the cyclical symptoms. A shortened seven-day course of a progestogen is required each month for endometrial protection but it can reproduce premenstrual syndrome-type symptoms in these women. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone with 'add-back' is effective in the short term. Laparoscopic hysterectomy and bilateral oophorectomy with adequate replacement of estrogen and testosterone should be considered in the severe cases with progestogenic side-effects.     

Brief Therapy by Letter

The author responds to a client's rejection of him, not by blaming himself, but by trying a different approach. So, he keeps in touch with her by letter.