Women's rights and the Constitution

The revitalization of the Feminist Movement in the late 20th century led to the abandonment of most overt male bias in constitutional law. The Supreme Court replaced its old doctrines that accepted gender discrimination virtually without scrutiny with a rule that gender-based classification must bear a substantial relationship to an important purpose. The limited right to abortion recognized in Roe v. Wade [Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 413 (1973)] has survived 30 years of persistent efforts to negate it. Nevertheless, male bias remains entrenched in American law. Although law is no longer an exclusively male activity, legal rules originated in men's viewpoints and experiences. Examples of this kind of male bias include a concept of self-defense that does not fit the experience of domestic violence victims and child custody rulings that ignore the mother's role as primary caregiver. Unfortunately, constitutional doctrine remains impervious to this type of bias.     

论题学的法律方法论意义

作为法律方法的一种,论题学方法虽然长期受到忽略,但这种研究在20世纪后半期得以回归。论题学法律方法是在具体个案场合,经过讨论或论辩,给出论据,解决法律问题,并由此成为当今法律论证方法中的一种。虽然存在一定的局限性,但论题学方法对我国法学与法治均有重要启示意义。

Abstract：

As a kind of legal method,the method of propositional study has been neglected for a long time,while this study revives in the later half of the 20th century.This method can be defined as to present arguments through debate to solve legal problems in concrete cases,and thus the method has been a kind of method in legal argument.Although there still exists some defects,it has important significance to legal theory and rule by law in China.     

Exploring school rampage shootings: Research,theory, and policy

This paper examines US school rampage shootings, focusing on the period from the late 20th century to the present. School rampage shootings are thought to be distinct from other forms of violence because of the relatively safe rural setting in which most of these events occur, the lack of specified individual targets, and the number of deaths involved. While this type of violence seems to have spiked in the mid-1990s, school violence in general and school shootings in particular have occurred throughout the history of formal education. Research shows that certain elements of school rampage shootings are unique, while others do not distinguish them from more common forms of violence. For the most part, theory development is still nascent, with the most advanced explanations relying on psychological factors. Finally, interventions have generally been guided by situational crime prevention rather than theories about why violence occurs in school. This paper argues that more research is needed before firm policy conclusions can be made.     

法律意义标志的诠释学审查

法律是人类通过规则所构筑的意义体系。然而 ,当人们对法律意义进行诠释时 ,所得出的法律意义每每大相径庭。这反映了在法律意义的理解上 ,“只要有理解 ,理解便会不同”的道理。那么 ,如何寻求法律的意义 :有人主张通过追问法律的合法性寻求其意义 ;有人主张通过品读立法者意志寻求其意义 ;有人主张法律的意义就在于法律的文本 ;还有人主张法律的意义在于人们通过对法律的对话而形成关于法律共识。文章站在诠释学的立场上 ,对如上法律的意义标志作了学理解说 ,以证成法律意义标志多元的诠释学理由     

The effects of demographics, residence and socioeconomic status on the distribution of 19th century Mexican biological living conditions

The use of height data to measure living standards is now a well-established method in economics and the social sciences. However, there are still some populations, places, and times for which anthropometric evidence remains thin. One example is 19th century Mexicans born in Mexico and in the American West. This paper demonstrates that the statures of 19th century Mexicans born in Mexico remained approximately constant, while the statures of Mexicans born in the U.S. increased by nearly 4 cm, indicating that although the two groups shared a common genetic background, their cumulative biological living conditions differed markedly. The BMIs of Mexicans born in Mexico remained constant, and the BMIs of Mexicans born in the U.S. were high initially but rapidly converged in the late 19th century.     

母权神话：“知母不知父”的西方谱系（上）

本文是《“知母不知父”的西方谱系》的上半部分,勾勒了19世纪后半期西方人类学界几位主要的母权论者和母系论者的思想。文章从梅因和库朗热对父权论的讨论开始,考察了麦克伦南、摩尔根和恩格斯对母权社会的讨论,指出,人类学界的母权论是针对古典学界的父权论发出的,并且都将母权时代当作更接近自然但也更原始的阶段,把父权社会当作更文明但也更不平等的历史阶段。     

Between‐ and within‐person predictors of children’s information management following rule violations

The purpose of this study was to better understand both why some children disclose more about their misbehavior to their parents than do other children, as well as why a child discloses to parents about misbehavior in some situations but not in others. Analyses test parental warmth, children's beliefs regarding the legitimacy of parental authority and their own obligation to disclose misbehavior, and parent's responses to children's disclosure of disagreement with parents’ rules and children's misbehavior as predictors of both between‐person and within‐person variations in disclosing and revealing forms of information management. Parent‐child dyads (n = 218) were interviewed during the summers following the child's 5th (M age = 11.9 years) and 6th grade school years. Feeling obligated to disclose rule violations and believing that parents have legitimate authority to impose rules across more topics explained why some children reveal more and conceal less from parents than do other children. Children were more likely to conceal information about the specific topics for which they felt less obligated to disclose rule violations and following rule violations in areas in which their parents previously punished rule violations.     

试评19世纪中国法律思潮

文章着重探讨19世纪中国有代表性的法律思潮产生的背景、各自特点及其历史地位，认为19世纪中国各种法律思潮尽管冲突迭见，但更多是把法律制度作为政治制度的一部分来说明各自的政治立场，而忽视了对普通民众法律观念的更新和培养，没有充分认识到这对新的政治制度的建立和巩固所能起到的巨大支撑作用。     

论行政立法的公众参与机制

行政立法是19世纪以来西方国家为适应社会需要而发展起来的行政主体立法制度,为有效控制行政立法,美国确立了较完善的行政立法公众参与制度。目前,中国行政立法大量激增,但公众参与制度尚未真正建立起来,行政立法中公众参与的缺失产生了许多负面影响,因而有必要建立和完善我国行政立法的公众参与机制。行政立法公众参与机制应遵循行政立法主体主导、公众参与有效、可行、适当超前的原则。在具体制度建构上应赋予公众立法动议权,立法草案一般应经过通告、评议法定程序,立法案正式表决前可交付一定范围内公众先行表决以供立法主体参考,立法过程中公众参与情况应于立法案通过后予以公布。     

论大陆架界限委员会建议的性质与效力——兼评中国东海部分海域大陆架划界案

大陆架界限委员会的建议对沿海国划定200海里外大陆架外部界限具有重要影响,但各国对委员会建议的性质与效力存在争议。从法律性质角度看,委员会建议不仅仅是"建议性"的,而是一种国际法上的法律行为,能够引起法律后果,产生法律效力,约束提案国和《联合国海洋法公约》其他缔约国,甚至可能形成习惯法,对非缔约国产生约束力。委员会建议的提出和其效力的产生,还可能受划界争议等例外因素的影响。中国提交东海划界案,一方面在国际法上具有一定的意义,另一方面由于存在划界争议难以从委员会审议中获得有力支持,因此其效果不可高估。     

法律规范与法律规则--凯尔森与哈特的法律概念之比较

凯尔森和哈特对法律的概念有不同理解,凯尔森将规范作为法律的上位概念,而哈特则将规则作为法律的上位概念,法律规范和法律规则分别是他们认识法律的基本概念。凯尔森通过规范的观念强调了法律作为一个独立的逻辑体系的存在,奠定了法律科学独立的基础;哈特则通过规则的观念强调了法律同现实生活的密切联系,使法哲学在西方学术界重新恢复了活力。通过法律规范和法律规则的概念分析,对两位分析法学名家的理论可以有进一步的理解。     

生命保护的比较法研究——以存活引产婴儿生命权为中心

近代以来,随着国际社会对生命问题的逐渐关注与重视,诞生了一系列的国际公约和区域性法律文件,各国政府亦通过立法等措施加强对生命权的保障。然而,引产婴儿在火葬场"复活"而后在医院"致死"现象的出现,仍然显示出当今世界生命的法律保护是非常薄弱的。从法理上来看,各国法制及国际法在生命保护方面存在许多问题。因此,本文认为,生命保护首先应当树立尊重生命的人道主义原则,其次则是需要设计一个系统的法律工程。     

The destruction of liberty in French Guiana: law,identity and the meaning of legal space, 1794–1830

Abstract

This article examines the colonial legal culture of French Guiana from 1794 to 1830 during a period marked by dramatic historical rupture; slaves in the colony who were liberated by decree of the French legislature in 1794 were returned to slavery under Napoleon. People who managed to remain free in the nineteenth century endured humiliating legal handicaps as well as challenges to their free status. In Guiana during this period, a person's access to the ‘rights of man and citizen’ depended on intricate and ultimately fragile legal structures. The perils besetting Guiana's freed people during and after the French Revolution often arose from the highly adjustable character of legal space – the legal status of imperial territory in relation to domestic soil. This article draws on archival materials including notarial documents and trial records to reconstruct the role of law and legal discourse in mediating everyday life, familial relationships and social encounters on the French colonial frontier.     

Stakeholder behavior and legislative influence: A case study of recreational water rights in Colorado

Colorado water law is based on 150 years of legal, constitutional, and administrative precedent. Much of this precedent encourages traditional consumptive uses of water and impedes non-consumptive uses. Throughout Colorado’s history, the water law system has evolved to include new codified uses of water. This paper analyzes the behavior of stakeholder groups that drove legislative changes in the Colorado General Assembly in the most recent example of this evolution—the inclusion of non-consumptive recreational in-channel water rights as a codified use of water. Using a qualitative case study research method, this study finds that collaboration among formerly disenfranchised stakeholders explains their legislative success despite the lesser degree of influence these groups have over water rights in Colorado.     

日常生活的法律性——法律思维与日常思维的关系

在哲学解释学兴起以后,法学家已开始将独断解释与探究解释的方法结合起来使用,思维的融贯性被抬到很高的位置,传统的解释理论已被论证理论所取代。但从法律思维的主流倾向看,法律思维仍然表现为在不背离法治原则的前提下对法律灵活运用。解释学的转向并没有从根本上摆脱根据法律进行思维的模式。这构成了日常思维与法律思维的根本区别。日常思维与法律思维的界限并不是恒定的,在法治社会中二者是相互影响并不断变化的,但这种变换主要是通过提升日常生活的法律性来实现的。     

历史决定论：历史的考察和现状的分析

历史运动的规律性、目的性和选择性及其关系 ,历来是历史哲学关注的中心和争论的焦点 ,而问题的实质仍是如何看待历史决定论尤其是马克思主义历史决定论。从历史上看 ,历史决定论在近代历史哲学中占据统治地位 ,而反历史决定论观念则是现代历史哲学中的主导思潮 ;就逻辑而言 ,如何看待历史决定论问题体现为如何把握历史规律与人的活动的关系 ,历史运动的合规律性与合目的性的关系 ,历史发展的决定性与选择性的关系 ,历史本身的客观性与历史认识的主观性、相对性的关系等一系列问题。历史决定论与反历史决定论的论战是 2 0世纪哲学研究中最困难、最有争议同时又最富有内容的问题之一。因此 ,弄清这一问题的由来 ,把握这一问题的现状及其问题之所在 ,是一个重要的哲学课题     

Home sweet home? Professionals' understanding of ‘home’ within residential care for unaccompanied youths in Sweden

The number of unaccompanied minors arriving in Sweden continues to rise. The majority are placed in residential care units. This qualitative study aims to increase the understanding given by the professionals to the concept of ‘home’ within the framework of residential care for unaccompanied young people. Data are based on participatory observations at two residential care units, followed up by individual interviews with staff. The findings confirm that the concept of home has a complex meaning involving both objective aspects such as physical buildings, and more subjective components that can be seen as state of mind. The staff's desire to offer an ‘ordinary home’ fails because of the surveillance, their dominant positions and especially due to the legal restrictions that were not initially meant for this target group. Unaccompanied young people have to be considered based on their own specific needs in order to make it possible for society to offer the most suitable care.     

英国圈地运动中的法律规制

在16-19世纪的圈地运动中,英国没有出现大的社会动乱和经济危机,主要是因为国家法律和地方法令及其机构逐步介入,一方面对尚拥有土地和土地权利的农民采取一定的安抚和保护措施,另一方面给予圈地中的失地农民和其他流民一系列济贫救助.圈地的方式也由开始的协议转由国家一般法令调整,整体上是个逐步纳入法律规整的过程,因而避免了大的社会动乱,巩固了资产阶级的统治.     

The regulatory challenge of occupational safety and health in the online platform economy

The online platform economy raises a range of intricate legal questions connected to labour law and social security protection. In particular, the atypical forms of labour relationships used by many online platforms (e.g. multilateral, hyper‐temporary, off‐site, autonomous), often contractually defined as independent contracting, have challenged the application of labour and occupational health and safety law in many countries across the world, as the application of these norms tends to be dependent on the existence of an “employment relationship”. These developments are compounding the general increase in atypical employment, especially as a result of the 2007–08 financial and economic crisis. It has mostly fallen to courts to resolve the disputes between online platforms and their online platform workers, but some European Union (EU) Member States (such as France) have taken specific legal measures in response to these difficulties. Also, the EU‐level as such is becoming increasingly involved, with the Court of Justice’s ruling in the case of Uber providing some guidance on the “employment question”, and a pending legislative initiative on a Directive for Transparent and Predictable Working Conditions which may provide minimum labour protection for online platform workers in the EU. This article analyzes the problem of labour law in the online platform economy and surveys the various responses by courts and policy‐makers across the EU, which may furthermore set the tone for developments outside the EU in this area.     

19世纪60-80年代俄国境内朝鲜移民法律地位形成的中朝因素探析

19世纪60-80年代,随着俄国积极吸引劳动力开发远东政策的推行,朝鲜移民数量逐年增加,其法律地位亟待确立.在19世纪下半叶东北亚各国利益角逐与权力制衡的背景下,俄国朝鲜移民的法律地位问题不仅关乎俄国自身大计,更牵涉了中朝利益.通过对解密的俄罗斯帝国对外政策档案及相关原始资料的分析,我们认为,中朝两国对俄国积极安置朝鲜移民政策进行了全力抵制,不仅影响了俄国境内朝鲜移民法律地位的形成,还阻止了俄国东北亚战略计划的实施.在中朝两国的反对下,俄国仅部分地确立了其境内朝鲜移民的合法地位,这大大限制了俄国远东地区的朝鲜劳动力数量,破坏了俄国利用朝鲜移民开发远东,并以此为契机渗入朝鲜、角逐东北亚的战略计划.