家庭对流动儿童择校的影响研究

通过对"2010年北京市儿童发展状况调查"数据的分析,把流动儿童就读的学校划分为三种类型,即打工子弟学校、流动儿童多的公立学校和流动儿童少的公立学校,这三类学校接收的流动儿童大体上对应于不同的流动人口阶层,依此为参照,分布在不同类型学校中的流动人口家庭的社会经济水平、社会网络质量、独生子女比例、家庭教育期望和条件等呈现出逐级递增的趋势。在流动儿童少的公立学校中,无论学习成绩还是家庭状况,流动儿童和户籍儿童均无显著差异。     

Causal Effects of Single-Sex Schools on College Entrance Exams and College Attendance: Random Assignment in Seoul High Schools

Despite the voluminous literature on the potentials of single-sex schools, there is no consensus on the effects of single-sex schools because of student selection of school types. We exploit a unique feature of schooling in Seoul—the random assignment of students into single-sex versus coeducational high schools—to assess causal effects of single-sex schools on college entrance exam scores and college attendance. Our validation of the random assignment shows comparable socioeconomic backgrounds and prior academic achievement of students attending single-sex schools and coeducational schools, which increases the credibility of our causal estimates of single-sex school effects. The three-level hierarchical model shows that attending all-boys schools or all-girls schools, rather than coeducational schools, is significantly associated with higher average scores on Korean and English test scores. Applying the school district fixed-effects models, we find that single-sex schools produce a higher percentage of graduates who attended four-year colleges and a lower percentage of graduates who attended two-year junior colleges than do coeducational schools. The positive effects of single-sex schools remain substantial, even after we take into account various school-level variables, such as teacher quality, the student-teacher ratio, the proportion of students receiving lunch support, and whether the schools are public or private.     

Changing Patterns of the Floating Population in China, 2000–2010

Using data from the 2000 and 2010 Chinese population censuses and applying a consistent definition of migration, we examine changing patterns of China's floating population during 2000–2010. During the first decade of the twenty‐first century, there have been significant changes in China's floating population, as reflected in a continuing growth of interprovincial floating population and the growth of the floating population in China's western and interior regions, geographic diversification of destinations for the floating population, a major increase in interprovincial return migration, and significant improvement in education and occupational profiles among the floating population. We argue that these patterns are driven by domestic and international factors, including the newly released Labor Law, removal of agricultural tax, the western China development program, increased investment in education by the Chinese government, and the global financial crisis. We also discuss several challenges facing the floating population, which include limited educational opportunity for migrant children and inadequate housing and social welfare protection for the floating population.     

流动儿童心理状况及讨论

本文运用在北京市某区进行的小样本抽样调查数据,比较分析了分别就读于流动儿童学校和公立学校的流动儿童的心理状况,并从流动儿童的个人特征和家庭特征两个方面讨论了影响流动儿童心理状况的原因。结果表明,流动儿童学校中的流动儿童的心理状况相对较好,因此,从儿童发展的角度来看,流动儿童学校的存在不仅是合理的,而且有关部门应该对当前处于自由发展、自由竞争中的流动儿童学校给予某种指导与帮助,以期能够为流动儿童的健康成长、更好地学习与发展提供某种政策支持。同时,更应该注意到本地常住儿童的心理状况相对较差的事实,这可以被视为当前鼓励流动儿童以公立学校就读为主的受教育政策的负面效应之一。公立学校应该从三个方面采取措施防止这种状况的扩大。当然,流动儿童的心理评价及各种影响后果的研究仍然有待于深入的讨论。     

Is Local Financial Health Associated with Citizens’ Quality of Life?

Few studies have analysed the results of public management in terms of social welfare. However, the financial health of local governments is in decline, which means that they are no longer able to provide public services that require financial obligations. This generally results in a reduction in the quality/quantity of public services provided by local governments, thus affecting citizens’ quality of life, since the most important welfare needs are usually related to public services. This study is an original approach to understanding the importance of the financial health of local governments in relation to social welfare. We selected a sample composed of 76 Spanish cities for the period 2008–2010. The results show that citizens who live in municipalities with good financial health have a higher quality of life than others. In general, citizens from municipalities governed by right-wing parties with low political competition tend to have higher levels of quality of life.     

Social multipliers in sexual initiation decisions among U.S. high school students

In this article, I use a national sample of high school students to test for several types of social influences on the decision to have sexual intercourse. I find evidence of endogenous social interactions (social multipliers), where the propensity of an individual choosing to have sex varies with the average behavior in his or her school. Additionally, the magnitude of the social multipliers and several other interesting risk factors differ by gender and by race. These findings might help explain the large variation in sexual initiation across schools in the United States. These results also add to the debate over school vouchers and ability grouping because social multipliers imply changes in school-wide rates of sexual behavior with moderate changes in school-body composition. In this way, school vouchers and ability grouping might exacerbate the situation of high rates of teenage pregnancy and out-of-wedlock births in some communities. To show the potential benefits and costs of public policies that cause students to change schools, I present the results of several simulation exercises that predict the school-level changes in rates of sexual initiation following changes in school composition.     

Diversity and change in the institutional context of immigrant adaptation: California schools 1985-2000

This article brings attention to a structural dimensions of the schooling context that may affect the incorporation of immigrant youths. Using administrative data about students in California public schools, we found that Spanish-speaking, limited English-proficient (LEP) children have become increasingly more likely to attend schools with low-income, minority, and LEP students than other non-LEP and LEP groups. Nearly all the change in school composition can be attributed to statewide shifts in the composition of the school-aged population. But compositional changes have disproportionately occurred in schools attended by Spanish-speaking LEP students as a result of district-level patterns of segregation by income, race/ethnicity, and language.     

流动儿童的心理状况与发展——基于“流动儿童发展状况跟踪调查”的数据分析

文章利用2006年以来在北京市某区开展的三轮流动儿童发展状况跟踪调查的数据,描述了总样本和跟踪样本的心理状况及其发展过程,并予以简单讨论。结论认为:尽管本地儿童、公立流动儿童和流动儿童在三轮调查中一致性地表现出改善的趋势,但是公立流动与流动儿童的孤独感和抑郁感始终强于本地儿童;公立流动儿童与本地常住儿童有着相同的心理状况及其发展轨迹;流动儿童不仅具有不同的发展过程,而且归因于社会不公的流动儿童的抑郁感并没有得到明显的改善;这两个方面尤其应该引起广泛而足够的重视。     

Post-high school choices: New evidence from a multinomial logit model

A multinomial logit model is estimated to investigate the destination of students one-year after graduating from high school. The appropriate specification of the choice set available to high school leavers is as follows: private four-year college, public four-year college, private two-year college, public two-year college, employed and unemployed. We test for several possible combinations of these choices and find that these pooled models are all rejected in favour of the full model. The transition from high school to college and to work is more complex than previous studies have recognised. Received: 12 July 2002/Accepted: 2 November 2002 All correspondence to Jim Taylor. The authors are grateful to Steve Bradley and an anonymous referee for valuable comments on a previous draft of this paper. We alone are responsible for the errors and omissions. Anh Nguyen is grateful to the ESRC for providing financial support. Responsible editor: Daniel S. Hamermesh.     

Young Generations' Activism in Italy: Comparing Political Engagement and Participation of Native Youths and Youths from a Migrant Background

Focusing on individuals aged 14–35 still living with their family of origin, we compare the political activism of Italian natives with their first and second-generation migrant peers. We based our analysis on two different national household surveys, carried out by the Italian National Institute of Statistics (ISTAT) in 2011–2012: the survey 'Condizione e integrazione sociale dei cittadini stranieri' [Condition and Social Integration of Foreign Citizens] and 'Aspetti della vita quotidiana' [Multipurpose Survey on the Aspects of Everyday Life]. Our results revealed that natives are more likely to be involved in politics compared to their migrant peers. However, the migrant background is not a factor negatively affecting youth participation or involvement in politics in itself. The gap with native is fully explained by differences in socio-economic background and family political socialisation. When these aspects are controlled, data suggest that no differences exist in participation to most time-consuming acts (such as taking part in political meetings, demonstrations, participation in a political association, etc.). More of it, young people with migrant backgrounds are more likely to be engaged in activities that reflect a general interest in politics, such as discussing politics, seeking information on Italian politics, and listening to political debates, compared to their native counterparts.

     

农民工“进城落户”意愿与中国近期城镇化道路的选择

文章通过对2010年全国性调查数据的统计分析发现:(1)绝大多数农民工不愿意转变为非农户口;如果要求其交回承包地,则只有10%左右愿意转为非农户口。(2)为了孩子的教育与升学是少数农民工愿意转户的主要原因。(3)想保留承包地是大多数农民工不愿转户的主要原因。(4)在转为非农户口这一问题上,80前与80后农民工不存在显著区别。由此作者认为,推进城镇化的优选之路是常住化城镇化而非户籍化城镇化;要在不强迫改变农民土地权属的前提下将农民工转变为城市新市民;应给予进城的80前与80后同等重要的政策关注。深层城镇化的政策配置重点,应是基本公共服务与福利配置的均等化,而不是强化户籍的制度区隔功能。     

The Role of Catchment Areas on School Segregation by Economic,Social and Cultural Characteristics

This research analyses the socioeconomic and cultural segregation of students across school catchment areas using census data for the students in their second year of secondary education in Andalusia (the most populated region in Spain). The main methodology used is the Mutual Information Index, which satisfies all the desirable properties for measuring segregation. Concretely, we draw upon the additive decomposability property, which decomposes the segregation of students across schools into the different levels in which schools can be grouped, that is, catchment areas and, within catchment areas, by source of funding (public and semiprivate schools). We found that school segregation is greater than catchment areas’ segregation. Additionally, statistically significant correlations are found between the level of segregation within the catchment areas and factors such as size of the catchment area, parental level of education and size of the municipality where the school is located.

     

Circular migration, small-scale logging, and household livelihoods in Uganda

Little is known about the contribution of migrant logging to rural livelihoods in East Africa. In this paper, we analyze logging by circular migrants in land constrained and population dense southwestern Uganda. Drawing on a sample of 180 households, including both migrant and non-migrant households, we describe the demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of migrant loggers, estimate the contribution of migrant logging to household income portfolios, test several hypotheses regarding why households decide to undertake this relatively risky activity, and explore the role of social networks as a determinant of higher incomes for migrant loggers. We find that household endowments of land, labor, and capital are different for migrant logger and comparison group households. Above all, labor endowments appear to be driving decisions to participate in logging. We find support for two migration hypotheses: higher expected incomes and wages at destination; and relative deprivation at origin. We find strong evidence that migrant logging reduces income inequality in the home community.     

城市化进程中移民贫困问题与财政压力估算

本文依据中央和地方政府部门的统计数据和人口迁移的福利磁力理论,对广东省范围内所可能产生的移民贫困和财政压力问题进行了估算。估算结果表明:部分地区由于区域隔离机制放开、贫困移民增多所加重的财政压力,尽管可以通过中央财政的转移支付予以解决,但这项政策安排的巨大财政成本,使它在现阶段并不具备足够的可行性。     

金融危机对我国劳动力就业的影响

现阶段,由美国次贷危机引发的金融危机席卷全球,在全球经济一体化背景下,我国自然无法置身事外。金融危机对我国的影响表现在方方面面,其中对劳动力就业的冲击是最重要的问题之一。在现阶段的就业问题中,大学生就业和农民工返乡成为最为重要的两个方面。要应对金融危机对我国劳动力就业的影响,缓解就业压力,需要中央、地方政府、企业和个人的密切配合,从多方面入手寻求解决问题的根本途径。     

The impact of high-stakes school admission exams on study achievements: quasi-experimental evidence from Slovakia

We explore whether and to what extent the presence of high-stakes admission exams to selective schools affects student achievement, presumably through more intensive study effort. Our identification strategy exploits a quasi-experimental feature of a reform in Slovakia that shifted the school grade during which high-stakes exams are taken by 1 year. This reform enables us to compare students at the moment when they pass these exams with students in the same grade 1 year ahead of the exams. Using data from the low-stakes international TIMSS skills survey and employing difference-in-difference methodology, we find that the occurrence of high-stakes admission exams increased 10-year-old students’ math test scores by 0.2 standard deviations, on average. This effect additionally accrues by around 0.05 standard deviations among students with the highest probability of being admitted to selective schools. Although we find similar effects for both genders, there are indications that high-stakes exams in more competitive environments affect girls more than boys.     

社会支持与精神健康——基于广东六市新生代农民工的实证调查

近年来一些社会突发事件如富士康骇人听闻的十几连跳自杀事件和外来务工青年（多为新生代农民工）的犯罪问题等,使新生代农民工的精神健康问题备受关注。本研究对广东省新生代农民工最为集中的六个城市进行实证调研后发现,新生代农民工的总体精神健康状况良好,但是他们对当前生活的满意度较低,在自我价值预期和现实生活需求中存在着明显的心理落差。此外,在将社会支持分解为教育支持、经济支持、社会网络支持、媒体舆论支持和政策性支持五个指标对新生代农民工的精神健康状况进行检验分析后发现,不同的社会支持方式对他们的精神健康影响程度、影响效果存在一定差异。     

Seasonal migration of rural labor in India

The impact of seasonal migration has been overlooked by students of migration. A unique data set collected in Dungarpur – one of the less developed districts of India – allows us to closely examine both the determinants and impact of seasonal migration. Detailed information was gathered from all members of 624 households, thus enabling analyses at both individual and household levels. The findings indicate that seasonal migration among rural laborers is wide-spread. Rural households in India use migrant labor offered by their members to improve their well-being by both reducing the impacts of inferior conditions and by raising household's income levels. Migrant labor is a compensating mechanism used by households to reduce their disadvantageous position. Migrant households are characterized by lower education levels, lower levels of income from agriculture, and by an inferior geographical location. However, those households sending migrant labor are found to have higher income levels than those not sending migrant labor. Income from migrant labor accounts for almost 60% of total annual income of households sending at least one migrant laborer. Such findings are in accordance with explanations derived from the `new economics of migration'. We can thus learn that migration-related decisions should not evaluated only on the basis of utility maximization of individual migrants, but also on the basis of risk reducing by households.     

The influence of catholic schools on the desegregation of public school systems: A case study of white flight in Boston

White flight from public school desegregation can result in educational and residential resegregation which defeat the purpose of desegregation programs. One form of white flight is pupil transfer to private schools, which in major metropolitan areas are predominantly Catholic schools. Unlike residential relocation, transfers to Catholic schools do not effect an increase in residential segregation and they constitute a potentially less permanent loss to the public system than that caused by relocation. Nevertheless, empty seats in area Catholic schools pose a threat to the success of any desegregation program. For the Catholic diocese, the white flight issue creates a complex conflict of interests, involving institutional self-interest and competing claims to moral principles and Church teachings.A case study of Boston indicates that approximately 2,000 students transferred to Catholic schools from the public system, accounting for over 20 percent of white pupil loss to the public system. This occurred despite diocesan policies designed to prevent white flight to Catholic schools. An analysis of political and institutional constraints on policy development and implementation provides a basis for predicting Church response to future desegregation programs in other locations. Suggestions for diocesan programs designed to address desegregation issues are included.This research was conducted as part of a national study of public school desegregation directed by Karl E. Taeuber. Funding was provided by the Institute for Research on Poverty and the Wisconsin Center for Educational Research, both at the University of Wisconsin at Madison. I wish to thank Dr. Taeuber for facilitating this particular study and for helpful comments on an earlier draft. I also wish to acknowledge the valuable assistance of Mary J. McDonald and Roger Hedge of the Massachusetts Department of Education and Rev. Eugene Sullivan, Superintendent of Schools of the Archdiocese of Boston. Conclusions and interpretations presented here are the sole responsibility of the author.     

大城市外来人口迁移行为影响因素分析

利用2008年四大城市的外来人口问卷调查资料,运用多层次Logit模型分析影响大城市外来人口迁移行为的个体因素和迁入地因素。研究发现,外来人口的迁移行为发生较大的变化,城城迁移所占比重的上升导致性别、婚姻状况以及户口类型等因素对迁移概率的影响并不显著,迁移更多地表现为以家庭为单位;由于外来人口在就业和工资收入上受到不同程度的歧视,加之迁入地产业结构调整升级,就业岗位的增加对外来人口的吸引力有所下降,并且其预期收入水平与城市居民平均收入水平相脱离;城市平均工资增长率的提高对非正规部门劳动力产生了挤出效应,减小了潜在迁移者的迁移概率。