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1.
Left behind: intergenerational transmission of human capital in the midst of HIV/AIDS 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
This paper provides evidence on how adverse health conditions affect the transfer of human capital from one generation to the next. We explore the differential exposure to HIV/AIDS epidemic in sub-Saharan Africa as a substantial health shock to both household and community environment. We utilize the recent rounds of the Demographic and Health Surveys for 11 countries in sub-Saharan Africa. First, we find that an additional year of maternal education leads to a 0.37-year increase in children’s years of schooling in the developing economies in sub-Saharan Africa. Second, our results show that mother’s HIV status has substantial detrimental effects on inheritability of human capital. We find that the association between infected mothers’ and their children’s human capital is 30 % less than the general population. Finally, focusing only on noninfected mothers and their children, we show that HIV prevalence in the community also impairs the intergenerational human capital transfers even if mother is HIV negative. The findings of this paper are particularly distressing for these already poor, HIV-torn countries as in the future they will have even lower overall level of human capital due to the epidemic. 相似文献
2.
We use information on second-generation migrants to study the existence of a cultural component on the formation process of noncognitive skills and its effect on education and employment outcomes. Our measures of noncognitive skills include: personality traits that children are encouraged to learn at home and inherited civic capital. Individuals whose cultural heritage places a relatively higher value to independence and, in comparison, a relative lower value on child qualities positively associated with the conscientiousness personality factor, i.e. hard work and thrift, report lower education, worse occupational status and lower wages on average. Individuals with a higher inherited civic capital declare a higher educational level, but we find no effect of inherited civic capital on adult labor market outcomes. 相似文献
3.
Nicholas H. Wolfinger 《Demography》1999,36(3):415-420
I use data from the 1973-1996 NORC General Social Survey to examine trends in the intergenerational transmission of divorce, the propensity for the children of divorce to end their own marriages. The rate of divorce transmission declined by almost 50% in the study period. This result was essentially unchanged by statistical controls for various personal and family background differences between respondents. 相似文献
4.
Previous studies on trends in the intergenerational transmission of divorce have produced mixed findings, with two studies (McLanahan and Bumpass 1988; Teachman 2002) reporting no trend in divorce transmission and one study (Wolfinger 1999) finding that divorce transmission has weakened substantially. Using a stratified Cox proportional hazard model, we analyze data from the National Survey of Families and Households and find no evidence for any trend in divorce transmission. To reconcile apparent differences in results, we note that the General Social Survey data used by Wolfinger lack information on marital duration, permitting analysis only for whether respondents have divorced by interview. As a result, an apparent decline in divorce transmission could be due to inadequate adjustments for the longer exposures to risk by earlier marriage cohorts, yielding a higher probability of divorce by interview for earlier cohorts relative to more recent cohorts even if divorce risks are identical across all marriage cohorts. We confirm this possibility by using a series of discrete-time hazard logistic regressions to investigate the sensitivity of estimates of trends in divorce transmission to different adjustments for exposure to risk. We conclude that there has been no trend in the intergenerational transmission of divorce. 相似文献
5.
We used data on women's first marriages from the Fertility and Family Surveys to analyse the intergenerational transmission of divorce across 18 countries and to seek explanations in macro-level characteristics for the cross-national variation. Our results show that women whose parents divorced have a significantly higher risk of divorce in 17 countries. There is some cross-national variation. When compared with the USA, the association is stronger in six countries. This variation is negatively associated with the proportion of women in each cohort who experienced the divorce of their parents and with the national level of women's participation in the labour force during childhood. We conclude that differences in the contexts in which children of divorce learn marital and interpersonal behaviour affect the strength of the intergenerational transmission of divorce. 相似文献
6.
We used data on women's first marriages from the Fertility and Family Surveys to analyse the intergenerational transmission of divorce across 18 countries and to seek explanations in macro-level characteristics for the cross-national variation. Our results show that women whose parents divorced have a significantly higher risk of divorce in 17 countries. There is some cross-national variation. When compared with the USA, the association is stronger in six countries. This variation is negatively associated with the proportion of women in each cohort who experienced the divorce of their parents and with the national level of women's participation in the labour force during childhood. We conclude that differences in the contexts in which children of divorce learn marital and interpersonal behaviour affect the strength of the intergenerational transmission of divorce. 相似文献
7.
Chiara Pronzato 《Journal of population economics》2012,25(2):591-608
More educated parents are observed to have better educated children. However, previous research has found conflicting results
regarding the role of fathers and mothers: in most cases, a strong positive paternal effect was found with a negligible maternal
effect; in fewer cases, opposite results were found. In this paper, I use a sample of Norwegian twins to evaluate the impact
of sample size and sample selection on the estimates’ robustness: results concerning the effect of mother’s education are
very sensitive to the sample size, while the selection of the sample seems to be a key to reconciling previous results. 相似文献
8.
Do smart parents raise smart children? The intergenerational transmission of cognitive abilities 总被引:4,自引:4,他引:0
Complementing prior research on income and educational mobility, we examine the intergenerational transmission of cognitive
abilities. We find that individuals’ cognitive skills are positively related to their parents’ abilities, despite controlling
for educational attainment and family background. Differentiating between mothers’ and fathers’ IQ transmission, we find different
effects on the cognition of sons and daughters. Cognitive skills that are based on past learning are more strongly transmitted
between generations than skills that are related to innate abilities. Our findings are not compatible with a pure genetic
model but rather point to the importance of parental investments for children’s cognitive outcomes. 相似文献
9.
西方人力资本理论对我国经济增长的启示 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
西方人力资本理论是发展经济学的一个最有代表性的成果。理论和实践都证明了在一国的经济增长和发展中人力资本是最重要的推动因素 ,是人力资本的缺乏而不是物质资本的缺乏阻碍了贫国赶上富国的进程。只有建立在人力资本增长基础上的经济增长才是有保证的经济增长。 相似文献
10.
Kindergarten oral language skill: A key variable in the intergenerational transmission of socioeconomic status 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Rachel E. Durham George Farkas Carol Scheffner Hammer J. Bruce Tomblin Hugh W. Catts 《Research in social stratification and mobility》2007,25(4):294-305
In this paper we test whether oral language development during the preschool years helps explain the positive relationship between family socioeconomic status (SES) and children's elementary school performance. In particular, we test for the portion of the SES effect on 2nd to 4th grade reading, 3rd to 4th grade mathematics, and overall teacher-rated performance that is explained by oral language ability measured when kindergarten begins. We analyze a unique data set containing unusually comprehensive measures of kindergarten oral language ability. The data are for white Midwestern children and their families. Estimation via structural equation modeling shows that oral language skill at kindergarten entry explains most of the effect of SES on elementary school performance. Since other studies have shown that elementary school performance strongly determines later educational attainment, much of the intergenerational transmission of socioeconomic status occurs when the child is very young. 相似文献
11.
This study applies rich data from the 2000 Swiss census to investigate the patterns of intergenerational education transmission
for natives and second-generation immigrants. The level of secondary schooling attained by youth aged 17 is related to their
parents’ educational outcomes based on data on the entire Swiss population. Extending economic theories of child educational
attainment, we derive hypotheses regarding the patterns of intergenerational education transmission. The data yield substantial
heterogeneity in intergenerational transmission across population groups. Only a small share of this heterogeneity is explained
by the predictions of economic theory.
相似文献
Regina T. Riphahn (Corresponding author)Email: |
12.
Sebnem Kalemli-Ozcan 《Journal of population economics》2008,21(3):557-572
I examine the effects of mortality decline on fertility and human capital investment decision of parents taking into account
the uncertainty about child survival. I propose a model, where parents decide on their fertility before the uncertainty is
realized, but they choose to invest only in human capital of their surviving children. The model implies a positive relationship between mortality and fertility and
a negative one between mortality and educational investment. It has been argued elsewhere that as, in reality, most of the
mortality decline occurred in infancy, it should not affect the human capital investment decision, which comes later in life.
Thus, increased survival chances should not promote growth by raising the human capital investment. This paper argues the
contrary and proposes a mechanism where mortality decline at any age before the teen years can promote growth by raising human
capital investment regardless of the timing of the educational investment.
相似文献
13.
Marital status and mortality: The role of health 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Prior literature has shown that married men live longer than unmarried men. Possible explanations are that marriage protects its incumbents or that healthier men select themselves into marriage. Protective effects, however, introduce the possibility of adverse selection: Those in poor health have an incentive to marry. In this paper we explore the role of health in explaining mortality and marriage patterns, and distinguish protective effects from two types of selection effects. We find adverse selection on the basis of health (unhealthy men tend to (re)marry sooner) and positive selection on the basis of unmeasured factors that both promote good health and encourage marriage. 相似文献
14.
This qualitative study reveals how population pressures, land availability, inheritance norms, and educational opportunities
intertwine to influence fertility decline in rural Kenya. Focus group discussions with men and women whose childbearing occurred
both before and after the onset of rapid, unexpected fertility transition in Nyeri, Kenya allowed individuals who actually
participated in, or witnessed, the fertility transition to “voice” their perceptions as to the mechanisms underlying the transition.
Findings suggest that, since land inheritance is a cultural norm, land scarcity and diminishing farm size often influence
fertility decision-making and behavior via preferences for fewer children. Further, education does not appear to be the driving cause of fertility behavior change, but rather is adopted as a substitute for land inheritance when
land resources are scarce. These findings have implications for our understanding of fertility behavior as well as for improving
predictions of fertility transition in other rural sub-Saharan African contexts. 相似文献
15.
The effect of emigration on human capital formation 总被引:14,自引:2,他引:14
Vidal JP 《Journal of population economics》1998,11(4):589-600
This paper focuses on a possible effect of emigration on human capital formation. Emigration to a higher returns to skill
country provides an incentive to invest in human capital. The level of human capital formation in the source country can therefore
be positively correlated with the probability of emigration. Incidentally a surge in emigration can lead the source country
out of an under-development trap. The implications of the model for the convergence controversy are also discussed.
Received: 16 July 1997/Accepted: 28 July 1998 相似文献
16.
This paper analyses the effects of expected earnings and local markets conditions on the behaviour of young adults with high
school diplomas. Decisions to either remain in the parental home or form a new household are modelled jointly with those of
either gaining work experience or investing in a university education. Expected lifetime earnings are found to play a crucial
role in determining the choice of studying and residing with parents. Poor labour market opportunities discourage young people
from working and induce them to study. The cost of housing greatly influences the choice of working and leaving the parental
home.
Received: 23 March 2001/Accepted: 26 November 2001
All correspondence to Gianna Claudia Giannelli. Helpful comments by two anonymous referees are gratefully acknowledged. Responsible editor: John F. Ermisch. 相似文献
17.
This paper presents new evidence regarding the effects of legalization on the training of immigrants who were granted legal status through the US Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA) of 1986. Our findings point to a large increase in the immigrants’ incidence of training relative to comparable groups of natives following legalization. While training gains are higher for males, wage gains are higher for females. We also show that an important part of these changes in labor market outcomes occurs through occupation changes by newly legalized immigrants. 相似文献
18.
The role of public health improvements in health advances: The twentieth-century United States 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Mortality rates in the United States fell more rapidly during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries than in any other period in American history. This decline coincided with an epidemiological transition and the disappearance of a mortality "penalty" associated with living in urban areas. There is little empirical evidence and much unresolved debate about what caused these improvements, however. In this article, we report the causal influence of clean water technologies--filtration and chlorination--on mortality in major cities during the early twentieth century. Plausibly exogenous variation in the timing and location of technology adoption was used to identify these effects, and the validity of this identifying assumption is examined in detail. We found that clean water was responsible for nearly half the total mortality reduction in major cities, three quarters of the infant mortality reduction, and nearly two thirds of the child mortality reduction. Rough calculations suggest that the social rate of return to these technologies was greater than 23 to 1, with a cost per person-year saved by clean water of about dollar 500 in 2003 dollars. Implications for developing countries are briefly considered. 相似文献
19.
20.
This paper draws on new data on intergenerational transfers of time and money that were collected in the Panel Study of Income Dynamics. We use these data to examine the effects of divorce on these transfers. We find that the timing of divorce is critical. Fathers and mothers involved in late divorces have similar levels of transfers with their adult children, while divorce during a child’s childhood years increases transfers with mothers and sharply lowers them with fathers. Somewhat surprisingly, we find no evidence that divorced fathers who paid child support are more likely to be involved in intergenerational transfers than those who did not pay child support. 相似文献