阿拉伯语在阿尔及利亚的发展及现状调查

马格里布地区在历史上历经复杂的社会生活变化,阿拉伯语在马格里布的历史发展现状是一个需要研究的问题,阿尔及利亚是其中最具代表性的国家之一。本文通过纵向历史回顾,综述了古代、近代和当代阿拉伯语在阿尔及利亚的发展历程,并通过问卷调查的形式,研究阿拉伯语在阿尔及利亚的发展现状和特点,分析了阿拉伯语的使用在阿尔及利亚所面临的问题及未来的发展趋势。     

马格里布一体化的最早构想及其尝试

马格里布一体化的最早构想,始见于突尼斯前总统布尔吉巴提出的大马格里布计划。摩洛哥、突尼斯、阿尔及利亚、利比亚和毛里塔尼亚,5国地处北非,相互接壤,地理环境相似,有共同的宗教信仰,同属阿拉伯国家,绝大部分国民是阿拉伯人,讲阿拉伯语。地理、宗教信仰、人种和语言等因素为5国一体化奠定了坚实基础。 马格里布国家在政治统一,经济一体化方面所作的努力可分为3个阶段。     

阿拉伯国名的来历

一个国家名称的演变通常是历史学家们喜欢探讨的课题,因为这有助于人们了解这个国家的文化渊源和历史变迁。在中世纪,阿拉伯国家分为马什里克国家(该词在阿拉伯语中意为“东方”)和马格里布(意为“西方”)国家。前者是指位于亚洲西部的阿拉伯国家;后者则指位于北非和安达卢西亚(西班牙南部)的阿拉伯国家。摩洛哥位于马格里布的最西端,因此摩洛哥最早的国名称为“最远的马格里布”。但欧洲人叫起来很困难,因而将“马格里布”简化为“摩洛哥”。摆脱了欧洲人的殖民统治后,摩洛哥人用“马格里布”作为国名。欧洲人仍读作“摩洛哥”。     

阿拉伯人对马格里布的征服

马格里布,意即阿拉伯的西方,包括北非的摩洛哥、阿尔及利亚、突尼斯和利比亚西部部分地区。马格里布的土著居民被阿拉伯人称为柏柏尔人,阿拉伯人征服该地区之前,整个北非为拜占庭帝国的一部分。拜占庭人在那里修筑堡垒,建造城镇,驻兵设防。柏柏尔人多为沙漠牧民,也有少部分从事农耕,各部落之间时常发生混战。拜占庭政治     

绿色的突尼斯

突尼斯共和国位于非洲北部沿海地带。北部和东部濒临地中海,南部和东南部与利比亚接壤,西面与阿尔及利亚相邻,是马格里布三个国家中最小的一个国家。面积为164150平方公里,人口约540万。突尼斯人以阿拉伯语为国语,也有人讲法语和意大利语。地理概述突尼斯地势平坦,只有阿特拉斯山脉东端一段,从阿尔及利亚延伸到突尼斯境内,穿过西南部直插东北部,构成突尼斯的山区地带。连着山脉北部的一片土     

俄罗斯对阿尔及利亚的外交布局

阿尔及利亚是阿拉伯世界第一个同俄罗斯签署双边战略合作协议的国家。中东变局以来,阿尔及利亚在利比亚、叙利亚等问题上发挥着独特作用,是俄罗斯在中东战略实践过程中倚重的力量。俄罗斯对阿尔及利亚的外交布局大致如下:一是通过两国定期的政治和外交协商机制,增强俄罗斯在利比亚、叙利亚等地区热点问题的影响力,特别是提高俄在马格里布地区的政治地位;二是通过经贸和军售合作机制,稳步提高两国经贸和军售规模;三是与欧佩克成员国等能源输出国加强合作,共同维护油气价格机制,赢得同阿尔及利亚天然气的市场竞争。阿尔及利亚在俄罗斯的中东和非洲外交布局中发挥着重要的支点作用,但双方的合作也受到诸多因素的制约和影响。     

马格里布文学在崛起

阿拉伯马格里布文学自20世纪50年代后有较大发展,近20年更有崛起之势,这引起了阿拉伯文坛的瞩目和各国文学界的重视. 回顾马格里布新文学所走过的道路,可以清楚地看到从崇拜学习阿拉伯文学和一切东方文学开始,经过在东西方两种文学之间的徘徊,终于走上了一条挖掘、研究阿拉伯文学遗产并将之发扬光大,同时积极吸收欧     

一位锋芒毕露的作家——塔希尔·瓦塔尔

阿尔及利亚现任广播局长塔希尔·瓦塔尔先生,被认为是阿拉伯世界一位杰出的作家,是阿尔及利亚现代文学的先驱.在他的别墅里,我进行了长时间的采访. 塔希尔先生是用阿语写作的作家,他与著名作家赫杜格齐名,在阿尔及利亚文坛居榜首. 1936年8月,塔希尔出生在阿尔及利亚东部苏克阿赫腊斯省萨德台效区的一个农民家里.小时候在穆斯林学者协会下属的学校里学习阿拉伯语.这是一所“自由学校”,     

阿尔及利亚的阿拉伯语化运动

“曲折多变,几经挫折走向解冻”,是对阿尔及利亚阿拉伯语化运动发展过程的一个高度概括而又十分形象的描述.     

摩洛哥现代诗歌

摩洛哥社会长期处于封闭状态,经济、文化停滞不前,不仅比阿拉伯东方落后,而且比两个马格里布伙伴阿尔及利亚和突尼斯起步还晚.摩洛哥人民反抗殖民主义、封建主义的斗争始终没有停息,“里夫革命”后,法国人被迫同意在他们的势力范围内出版报章杂志.于是摩洛哥文人开始拥有发表自己思相观点的刊物,如《马格里     

Emigration dynamics in the Arab region. IOM / UNFPA workshop, 7-8 October 1996, Geneva,Switzerland

This paper describes the four research monographs on emigration that were presented at the December 1995 Regional Workshop in the Arab Region. The workshop was an exchange of views and discussion of policy implications of emigration. Monographs were presented by Dr. Mayar Farrag on emigration in Egypt, Professor Nadji Safir on migration in the Maghreb, Dr. Setenay Shami on emigration dynamics in Jordan, and Dr. Lynn Evans on behalf of Dr. Ivy Papps on migration in Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries. Dr. Farrag identified three periods of migration. During the mid-1960s to the mid-1970s, migrants were officially encouraged by Egypt to fill education positions. During the 1970s, many migrants left for the oil-producing countries on a temporary basis. Since the mid-1980s, the influences on Egyptian migration have been the economic recession and oil prices in the Gulf states, the completion of infrastructure projects in most Gulf states, and the replacement of foreign labor with nationals. Dr. Farrag recommended improving the migrants' skills in English and technology in order to maintain a dominant flow of temporary migrants to the Gulf region. Professor Safir reported that persons from the Maghreb region (Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco) migrated to France before independence and subsequently to West Germany and the Benelux countries. Algeria had the highest migration potential, and Morocco had the highest migration. Morocco had established networks in destination countries, high population growth rates, and high unemployment. Maghreb countries are receiving migrants from the south. Professor Safir recommended regional integration. Dr. Shami separated step migration from stepwise migration, which complicates push-pull theories. Dr. Papps argued that use of foreign labor may not be the best option for development, and that sending countries should be more aware of skill needs in GCC countries.     

The Maghreb‐Mashreq language ideology and the politics of identity in a globalized Arab world1

To date, most scholarship on Arabic language ideologies has focused on the contentious relationship between Standard Arabic and the spoken vernaculars. This paper, in contrast, draws attention to the hierarchies among the regional varieties of vernacular Arabic. Specifically, it makes visible the workings of what it calls the ‘Maghreb‐Mashreq language ideology’: the hierarchical relationship between Mashreqi (Middle Eastern) and Maghrebi (North African) vernacular Arabic varieties. The paper explores, in particular, the de/authentication of linguistic Arabness through a detailed analysis of a transnational pan‐Arab reality/talent TV show. Drawing on clips of situated interactions from this series, which have been uploaded to YouTube and commented upon by viewers, the paper argues that the new media is a critical site for reworking longstanding language ideologies and the politics of identity in the Arabic‐speaking world.[Arabic]     

A Remarkable Heritage: The 'Daily Round' of the Children of the Harkis, between Merger and Vilification

Strictly speaking, the word 'harkis' originally denoted one of the categories of former Muslim auxiliaries in the French army who had served on a voluntary basis under the French flag during the War of Algerian Independence (1954-62). When Algeria achieved independence in 1962, those former auxiliaries of the French army who were able to escape the National Liberation Front's bloody reprisals (conservative estimates suggest some 65,000 perished) were forced to seek exile in mainland France. In spite of the restrictive measures enacted by the highest state authorities with a view to preventing the migration to France of people generally considered undesirable, and in spite of rudimentary reception arrangements, some 95,000 to 100,000 former auxiliaries and family members established themselves in France after choosing French nationality. But in a society increasingly restructured by strong migratory flows from the Maghreb (particularly from Algeria) and characterized by strong prejudice against Arabs (in part linked to the transfer of the memory of 'French Algeria'), today in France the sons and daughters of the harkis find themselves in a situation where their identity is very insecure and one which forces them to cope with a burdensome legacy at both the socio-cultural and symbolic levels.     

North African labour migration: The search for alternatives

The varying responses of the Maghreb countries to the closure of the West European labour markets to immigrant labour inflows in 1973 are examined. While Algeria has affirmed its commitment to the return and re‐integration of its migrant community, Tunisia and Morocco have pursued policies of migrant re‐direction. Although emigration to Libya has increased substantially, fluctuating political relations made this a highly unstable destination. Government efforts to secure employment opportunities in the Gulf emirates and in Saudi Arabia have been markedly less successful. Long‐term solutions to the employment problems of the North African states demand radical new policies.     

A Remarkable Heritage: The ‘Daily Round’ of the Children of the Harkis,between Merger and Vilification

Strictly speaking, the word ‘harkis’ originally denoted one of the categories of former Muslim auxiliaries in the French army who had served on a voluntary basis under the French flag during the War of Algerian Independence (1954–62). When Algeria achieved independence in 1962, those former auxiliaries of the French army who were able to escape the National Liberation Front's bloody reprisals (conservative estimates suggest some 65,000 perished) were forced to seek exile in mainland France. In spite of the restrictive measures enacted by the highest state authorities with a view to preventing the migration to France of people generally considered undesirable, and in spite of rudimentary reception arrangements, some 95,000 to 100,000 former auxiliaries and family members established themselves in France after choosing French nationality. But in a society increasingly restructured by strong migratory flows from the Maghreb (particularly from Algeria) and characterized by strong prejudice against Arabs (in part linked to the transfer of the memory of ‘French Algeria’), today in France the sons and daughters of the harkis find themselves in a situation where their identity is very insecure and one which forces them to cope with a burdensome legacy at both the socio-cultural and symbolic levels.     

Promoting ergonomics in Algeria: activities of "the research and training laboratory" in the University of Oran

The growing need in Algeria to develop ergonomics knowledge and practice in industry was behind the initiative to develop a training and research project within the ergonomics laboratory at Oran University. Since 2005 the laboratory team is running an academic option master in work design and ergonomics. The evaluation of the academic master in 2010 revealed the acute need of the local industry for professional competences in ergonomic and work psychology. A professional training master program in "ergonomics & work psychology" was then developed in partnership with local industry, five European Universities and six Universities from three Maghreb countries. Research projects were initiated around the two training programs, in conjunction with a number of ergonomics dissemination and promotion activities. Preliminary results of the project are presented and discussed in relation to the local context, and in the light of similar cases in Industrially Developing Countries.     

试论海湾六国货币统一的现实意义

目前，安全问题和经济模式单一问题直接威胁到了海湾六国的社会稳定和经济发展，是六国政府所面临的首要难题。从经济一体化的角度看，货币统一将扩大海湾六国对世界经济的影响，提升其在国际事务中的地位，对海湾六国解决安全问题有重大影响和积极作用。同时，海湾六国统一货币所带来的经济效应也将促进海湾六国经济多元化发展。     

阿尔及利亚原教旨主义组织研究

自20世纪八十年代末以来，阿尔及利亚饱经内乱和内战之苦，由伊斯兰原教旨主义势力挑起的这场空前浩劫，已夺走了该国10多万无辜的生命。进入新千年以来，阿尔及利亚国内和解进程曾一度取得了令人瞩目的成就，但近两年来，该国安全局势再度严重恶化，恐怖袭击时有发生，特别是2007年4月11日和12月11日发生在首都阿尔及尔的恐怖爆炸事件，总伤亡人数近300人，引起了国际社会的高度关注。阿国内安全局势的动荡与反复，从一个侧面反映了阿政府和人民与伊斯兰极端势力斗争的长期性、艰巨性和复杂性。本文试图从历史、现状等多个角度，来透视阿伊斯兰原教旨主义势力的发展轨迹。     

木欣欣以向荣，泉涓涓而始流——阿拉伯语学科建设30年回眸

中国的阿拉伯语学科建设经过30年的发展，取得了前所未有的进步。本文结合作者多年来从事阿拉伯语和中东研究领域教学科研工作的经历和体会，对阿拉伯语学科建设、团队建设和未来的挑战与机遇提出了一些看法，只有坚持走学科内涵发展的道路，重视学术团队的建设，抓住机遇，迎接挑战，才能更上一个新台阶，迎来欣欣向荣的局面。