俄、沙关系发展的历史与现状

沙特一直与美国保持着稳定的友好关系,与俄罗斯的关系不冷不热、若即若离。然而,911事件使美、沙关系发生了转折性的变化,两国的战略同盟趋于松散。与此同时,俄沙关系开始升温。在沙特看来,俄可充当其第二把“保护伞”,也是安排世界石油格局的理想合作伙伴;而俄则视沙为其重返中东和解决车臣问题的希望,且沙特雄厚的石油资本还可助其经济发展一臂之力。     

沙特在全球石油贸易治理中的角色透视

石油资源权力是沙特在国际社会中权力地位的主要来源和重要基础.沙特在全球石油贸易与权力格局中占据了核心地位,发挥着全球石油供应浮动国、机动国的角色,对于全球石油市场和大宗商品市场的稳定发挥着重要作用.同时海合会与欧佩克使沙特在全球石油领域中的影响力呈现出放大效应,新的全球经济治理机制G20进一步提升了沙特在全球石油贸易治理中的地位与作用.然而,石油美元体系的存在凸显了沙特在全球石油贸易治理中的关键地位与主要困境.     

试析中国与沙特阿拉伯的石油合作

沙特阿拉伯是世界第一大原油生产国和出口国,中国是世界第二大石油消费国和消费量增长最快的石油进口国.沙特需要为其巨大的能源储量寻找新的市场,中国需要海外能源满足经济增长的需要.因此,两国在能源领域存在着相互依赖关系.正是这种相互依赖关系推动着中沙关系的稳步发展,本文力图运用政治经济学的分析法对中沙石油合作做出理性分析与判断.     

时代变迁中的沙特阿拉伯--9·11的后沙特内政外交

沙特是全球最大的石油王国,至今仍保留着自1926年建国时的君主政体,与美国一直保持着良好的盟友关系,丰富的石油美元和美国的防务保护使其成为海湾地区,乃至整个中东最安全和稳定的国家.但2001年的9·11事件使沙、美关系急转直下,美指责沙是恐怖主义的温床,意欲对其进行"改造",并表现出离心倾向.同时,沙特国内改革和反改革的力量较量,也使这个王国处于危机与变革的边缘.本文从沙特所面临的内政外交困境出发,探讨沙特的处境与发展.     

试析中国与沙特阿拉伯的石油合作

沙特阿拉伯是世界第一大原油生产国和出口国,中国是世界第二大石油消费国和消费量增长最快的石油进口国。沙特需要为其巨大的能源储量寻找新的市场,中国需要海外能源满足经济增长的需要。因此,两国在能源领域存在着相互依赖关系。正是这种相互依赖关系推动着中沙关系的稳步发展,本文力图运用政治经济学的分析法对中沙石油合作做出理性分析与判断。     

时代变迁中的沙特阿拉伯——9·11的后沙特内政外交

沙特是全球最大的石油王国,至今仍保留着自1926年建国时的君主政体,与美国一直保持着良好的盟友关系,丰富的石油美元和美国的防务保护使其成为海湾地区,乃至整个中东最安全和稳定的国家。但2001年的9·11事件使沙、美关系急转直下,美指责沙是恐怖主义的温床,意欲对其进行“改造”,并表现出离心倾向。同时,沙特国内改革和反改革的力量较量,也使这个王国处于危机与变革的边缘。本文从沙特所面临的内政外交困境出发,探讨沙特的处境与发展。     

新冠肺炎疫情下沙特经济社会转型的挑战及其应对

新冠肺炎疫情严重冲击了沙特的经济与社会改革.一方面,疫情造成全球能源需求陡降和国际油价下跌,导致沙特石油减产计划延迟、石油收入大幅减少、财政赤字加剧.另一方面,受疫情影响,国际航运停滞,沙特旅游业严重受挫,相关收入锐减,失业率攀升,劳动力市场面临巨大压力.在疫情暴发初期,沙特政府采取了严格的防控措施,有效阻止了疫情的大规模扩散.同时,沙特通过经济纾困措施加强对民众的财政补助,并推动地区与国际防疫合作以缓和地区紧张局势.自2020年第四季度以来,沙特疫情趋稳,经济开始复苏.新冠肺炎疫情导致沙特实体经济趋于停滞,但也使该国的数字经济进程加速推动,推动了沙特数字经济政策和数据与人工智能战略的实施,为未来沙特经济社会转型明确了方向和目标.     

经济全球化与中东国家石油战略调整(二)

3.部分国家的石油战略调整 中东国家根据本国石油天然气资源拥有条件,以及石油工业和石油经济的发展程度,制定了不同的石油发展战略,并随着经济全球化趋势的进一步加强,有所侧重地进行了适当的调整和完善.这里以沙特阿拉伯、伊朗和埃及3个具有一定代表性的国家为例,分析一下它们的石油战略.沙特是海湾产油国和欧佩克成员国,伊朗处于长期战争动乱和受到美国经济制裁,埃及是非欧佩克国家,又是北非国家.     

沙特政权危机的历史根源及当代演变

沙特家族在建国进程中先后与瓦哈比派和美国结盟,分别构成沙特政权国内和国际合法性的主要支撑。但两个合法性之间的极化对立限制了沙特的国家建构,成为其政权危机的历史根源。沙特政府曾经尝试推进社会自由化和宗教保守化改革,均未能有效解决这一结构性矛盾。长期以来,单一石油经济成为维系既有上层建筑和调节政权与社会关系的唯一有效工具。但随着人口持续膨胀和政治参与预期增长,以及石油收入稳定性下降,沙特社会危机日益累积。"阿拉伯之春"以来,美国主导的地区体系趋于崩溃,瓦哈比派意识形态受到直接挑战,加之油价大幅下跌,沙特政权危机集中爆发。王储穆罕默德·本·萨勒曼对沙特内政外交的剧烈调整,其目的在于从根源上应对政权危机,为推动国家全面改革准备条件。     

美国在沙特军事基地的战略演变

美国在沙特的军事部署经历了前沿行动基地、主要行动基地与合作安全基地三个阶段。决定其战略部署的主要因素包括美沙共同应对伊朗拥核崛起、伊拉克安全局势的恶化和海湾地区恐怖主义威胁的上升等。美国在沙特的军事基地加深了美国、沙特和伊朗之间的安全困境。同时,由于美沙双方在安全领域存在结构性互补关系,未来军事合作仍是美沙全方位合作的重点领域。     

Back and Forth and Beyond

The Journal invited Tom Andersen, author of major pioneering work on the reflecting team, and his colleagues, to offer comment on The Reflecting Team Process in Training. We thought such a north-south dialogue was in keeping with the spirit of reflecting teams, and the team members in Melbourne and Tromsø agree — Editor.     

Time and aging--mechanisms and meanings

A recent European Molecular Biology Laboratory Conference on Science and Society entitled "Time & Aging--Mechanisms & Meanings" fascinated scientists from different research areas as well as nonscientists. Topics discussed included not only the biological aging process but also the psychological effects of aging and social influences that affect this process.     

Arts and Crafts and Reconstruction

Abstract

This paper examines the role of arts and crafts in reconstructing communities after times of upheaval, their use in creating employment opportunities, and their impact on the nature of South African art history. It looks at craft initiatives during and after the Johannesburg World Summit on Sustainable Development in 2002, and draws parallels with early twentieth-century initiatives, particularly those of Florence Phillips, who founded the Johannesburg Art Gallery in 1910, Emily Hobhouse, who established Boer home industries, and the South African National Union, which promoted the manufacture and use of local products.     

Sexual Compulsivity and Sexual Behaviors Among Gay and Bisexual Men and Lesbian and Bisexual Women

Within the existing body of research, the information pertaining to sexual compulsivity (SC) among women, both homo- and heterosexual, remains rather limited in comparison to men. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of SC in a community sample of gay and bisexual men and lesbian and bisexual women and to identify differences in sexual practices based on classification as sexually compulsive within gender. Supporting previous research, the findings indicated that gay and bisexual men were significantly higher in SC when compared to lesbian and bisexual women. Similarly, sexually compulsive gay and bisexual men were more likely to report drug use with sex than their non-sexually compulsive peers, suggesting that “party n' play” may play a larger role for men with SC. In addition, the findings demonstrated empirical support for the proposition that lesbian and bisexual women with symptoms of SC were more likely to engage in specialized sexual behaviors in comparison to their non-sexually compulsive peers. These data suggest that SC manifests differently in gay, lesbian, and bisexual men and women.     

Evening and night work schedules and children's social and emotional well-being

ABSTRACT

An emerging body of evidence shows that parents’ non-standard work schedules have a detrimental effect on children's well-being. However, only a limited number of studies have investigated mediating factors that underpin this association. Likewise, only a few studies have examined the impact of fathers’ non-standard work schedules on children's well-being. Based on data from the Families in Germany Study (FiD), this study aimed to address these research gaps. The sample consists of parents and their children at ages 7–8 and 9–10 (n?=?838 child observations in dual-earner families). The data were collected in the years 2010–2013. Non-standard work hours were defined as working in evenings and or at night (every day, several times a week, or changing as shifts). Children's social and emotional well-being was measured with the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). The findings show that both mothers’ and fathers’ evening and night work schedules are linked to an increase in children's externalizing and internalizing behavior and that this association is partially mediated by mothers’ and fathers’ harsh and strict parenting, with a stronger mediation effect for fathers parenting.     

Thinking and Speech and Protocol Analysis

Some form of verbal report—that is, a research participant' s concurrent or retrospective verbal account of thought processes during problem-solving activities—has been used throughout this century as the database from which psychologists have developed theories of human mentation. Newell and Simon (1972) and Ericsson and Simon (1980, 1993) have provided extensive justification for using one such method, protocol analysis, as a tool for investigating cognition from an information-processing (IP) perspective. Their arguments have characterized protocol analysis as a methodology capable of providing evidence of the ways in which people attend to information stored in short-term memory to solve problems, with the evidence providing them with the grounds from which to generate models of human cognitive processes. A different view of protocol analysis is available from the perspective of cultural-historical activity theory (CHAT) based on the work of Vygotsky (1987), Leont'ev (1981), and others, and its concern with the mediation of human development by culturally and historically grounded signs and tools. Because of its emphasis on culturally channeled development, a CHAT perspective views speech, including the speech that serves as evidence for cognition in psychological research, as a tool that potentially enables changes in consciousness. In this article I outline a CHAT perspective that accounts for protocol analysis along three key dimensions: (a) the relation between thinking and speech from a representational standpoint, (b) the social role of speech in research methodology, and (c) the influence of speech on thinking during data collection. The purpose of this discussion is not to refute the IP perspective on protocol analysis but to illustrate how this method can be viewed through a CHAT lens and to identify alternative assumptions that must be made to use it from a CHAT perspective.