马克思与哈贝马斯交往理论中价值问题的差异比较

不同的时代会面对不同的危机与问题,而各个时代的哲学理论恰恰与其当下现实构成直接对话.马克思基于对资本主义大工业时代危机的洞见,哈贝马斯根据对当下资本主义危机的分析,分别建立了自己的交往理论.在两种交往理论蕴含的价值问题层面上分析,马克思与哈贝马斯由于在作为交往理论的基础的"生产实践"、"交往"范畴的理解上存在分歧,两种交往理论必然因此衍生出在价值目标上的根本差异,衡量历史进步的价值尺度上的差异,价值目标实现路径选择上的差异,影响力与现实合理性的差异.通过二者之间的比较,可以进一步地发掘马克思主义理论面对当今现实问题的生命力.     

交往理论研究中的若干问题

诚如许多论者所言,交往理论是当代中西方哲学视域中的焦点。实践哲学的交往研究、主体间性理论、关系本体论、对话理论、他者问题等构成了其直接的理论形态。当代语言哲学、哲学解释学的理解问题、公共哲学中的公共性理论、社会学中的冲突论和符号互动论也是其间接的表现形式。就西方而言,其缘起,在理论层面上生发于传统哲学的危机即思辨哲学、意识哲学的内在缺憾;在生存实践层面发轫于对西方文明与生存危机的超越与反思。而我国交往理论的哲学旨趣,一方面在于试图向马克思唯物史观本质内容的回归,深化对马克思主义哲学核心范畴———实践范…     

建构主义教育理念的缘起及其价值取向

后工业社会西方的高度物质文明导致了外部价值标准瓦解的困扰和价值观念丧失的精神危机,"生存危机和科技的负效应"、"文化生态失衡与社会道德滑坡"和"人的主体性的现代内涵与人性危机"成为西方教育价值取向发生新变化的主要因素,促使人们针对现代社会和教育自身潜在的问题,对现代教育价值取向重新定位.建构主义作为一种价值范型应运而生.建构主义思潮根据新的知识哲学观,通过对人与世界关系的诠释,唤起了对学习者主体性的真正关注,体现了以人为本的哲学理念.     

现代西方经济周期与经济学说的关系

20世纪30年代经济大危机爆发后,新古典经济学产生危机,凯恩斯掀起了现代经济思想史上的"革命".五六十年代,"凯恩斯经济学"的实施,导致了新的危机--通货膨胀危机,70年代后凯恩斯经济学悄然退场,各色"新自由主义"经济学一度回潮.80年代末、90年代初,高失业率和生产停滞重新成为美国等西方国家的主要经济问题,"新凯恩斯主义"--"现代主流经济学新综合派"应运而生.经济学上的危机、革命和综合,是西方现代经济运行的必然选择.     

课堂教学知识串线——以《拿破仑的文韬武略》为例

2002年教育部颁发的《历史课程标准解读》明确提出:要"改变课程实施过于强调接受学习、死记硬背、机械训练的现状,倡导学生参与、乐于探究、勤于动手,培养学生搜集和处理信息的能力、获取新知识的能力、分析和解决问题的能力,以及交流与合作的能力".教学过程实际上就是师生交往、共同发展的过程.没有交往,没有互动,就不存在教学.因此,通过交往,建立和谐的、民主的、平等的师生关系,倡导合作学习,并由此建立新的"学习共同体",是新课改的一项重要任务.教育工作者应该帮助他们掌握知识、技能的规律,亦称"窍门".教学中的串线教学是很有必要的.传授教学内容时应将一个一个断开的、散乱的知识点进行整合,加工,"穿点成线",使学生在脑海中留下完整深刻的印象.     

“污秽”与道德秩序 评玛丽·道格拉斯的《洁净与危险》

一、污秽何以成为"问题"人行动的可能及其限度是现代社会科学面对的重要问题,但这一"问题"的浮现恰恰意味着人世道德系统的溃散与神圣之物遭遇亵渎的危机,是非曲直难以言说,行动无所适从。道德哲学可以为之说教,社会科学则力图在人的实践中发现并彰显有真实效力和作为事实的"道德",以约束"失范"的政治—经济世界,确保现代人作为道德人的自我持存(self-preservation)(涂尔干,[1893]2005:5)。     

信用,现代法治社会的一种德性

古语云:人无信不立.诚实守信是现代公民尤其是青年人立足社会的道德基石,青年朋友要象呵护自己的眼睛一样恪守自己的信用,将诚实守信作为自己的生存理念.目前,水资源等自然资源的危机问题已经引起社会的广泛关注,这无疑是令人欣慰的.然而,某些无形的道德资源,尤其是信用资源的匮乏却令人堪忧.依我之见,"信用"可能是时下中国人最稀缺的一种道德性资源,因而警惕信用危机、强化信用意识和倡导信用至上实属当务之急.     

传统转向神圣:报恩思想对人间佛教的意义

"报恩"作为佛教伦理的重要组成部分,自古就是佛教契入中国社会的方便法门,扩大了佛教在人间的影响。我们通过梳理佛教经典中的报恩思想,从中透视出报恩伦理与中国文化相融摄的因缘所在。人间佛教不仅要适应社会的"人间化"过程,也应提升人生,具有"化人间"的宗教关怀,树立宗教神圣性。而此种神圣性的来源需要借助传统观念,同时又能够运用于现代社会,使得人间佛教的伦理行动"契理契机"。     

风险社会视域下的文化危机与重构

从风险社会理论视域下考察我国当前的文化危机,可以看出,当前我国的文化危机出现了"历时性"的"共时化"、传统文化与现代文化的变换裂缝、"工具理性的放荡"与"价值理性的缺失"三个新的特点,影响文化危机的因素日益增多,从而使我们在重构文化过程中的难度加大.我们主张,在应对我国当前文化危机的策略中,坚持一种以主流文化价值基础上的现代宽容.     

战后美国南部"文化危机"问题

美国有史以来,其南部一直是一个亚文化区域,走过了一条与其他地区十分不同的发展道路,有着自身独特的保守主义文化传统。二战以后,南部社会经历了深刻的变迁,其经济模式、政治运作乃至种族关系等方面都逐渐与美国主流社会趋同,于是,"多元文化主义"中的南部"文化危机"问题成为美国学术界论争的对象。事实上,南部文化并没有随着南部政治和经济的巨大变革而出现危机。实质上它是论争各方在文化的概念上存在分歧、中产阶级理论的误用和美国当下保守主义思潮的巨大影响所致。美国南部文化特征依然鲜明。     

Considering Improvisation: Play,Transitional Space,and Discovery

This article explores the concept of improvisation in the therapeutic setting as a complex construction when elaborated in the idiom of jazz music. A composite clinical case is offered that illustrates an impasse and how improvisational thinking offers a way forward. Improvisation has recently been conceptualized through the metaphor of theater improvisation, dance, and rhythm. The therapeutic hour is considered an improvisational dialogue with the main theme (melody) and counter melodies, and harmonic possibilities that underlie the rhythmic pulse of the hour. Improvisation requires a reflective/interpretive process that draws on patterns, structures, and experiences reformulated in the relational field of the participants. The client initiates the call and response pattern, from which improvisation emerges as a mutual process of discovery. A more relaxed, receptive, and reflective posture extends Winnicott’s 1971 notion of play to integrate classic understanding and relational interaction.     

Objective Tests versus Subjective tests

objective test has only one correct answer, while subjective test has a range of possible answers. Because of this feature, reliability will not be difficult to achieve in the marking of the objective item, while the marking of the subjective items is reliable. On the whole, a good test must contain both subjective and objective test items.     

Feminist Criticism in The Scarlet Letter

The Scarlet Letter written by Nathaniel Hawthorne is a great book. Through feminist criticism we can get how The Scarlet Letter may be read as dramatizing Hester Prynne's spiritual and physical struggle to survive as an individual in a society whose values authorize the privileged power of men.     

循环经济与可持续发展刍议

发展循环经济已经成为当今世界的潮流和趋势,循环经济将经济活动组织成为"资源-产品-消费-再生资源"的物质反复循环的闭环式流程,从上世纪90年代确定可持续发展战略以来,发达国家正在把发展循环经济、建立循环型社会看作是实施可持续发展战略的重要途径和实现方式.循环经济是集经济、技术、社会于一体的系统工程,其启动和推广不仅需要政府、企业、科学界和公众等社会各界的不懈努力和共同参与,而且需要资金、技术以及法规、制度等软硬环境的强力支撑.     

Abstracts of theses: Smith College School for Social Work,July 1954

Abstract

Many clients relate in ways that elicit emotional responses in practitioners and may also feel pressure to intervene when appropriate action is not yet clear. Practitioners must develop sufficient self-awareness so their own reactions do not interfere with the work they do with clients. Educators exhort their students to be self-aware, but locating methods that foster the capacity can be difficult. Infant observation is an elegant training model that helps to develop self-awareness. The method described here makes use of regular observation, supportive small groups, and repeated detailed examination of what is seen in training both generalist and specialized practitioners. It has become a prototype for the observational study of several kinds of specific populations. Because it attends to people in their own environments and demonstrates a flexible, reflective, multi-modal manner of information-gathering, infant observation is particularly useful in the education of social work practitioners.     

The gender gap in pensions in Latin America

Lower female lifetime labour market participation rates, greater interruptions during their working lives, and wage gaps contribute to create gender gaps in pensions at the time of retirement. The design of social security systems may reinforce or attenuate these gaps. This article provides new evidence on gender gaps in access to pensions and in pension income in four Southern Cone countries in Latin America and analyses their evolution between 2000 and 2013, showing significant improvements in both gaps, with differential patterns by countries. The decrease in the gender gap in pension income has been particularly significant in Argentina and Brazil. In both cases, the largest increases in pension values during the period correspond to the lowest income percentiles, where women are overrepresented. The application of redistributive policies in these countries, aimed at reducing poverty and inequality but not necessarily focused on gender equity, has had positive and probably unintended consequences in terms of reduction in gender gaps in pensions.     

India's Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Act: Assessing the quality of access and adequacy of benefits in MGNREGS public works

The extension of social protection to all has become a central policy objective, both nationally and internationally. A considerable number of middle‐ and low‐income countries have undertaken substantial efforts to extend social protection, while the international community reaffirmed its commitment to the extension of social protection through the adoption of the ILO Recommendation concerning National Floors of Social Protection, No. 202 (2012). This article reviews the legal provisions and the implementation of the Indian Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), legislated in 2005, and does so in the light of the more recent provisions of ILO Recommendation No. 202. Since its introduction ten years ago, MGNREGA has provided a source of income to rural workers, increased wage rates, achieved high female participation rates and created durable assets. India's local governance bodies, Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRI), have been empowered and involved in the processes of planning and monitoring. However, despite successes, there have been considerable shortcomings in implementation. This article highlights two central themes: first, the innovative policy framework of the Act, which brings together rights‐based entitlements, demand‐driven employment, and citizen‐centred monitoring. Second, it assesses the accessibility and adequacy of benefits in the implementation of MGNREGA. We conclude that MGNREGA offers potential for South‐South learning, both in terms of policy‐design and implementation.     

From “Either‐Or” to “When and How”: A Context‐Dependent Model of Culture in Action

In this article, I outline a framework for the sociological study of culture that connects three intertwined elements of human culture (cultural motivations, resources, and meanings) and demonstrates the concrete contexts under which each most critically influences actions and their subsequent outcomes. In contrast to models that cast motivations, resources, and meanings as competing explanations of how culture affects action, I argue that these are fundamental constituent elements of culture that are inseparable, interdependent, and simultaneously operative. Which element provides the strongest link to action, and how this link operates, must be understood as a function of the actor's position within wider social contexts. I argue that on average motivations have the most discernable link to action within a social strata, cultural resources provide the strongest link across strata, and meanings have the greatest direct influence when codified and sanctioned. I then offer a reframing and synthesis that reintegrates previously “competing” theories of culture into a more holistic context‐dependent model of culture in action. Finally, I use evidence from prior empirical research, as well as new data from an ongoing ethnographic study of health behaviors among the aged, to show how various elements of culture are concretely linked to action in eight different social contexts. In doing so, I provide a roadmap for the transition out of the “either‐or” logic underlying much of cultural theory and reemphasize the importance of the classical sociological concern for “when” and “how” various aspects of culture influence action and outcomes in concrete social contexts.     

Youth‐oriented active labour market policies and economic crisis: Explaining policy effort in Greece and Portugal

The starting point of this study is the implementation of seemingly similar youth‐oriented labour market policies in Greece and Portugal. Both countries have suffered high youth unemployment rates and have been pressured to restructure their labour market as part of the rescue programmes adopted during the European sovereign debt crisis. Despite convergence in terms of policy trajectories, there is a significant divergence in employment outcomes. In Portugal, youth‐oriented policies were better‐targeted and structured. Their implementation has been more effective and has involved the social partners from the outset of the crisis. In Greece, policy design failures, administrative weaknesses and unfavourable macroeconomic conditions have limited the dynamics of youth‐oriented policies thus increasing youth insecurity. Τhe analysis suggests that convergence in policy content can be compatible with divergence in terms of outcomes.