论生育文化

本文对传统生育文化、现代生育文化、传统生育文化转变进行了尝试性的理论分析 ,剖析了生育文化的内涵 ,对我国传统生育文化的特征及形成原因进行了分析 ,对现代生育文化、现今西方生育文化进行了分析。认为现今西方生育文化具有明显的负面特征 ,而“反馈模式”、“家本位”的中国现今生育文化不无优越性 ,从建国初期的制度等变革、传统生育观念的滞后性和代际传承性、计划生育三方面分析了我国传统生育文化的转变 ,认为我国现今生育文化已具有明显的现代生育文化特征 ,但传统的男孩偏好仍然存在     

民主生育论

本文将计划生育村民自治定义为“民主生育”,凸现了计划生育村民自治的民主性。民主生育是指由民作主、群众自治的生育活动,属于政策性自主生育活动。通过“三自四民”,民主生育正在重构基层的社会关系,正在开创人本主义计划生育的新格局。但在实践过程中,民主生育还面临着真民主还是假民主的严峻挑战。捍卫群众的话语权是村民自治的核心任务之一,也是基层民主建设在计划生育公务上的具体体现。     

论先进生育文化

先进生育文化是“三个代表”中先进文化的重要组成部分,包括先进人文生育文化和先进科学生育文化两部分。先进生育文化应具有指导思想的先进性、服务宗旨的鲜明性、生育观念的进步性等特点。先进生育文化对于稳定低生育水平和提高人口出生素质具有不可替代的巨大作用。先进生育文化建设的重点应放在村(居)和家庭。     

Happiness and Childbearing Across Europe

Using happiness as a well-being measure and comparative data from the European social survey we focus in this paper on the link between happiness and childbearing across European countries. The analysis motivates from the recent lows in fertility in many European countries and that economic wellbeing measures are problematic when considering childbearing. We find significant country differences, though the direct association between happiness and childbearing is modest. However, partnership status plays an important role for both men and women. Working fathers are always happier, whereas working mothers are not, though mothers?? happiness tends to increase with household income.     

Childbearing and family in remarriage

Proportional hazards models are used to test hypotheses about the effect of women’s prior childbearing on the probability of having a birth in remarriage and to analyze the effects of other factors. Results indicate that the number of children at the time of remarriage has no effect on childbearing probabilities, but the age of the youngest child has a significant effect. These findings support the view that having a child is important to confirm the marriage, but that individual and family life course factors also affect the decision to have a child in a remarriage.     

土葬习俗与生育观念

在我国 ,死亡人口的安葬方式主要有土葬、火葬、树葬、海葬等。出于保护环境、节约土地与木材资源以及移风易俗的考虑 ,我国政府早已公开推行人口死亡火葬政策。但在某些农村地区 ,仍旧承袭着传统的土葬习俗。据笔者在四川、重庆两地农村的考察 ,尽管地方政府规定土葬者家属必须缴纳高达 2 5 0 0～ 60 0 0元的所谓“土葬费” ,但人们并未因此而选择火葬方式。四川省资阳市伍隍区某村 ,近 3 0年来死亡人口中仅有 5例火葬 ,重庆市壁山县马坊镇某村死亡人口中则只有 2例火葬 ,且火葬者都是孤寡老人。透过形形色色、根深蒂固的土葬习俗 ,我们不…     

关于生育文化现代化的几点思考

生育文化现代化是我国现代化建设进程中不可或缺的重要内容 ,同时在稳定低生育水平、丰富和发展人口科学等方面亦具有重要的理论与现实意义。论文通过对生育文化历史的考察 ,探讨了生育文化的内涵及类型的演进轨迹 ,结合社会经济基础的现实条件 ,提出了加速我国生育文化现代化构建的路径选择     

晚育与健康长寿

1　引言近年来 ,国际社会科学与医学界一个热门领域是研究人们生命早期发生的事件 (例如胎儿与孩童营养状况 ,5 0岁以前的重要生命历程事件等 )对晚年寿命长短的影响。例如 ,Doblhammer( 2 0 0 0 ) ,Perls ,Alpert和Frett( 1 997)以及Smith ,Minean与Bean( 2 0 0 3)分析研究了晚育与长寿的关系。这几项研究以及其他前人关于人们早期生命事件与晚年寿命长短相关关系的研究绝大多数因高龄年龄段样本量太小而侧重于 80岁以下老人。极少数几个例外是Preston ,Hill与Drevenstedt( 1 998)关于出生于上世纪初的美国黑人队列 ,Snowdon( 2 0 0 1…     

育龄妇女生育经历与其意愿生育孩子数的关系分析

文章从妇女自身意愿,也就是妇女对子女需求的角度实证分析了年龄、受教育年限、初婚年龄、户口、工作、居住地和所属地区、生育经历等对妇女意愿生育孩子数的影响,特别是考察了妇女自身的生育经历对妇女生育意愿的影响,并将年龄与生育经历的交互作用考虑进去。生育经历作为一个与年龄密切相关的变量,与年龄的交互作用共同影响了妇女的生育意愿选择。     

The Educational Consequences of Teen Childbearing

A huge literature shows that teen mothers face a variety of detriments across the life course, including truncated educational attainment. To what extent is this association causal? The estimated effects of teen motherhood on schooling vary widely, ranging from no discernible difference to 2.6 fewer years among teen mothers. The magnitude of educational consequences is therefore uncertain, despite voluminous policy and prevention efforts that rest on the assumption of a negative and presumably causal effect. This study adjudicates between two potential sources of inconsistency in the literature—methodological differences or cohort differences—by using a single, high-quality data source: namely, The National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. We replicate analyses across four different statistical strategies: ordinary least squares regression; propensity score matching; and parametric and semiparametric maximum likelihood estimation. Results demonstrate educational consequences of teen childbearing, with estimated effects between 0.7 and 1.9 fewer years of schooling among teen mothers. We select our preferred estimate (0.7), derived from semiparametric maximum likelihood estimation, on the basis of weighing the strengths and limitations of each approach. Based on the range of estimated effects observed in our study, we speculate that variable statistical methods are the likely source of inconsistency in the past. We conclude by discussing implications for future research and policy, and recommend that future studies employ a similar multimethod approach to evaluate findings.     

生育行为的道德分析

判断避孕行为是否道德的标准 ,取决于该行为是否有利于增进社会和国家的利益及人类种族的延续。判断胎儿人工流产的道德标准 ,取决于它是否更有利于已经出生的人们活得更好。优生基因工程是一柄双刃剑 ,其道德意义具有正负两面性。借助于绝育手术实现婚姻行为和生育行为的分离 ,可以解决一些婚姻生育中的道德难题     

单系偏重与生育文化边界

生育文化边界是客观存在的。本文联系婚姻家庭领域的单系偏重习俗 ,对生育文化边界的成因进行了探讨。认为婚姻家庭领域的姓氏嗣续、社会继替、亲属体系以及居住模式方面的单系偏重是促成生育文化边界形成的一个极其重要的原因。突破生育文化边界 ,实现生育文化的现代化 ,需要变革婚姻家庭领域的单系偏重习俗。这种变革将因单系偏重习俗的凝固性及合理性的存在 ,而变得异常艰难     

建设有中国特色的社会主义生育文化

党的十五大报告第一次把建设有中国特色社会主义的文化,作为我国社会主义初级阶段基本纲领的一项内容提出,其意义十分重要而深远.结合计划生育实践,我们就是要建设有中国特色的社会主义生育文化.     

富人阶层违法生育亟待整治--基于对辽宁省的研究

随着我国改革开放的不断深化和社会主义市场经济的完善、发展,各种思想文化相互激荡,各种矛盾错综复杂,新情况、新问题层出不穷,需要我们处理的各种矛盾也越来越多。在人口和计划生育领域也是如此。如违法生育的富人阶层的出现和发展,就为我们执行基本国策带来许多新的困难。所     

中国社会变化中的生育文化

1生育文化的决定因素 生育文化在本质上是由经济、社会、政治、科技等因素决定的.首先,生产力发展水平和生产方式,以及与此相应的经济、社会制度,是决定社会群体主流生育文化的基础.封建社会中较低的生产力发展水平,较低的科学技术水平,分散的以农耕劳作为主的生产方式,按家庭人头摊派的劳役、兵役与赋税征收制度,连绵不断的战争、饥荒、不能控制的温疫等导致较高死亡率的现实等,都必然诱导人们形成崇尚多子女、偏好男性、喜欢早婚早育、追求多代同堂大家庭的生育观念,并由此演进出封建社会的传统生育文化.     

中国育龄夫妇的生育"性别偏好"

在对国内外"性别偏好"研究综述的基础上,利用1997年人口与生殖健康调查、2001年计划生育/生殖健康调查和2000年全国人口普查数据,通过计算育龄妇女最后一个孩子的性别比、按已有孩子性别的胎次递进比以及分析具有不同孩子性别结构的家庭状况和妇女所生孩子的活产及存活情况等,考察了中国育龄夫妇生育"性别偏好"和性别选择行为的基本状况与特征,强调生育"性别偏好"及其相应的生育性别选择行为是作用于人口出生性别比失常背后的关键性内在动因.     

State-level Welfare Policies and Nonmarital Subsequent Childbearing

Using discrete time event history analyses of data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID), we examine the association between state-level welfare waiver policies implemented before the 1996 welfare reform legislation and the risk of a nonmarital subsequent birth. Our study makes a unique contribution to the existing literature by using a national-level sample of unmarried mothers who ever received welfare. This high-risk sample represents the women of most interest to policymakers, as it is the exact group to whom welfare reform is targeted—welfare mothers at risk of having nonmarital additional births. The state policies we study include: family cap, earnings disregard, work exemptions, work requirements, and sanctions. We conclude that, although reducing the number of nonmarital births is a key goal of welfare reform, state-established welfare waiver policies do not have any influence on women’s childbearing behaviors in this sample, net of women’s individual characteristics and state economic environments. Even the family cap policy, which was designed for the sole purpose of reducing additional births, has no significant association with nonmarital subsequent childbearing. Instead, personal characteristics, not public policies, are stronger determinants of women’s childbearing decisions. Age, race/ethnicity, marital status, number of previous children, education level, and welfare receipt are significantly associated with nonmarital subsequent births. Overall, this paper contributes to an expanding body of research that shows minimal effects of welfare waivers on fertility. Our work suggests that more targeted policies are necessary to be able to influence individual family formation behaviors.     

Adolescent Fertility Attitudes and Childbearing in Early Adulthood

Population Research and Policy Review - Teens’ attitudes about adolescent childbearing predict childbearing in the short term. If these attitudes reflect persistent goals and values, they may...     

生育文化概念研究

生育文化是人口文化的一部分 ,它本身又分为内涵生育文化和外延生育文化。内涵生育文化是指从受孕至出生后婴儿期的文化现象的总和。它又分为六类 :观念生育文化、科技生育文化、规范生育文化、信息生育文化、行为生育文化、组织生育文化。外延生育文化 ,即内涵生育文化之外 ,而对生育观产生影响的文化现象 ,诸如婚姻文化、妇女文化、养老文化、养育文化、家庭文化、社区文化等等 ,它是一个开放系统     

现代生育文化与中国人口转变

生育文化是与人们生育相关联的一切文化现象,如习俗宗法、行为规范、价值观念等.生育文化还可以细分为生的文化和育的文化.生的文化包括生多生少,生男生女,怎样生法;育的文化包括生育目的、目标、方法等.