浅析机构养老资源体系——以福建省为例

本研究以福建省为例将机构养老资源划分为制度资源、经济资源、社会资源、文化资源以及自我资源五种。研究认为该机构养老资源体系存在：制度资源还不完善、经济资源分配不均、社会资源供需不平衡、自我资源有所弱化等问题,因此,必须全方位的认识并构建机构养老社会支持体系。     

农村养老资源供给变化及其政策含义

随着人口转变、社会转型和制度变迁,家庭资源和自我资源趋于减弱,而制度性资源仍较匮乏。政府应该通过经济政策、劳动力市场政策、社会政策和社会保障政策来调整农村养老资源的组合,即提高家庭资源和自我资源的供给,逐步增加制度性资源的供给,当前应高度重视计划生育夫妇、农民工和失地农民三类农村居民的养老保障问题。     

Social Capital and Migration: How do Similar Resources Lead to Divergent Outcomes?

This article investigates how migrant social capital differentially influences individuals 'migration and cumulatively generates divergent outcomes for communities. To combine the fragmented findings in the literature, the article proposes a framework that decomposes migrant social capital into resources (information about or assistance with migration), sources (prior migrants), and recipients (potential migrants). Analysis of multilevel and longitudinal data from 22 rural villages in Thailand shows that the probability of internal migration increases with the available resources, yet the magnitude of increase depends on recipients' characteristics and the strength of their ties to sources. Specifically, individuals become more likely to migrate if migrant social capital resources are greater and more accessible. The diversity of resources by occupation increases the likelihood of migration, while diversity by destination inhibits it. Resources from weakly tied sources, such as village members, have a higher effect on migration than resources from strongly tied sources in the household. Finally, the importance of resources for migration declines with recipients' own migration experience. These findings challenge the mainstream account of migrant social capital as a uniform resource that generates similar migration outcomes for different groups of individuals or in different settings. In Nang Rong villages, depending on the configuration of resources, sources, and recipients, migrant social capital leads to differential migration outcomes for individuals and divergent cumulative migration patterns in communities.     

发展循环经济提升自然资源承载力

自然资源是社会经济发展不可缺少的支撑基础,没有资源的支撑,任何国家和地区的经济和社会都不可能有相应的发展。而资源可承载的社会经济发展能力是有限的,无论发达国家还是发展中国家,必须考虑到资源承载力的限制。随着我国经济持续快速增长,资源消耗增加,自然资源对我国经济增长的约束日趋明显,针对资源效率低下、承载力减弱的现状,我国将发展循环经济纳入"十一五规划纲要"。发展循环经济要求以环境友好的方式利用自然资源,实现经济活动向生态化转变,这无异于增加了资源的总量,提升了资源的承载能力。     

矿山社区人口与社会变迁的动力分析——以美国“鬼镇”为例

19世纪下半期美国西部因矿产资源枯竭而被遗弃的矿山社区,谓之“鬼镇”。本文以社区理论为视角,指出其形成的外动力是流动人口高度聚集加速了矿产资源枯竭,以及非矿产业的缺乏;内动力是社区制度和组织的缺席导致社会失范,冲突频繁和归属感降低。最后从社区整合角度引发我国当前矿山社区发展的思考。     

人口政策与人力资源开发

人口政策是宏观调控人口数量和质量的政策 ,是对国家未来发展具有决定性影响的战略政策。一个国家的人口政策如何 ,将会极大地影响这个国家的人口发展 ,影响人力资源的发展方向和发展趋势 ,进而影响到国家未来社会经济的发展和国家的综合国力。我国的人口政策 ,在促使人力资源数量与社会经济发展相适应 ,提高人力资源的身体素质和科学文化素质 ,促进人力资源的合理利用方面 ,发挥了巨大的作用 ,产生了巨大的经济效益和社会效益     

The social costs of cancer

The annual social costs of cancer, exclusive of economic costs such as medical costs and loss of earnings while incapacitated, are systematically developed. The social costs of cancer are believed significant because they may exceed the economic costs, and resource allocation on the basis of the economic costs alone distorts the socially optimal allocations of such resources. Some twenty-five separate social costs are identified qualitatively from a review of the oncology literature. Included are social costs to the victims of cancer, to the immediate family and colleagues of the victims, and to care-givers. These qualitative social costs are then translated into equaivalent money costs on the basis of market costs or shadow prices of imputed costs. The total social costs are computed by multiplying the average individual total social costs times the number of such individuals affected. The present value of future cost streams is also considered. The social costs of cancer apparently exceed the simple economic costs by over an order of magnitude. There are also indications that some forms of cancer incur much higher social costs than others, as well as much higher social costs than economic costs, suggesting that a more optimal allocation of public resources for reducing the total costs of the disease would shift resources to alleviation of social costs, where investment in medical therapies approaches saturation.     

Family Demography,Social Theory,and Investment in Social Capital

The analytic models used by family demographers would be strengthened by the concept of social capital, placed in the context of social exchange theory. Using that concept to designate resources that emerge from social ties, the authors advance five propositions: 1) social capital is a multidimensional attribute of an individual; 2) the dimensions of social capital are the number of relationships a person has, their quality (strength), and the resources available through those relationships; 3) group membership and interaction facilitate the development of social capital; 4) the structural properties of groups influence the development of social capital; and 5) the acquisition and maintenance of social capital is a major motivator of human behavior. The formation of sexual partnerships, the birth and rearing of children, and both intragenerational and intergenerational transfers constitute major forms of investment in social capital in virtually all societies.     

社会养老保险资源配置的帕累托优化

养老保险资源配置的帕累托优化是通过养老保险制度规定来实现的。本文从缴费率与平均替代率的关系、养老保险基金筹资模式和养老金计发办法三个方面分析了养老保险资源配置的帕累托优化。此外 ,利率和工资增长率是影响养老保险基金均衡的重要因素 ,本文也分析了利率和工资增长率对养老保险资源配置优化的影响     

Social resources and Arab women’s perinatal mental health: A systematic review

Background

Women’s mental health in the perinatal period is understudied worldwide and in Arab countries especially.

中国工程外迁移民社区安置中的资源挖掘问题——以江苏省大丰市为例

资源挖掘对工程外迁移民社区安置具有重要意义。本文在对江苏省大丰市三峡外迁移民安置点的调研基础上,探讨了移民社区安置中的资源挖掘问题,主要是闲置房地资源的利用,社会网络资源的重建,(移民)人力资源的开发,以及投资性资源的启动等。     

Using New Technologies for Time Diary Data Collection: Instrument Design and Data Quality Findings from a Mixed-Mode Pilot Survey

The goal of this study is to examine the association between location-sharing in location based social networking (LBSN) services and social capital, such as trust, reciprocity, and network resources. A cross-sectional survey (n = 491) was conducted by adopting a simple random sampling method in 2014. The findings showed that intensity of LBSN services is positively associated with all social capital aspects. In general, compared to a group of non-users of LBSN services, those groups of users with low and high intensity of LBSN services were higher in trust, reciprocity, and network resources. Therefore, this study proposes theoretical and practical implications of location-sharing to scholars in social sciences demonstrating how use of LBSN services influences accumulation of social capital.     

从社会资本来源审视社会保障的发展动力

社会资本是一种实际或潜在的资源的集合,社会资本的三大来源是文化、家庭、国家在其积累中的作用。社会资本来源与社会保障存在密切的内在联系。社会资本来源对于中国社会保障建设的重要启示在于:社会资本被充分利用的过程同时也是促进社会保障不断完善的过程,社会资本来源可以成为中国社会保障建设的发展动力。     

中国未来发展面临的淡水资源问题及对策

中国的淡水资源总量处于世界较低水平 ,人均占有量只有世界平均水平的 1/4。现阶段 ,淡水资源已经成为影响中国经济和社会发展的因素。如果不尽快采取适当措施的话 ,下世纪淡水资源将成为制约中国经济和社会发展的重要因素。因此中国的淡水资源的利用必须按照可持续发展战略的要求 ,提出适应本国经济发展和人口增长的对策     

Visual Capacity,Out-of-home Activities and Emotional Well-being in Old Age: Basic Relations and Contextual Variation

This work examined the role of visual capacity in connection with psychological, social network related, and socio-structural predictors of out-of-home everyday functioning and emotional well-being. The results are based on a sample of 1519 community dwelling elderly (55–98 years; mean age 70.8 years), 757 of them were living in urban, and 762 were living in rural regions, half-and-half from East and West Germany. Structural equation modeling supported the hypothesis of robust relations among age, vision, intellectual functioning, out-of-home everyday functioning, and emotional well-being that are largely independent of the regional and societal macro context. In detail, vision mediated the effect of age on out-of-home activities of daily living (ADL/IADL) and leisure activities, while intellectual functioning mediated the effect of vision on out-of-home leisure activities. All effects on emotional well-being were mediated by out-of-home leisure activities. Enriching the micro level model with psycho-social variables (i.e., outdoor motivation and social resources) and an indication of the socio-economic situation (i.e., financial resources) revealed some contextual variations: At this meso level of analysis, social resources contributed less and outdoor motivation contributed more to out-of-home leisure activities in the urban than in the rural sample. Second, outdoor motivation was significantly related to social resources in the urban, but not in the rural sample. Third, financial resources contributed modestly but significantly to out-of-home leisure activities in the East German, but not in the West German urban and rural samples. It is concluded that visual capacity plays a substantial role in a robust micro level model able to predict everyday functioning and well-being. If additional resources adding to the prediction of these outcomes are also taken into consideration in a meso level analysis model, the whole variable interplay becomes more strongly affected by macro contextual variation.     

东北亚区域人力资源开发与合作研究

几十年来,东北亚各国实现了持续的经济发展,同时也经历了急剧的人口变动。在经济增长和社会变迁过程中,各国的生育率持续下降,人口结构发生了相应的变化,已经面临新的人口发展趋势和新的人口问题。人力资源是第一资源,人力资源已经成为社会经济发展的核心资源。人力资源的开发与合作是东北亚区域经济合作中不可分割的重要组成部分。通过加强东北亚区域的人力资源合作,促进区域内人力资源的开发和利用,可以进一步推动东北亚区域的经济交流与合作。东北亚区域人力资源的合作具有很大潜力。由于几十年来人口动态与人口结构的变化,东北亚区域在人力资源方面具有很强的互补性,所以开展区域内人力资源的开发与合作,具有现实的可能性和必要性。随着经济的日益全球化和区域经济合作的不断发展,广泛开展东北亚区域各个领域的交流与合作,将有利于该区域社会经济的可持续发展。     

The Dynamics of Multidimensional Poverty in Contemporary Australia

Progressively more researchers argue that successfully measuring social inequalities requires moving from income-based to multidimensional poverty indicators, but evidence on Australia is still largely reliant on the former. Using long-running panel data from the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia Survey we examine trends in multidimensional poverty in Australia between 2001 and 2013. We find that this has been relatively stable, with some evidence of an upwards trend following from the 2008 Global Financial Crisis. However, a closer examination of the individual components reveals a more dynamic picture. Deprivation concerning health, material resources, social support and education increased over the 13-year observation period, offsetting decreases in deprivation concerning safety perceptions, employment and community participation. Additionally, using counterfactual simulations, we examine the relative roles of different poverty domains in explaining changes in Australian multidimensional poverty. We find that recent year-on-year changes in multidimensional poverty are mainly driven by fluctuations in social support, health and material resources. Altogether, our findings suggest that Australian poverty-reduction policies would enhance their effectiveness and efficiency by focusing on improving disadvantage in the domains of health and material resources.     

Women's Employment History and Their Post-Retirement Health and Resources

The purpose of this study is to assess the degree to which the advantages apparently accruing to employed women are maintained into the post-retirement years. That is, do women who were employed cany with them into the retirement years more social and fmancial resources and do they maintain better health than women who remained largely outside the work force? The importance of this issue increases as greater numbers of women enter and remain in the work force and as our population ages. The study uses a longitudinal cohort design and employs the data from the National Center for Health Statistics' Longitudinal Study on Aging. This analysis uses the core questions from the 1984 National Health Interview Survey, the Supplement on Aging questions from 1984 and the follow-up data on mortality from the National Death lndex from 1984-1990. The data include the 4667 female respondents who were 70 years or older in 1984. Overall, the results suggest that women who have more recent paid employment have better health in their later years than women with no employment or no recent employment. However, for social and fmancial resources the direction of the relationships vary. For example, women with more recent employment have less social resources in the form of spouse and living children; however, they have more social resources in the form of social contacts with both family and friends. Having no history of paid employment increases women's risk of living in poverty and lacking private health insurance, but increases the chances that they own their own home. Interpretations and implications are discussed.     

科技进步对人力资源开发利用的影响

作为当代和未来社会经济发展的两大支柱 ,科技进步与人力资源开发利用之间有着密切的联系。科技进步对人力资源开发利用的理念、战略、模式、运行机制、途径和方向有重大影响     

Comparing relative effects of education and economic resources on infant mortality in developing countries

Research on the social determinants of health has often considered education and economic resources as separate indicators of socioeconomic status. From a policy perspective, however, it is important to understand the relative strength of the effect of these social factors on health outcomes, particularly in developing countries. It is also important to examine not only the impact of education and economic resources of individuals, but also whether community and country levels of these factors affect health outcomes. This analysis uses multilevel regression models to assess the relative effects of education and economic resources on infant mortality at the family, community, and country level using data from demographic and Health Surveys in 43 low-and lower-middle-income countries. We find strong effects for both per capita gross national income and completed secondary education at the country level, but a greater impact of education within families and communities.