Ageing in the United States at the end of the century

"The belief that America is a ?young' nation is widely held by many individuals in the United States. Historically, individualism, self-reliance, and an orientation towards youth have been cherished values reflecting...our national heritage and tradition dating from the 18th through the mid-20th century. However, America is no longer a ?young' nation. Rather, we are an ?aging' population, as we show in our analysis of demographic transitions reviewed in this paper. The phenomenon of ?cultural (or structural) lag' is discussed in two different contexts: first--the context of the aging family; and second--the context of ethnic/racial minority groups. Finally, some of the relevant public policy responses to aging are described. We look at government programs in four major categories, namely, (1) income; (2) health care; (3) social services; and (4) housing."     

西部地区人才政策外部效应及对策分析

人才是实现西部大开发战略目标的最重要因素之一,为此,国家和西部地方政府制定了许多优惠的人才政策。然而,这些公共政策在极大促进西部人才开发的同时,也带来了一些不容忽视的外部负效应。矫正这些外部负效应已迫在眉睫,本文为此提出了相应的对策和建议。     

社会安全阀机制与贫富差距调适

当前,我国贫富差距较大已是一客观不争的社会事实。社会安全阀机制则起着调适贫富差距的作用,从而缓解了贫富差距所可能导致的利益和社会冲突,维持和促进了社会的稳定与发展。研究立足于贫富差距较大的客观现实,着重对现有社会安全阀机制进行分析,并指出在健全和完善相应社会安全阀机制的基础上消除较大的贫富差距。     

陕西省返贫人口特征分析与对策思考

扶贫开发,经过七年艰苦奋战,取得了初步成效,但返贫现象却十分严重。陕西省的返贫人口大致有五类,返贫的根源是人口增长导致生态失衡、人口分布不合理、人口素质偏低、人口产业结构落后、社会保障制度不健全等。     

农村中小学独生子女社会化状况的实证研究

文章运用社会化的有关理论,利用广西阳朔县436名中小学生的抽样问卷调查资料,以同龄的非独生子女为比较对象,对农村中小学独生子女的社会化状况进行了描述和分析。研究发现：农村中小学独生子女在生活技能、人际交往、价值观念和自我意识四个方面的社会化状况都比较好,并且在所有的指标上都和同龄非独生子女之间没有显著差别。     

我国社会转型中生育文化发展面临的问题及对策

改革开放以来,我国生育文化发生了重大的变化,但总的看来,我国生育文化仍处在由传统生育文化向现代生育文化的转变过程中,发展有中国特色的社会主义生育文化仍存在一系列亟待解决的问题。发展生育文化的根本途径是加快经济发展,深化改革,健全社会保障体系,加强政府对建设新型生育文化的正确引导,逐渐消除传统生育文化赖以存在的土壤和条件,创造出有利于新型生育文化发展的宏观、微观条件。     

制约农村养老社会化发展的因素分析

我国农村养老社会化既是养老制度发展的客观规律,也是我国农村经济和社会发展的客观要求。但是,事实上,我国农村养老社会化程度偏低,其原因在于我国农村存在着种种制约养老社会化发展的因素。加快农村养老社会化发展的措施主要是转变传统的家庭养老观念,健全社会养老法律制度,社会养老与农业政策紧密结合,加大国家经济支持力度,理顺社会养老管理体制,分层次、循序渐进地完善农村社会养老制度。     

关于我国“民工荒”与农民工福利待遇的探讨

2004年前后在我国珠三角等地出现了"民工荒"现象,这是否意味着我国农村劳动力乡-城迁移已经接近尾声,从而农村实现土地规模化经营的时机已经成熟?本文根据托达罗模型,利用成本-收益分析法,提出这是农民进城务工收入与务农收入之间差距缩小导致的农村劳动力做出的非迁移决策.并探讨了设置农民工福利项目对劳动力市场和企业雇佣成本的影响.     

Acting on the Body of the Audience

This paper studies the particularly restrictive context of patriarchal culture against the backdrop of the political dictatorship in Portugal in the middle of the twentieth century, in terms of its moral hegemony and the rigid boundaries that it imposed on gender roles. It is within this context that media reception was forced to find a space for interaction with everyday life. Based on biographic interviews with women born in the first decades of the Estado Novo dictatorship (1933–1974), some modes of receiving radio and television are discussed, along with the extent to which they constituted an adaptation of the then “new media” to deeply internalised censorship regimes of female and male behaviours and relationships between the genders. Further to the institutional censorship that strictly filtered content in the media in accordance with the regime’s official ideology, there was also, on the reception side, a system of stipulated, conditioned, and supervised practices that were marked by social and symbolic censorship producing what we call “gender-based censorship.” The analysis provides a new way of understanding the contexts inherited in the formation of our current identities, in terms of potential for women’s emancipation.     

“四普”至“五普”间中国城镇化的发展

利用中国第四次人口普查和第五次人口普查的资料 ,分析了在“四普”至“五普”期间中国城镇化的发展状况及出现的问题 ,揭示了中国城镇化发展的地域差异。在 2 1世纪中国的城镇化仍将快速发展 ,如何克服中国城镇化过程中所出现的问题 ,进而引导中国的城镇化朝着健康、有序的方向发展 ?这是一个至关重要的问题。     

城市流动儿童健康成长问题探析

文章通过上海市第五次人口普查中流动人口有关数据,及660名居住在上海市四个区流动儿童的抽样调查及深入访谈的基础上,分析了流动儿童的现状、需求,剖析了流动儿童的就学、成长的有关问题,提出了对策建议。     

大学生自我同一性与心理健康水平关系的研究

自我同一性是一个重要的心理学概念,它与一个人的心理健康水平密切相关。通过对大学生的调查与相关分析、差异分析和回归分析发现:(1)大学生自我同一性状态与心理健康水平显著相关,成就型同一性状态的心理健康水平最高,弥散型同一性状态的心理健康水平最低,延缓型和排他型同一性状态的心理健康水平介于二者之间;(2)大学生自我同一性状态对心理健康水平有一定的预测作用,大学生自我同一性状态标志着心理健康水平的提高。通过本研究,可以看到关注大学生自我同一性应成为心理学、教育学的重要课题。     

乡-城转移人口的生育率水平问题

乡一城人口转移作为城市化过程,总体上有利于生育率下降或低生育水平的稳定。但是,由于乡一城转移人口的生育率水平具有既不同于城也有别于乡的差别特征,因此这种转移对城乡生育率的变化必然产生一定的差别效应。通常认为,乡一城转移人口的生育率水平介于城乡之间,即低于乡而高于城。但是,有关研究认为,我国乡一城迁移流动人口的生育率水平已经转变为低于城市。对此,很值得进一步深入探讨。本文首先分析我国城乡生育率的变化和区域差异,然后对乡一城转移人口的总和生育率进行尝试性的推算,最后聚焦讨论流动人口生育行为的流动性问题。     

A DEA Approach to Measure the Quality-of-Life in the Municipalities of the Canary Islands

The notion of the quality of life has always intrigued economists, sociologists and other researchers in the area of social science. Since the genesis of the definition of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) as a truthful measure of well-being and economic development, other sophisticated methodologies have been proposed in the literature to measure the quality-of-life (QOL) that extend in a multidimensional way this complex concept. Measuring QOL in municipalities consists in finding a set of comparable attributes that can be weighted by some metric in order to construct a synthetic index. Thus, the narrow vision obtained by a single measure as the GDP, in which differences in the QOL cannot be fully analyzed, is overcome. Based upon a refinement of data envelopment analysis (DEA)—the cross-efficiency method, the current paper develops a synthetic QOL index that is based in 19 partial indicators which present the tradeoffs of different dimension for the 87 municipalities of the Canary Islands in Spain. Marginal rates of substitution are calculated to evaluate the tradeoffs on QOL dimensions. A method is also proposed to determine the scores chart of each municipality which can be used as a tool to policy makers in order to establish a program of improving the ranking position of the municipality identifying the critical QOL factors.     

汶川大地震极重灾区人口分布变动研究

人口分布是指人口在某一特定时间内于一定地理空间的集散状态,受多种因素影响。自然环境要素是人口分布的客现基础,但决定人口分布的关键因素是生产力发展水平与生产力布局。在一定时期内,在一个大的区域范围内,人口分布具有相对稳定性。汶川大地震极重灾区,社会经济环境与自然环境均发生较大变化,灾区人口分布格局变动不可避免。本文以汶川地震灾区10个极重灾区县为例,在系统分析灾前人口分布格局基础上,指出“耕地等农地资源灭失毁损、避灾搬迁、产业布局调整与升级、城镇体系空间重构、生态保护与修复”是影响灾后人口分布变动的主要驱动因素,提出灾区“人口总量基本不变,而城乡人口分布格局发生调整,并形成以县内分布调整变动为主、跨县人口分布调整为辅”的变动态势。     

父母与公婆之间的权衡:农村女性家庭权力与养老资源的分配

本文尝试探讨身具"儿媳—女儿"双重身份的农村已婚女性在家庭养老资源分配过程中,如何在公婆与父母之间进行权衡.通过对山东省莒南县868份问卷调查数据的分析,发现公婆与父母所获得的养老支持存在显著性差异,女性更倾向于将家庭养老资源给予自己父母而非公婆.家庭资源的多寡对女性承担公婆与父母的赡养义务均有很重要的影响作用,且家庭...     

拉动老年有效需求,促进上海老龄产业的发展

基于上海老年人口快速增长的客观事实 ,探讨了这一群体的人口变动对老龄产业发展的影响作用 ,并从如何拉动和激发老年人口群体的有效需求为立足点 ,分析和提出了促进上海老龄产业发展的具体举措。     

On the Output Orientation of the Benefit-of-the-Doubt-Model

While Benefit-of-the-Doubt (BoD) models, as used in the context of composite indicator construction, seek to aggregate outputs only, they are formally equivalent to an input-oriented Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) model in multiplier form. Strictly read, this introduces conceptually ambiguous results, as input adjustments have no real significance in the context at hand. At heart of this ambiguity lies a double interpretation of what is essentially a binding constraint in BoD’s underlying linear-fractional program. Moreover, there is a direct, reciprocal relation between the BoD-model and an earlier output-oriented DEA model introduced by Lovell et al. (Eur J Oper Res 87:507–518, 1995) for similar purposes. Although these models are essentially similar, I also show that there are instances (i.e. when adding additional weight restrictions) in which the results of one alternative are easier to communicate. The models surveyed in this paper are complemented with a short application on human development data for females living in Brussels municipalities.     

人口要素对我国食物安全的影响现状与趋势分析

本文通过对历史数据的回顾分析了20世纪90年代我国食物安全的现状,并运用三因素分解法着重分析了人口要素对食物供给量的影响,同时还利用趋势外推以及人口结构预测的方法分别对当前至2030年的食物供给、需求情况进行了预测。研究结果表明,我国当前及未来在食物的供需平衡方面虽略有亏空,但在总体上保持了平衡。食物安全现存的主要问题是食物资源分配不均与营养结构不全面的问题。同时,本文研究的政策内涵预示,降低食物的损耗率也是缓解我国食物安全压力的行之有效的措施。     

影响人力资本投资和利用的制度分析

随着西方人力资本理论的兴起和传播,人们开始重视人力资本在经济增长中的作用,各国政府都加大了对人力资本的投资,但是历史和现实说明人力资本对于经济增长的实际作用,不仅取决于其质量的高低和数量的多少,还取决于相应制度的激励和影响。加强对人力资本投资和利用的制度研究,改变当前我国存在的人口众多与低素质严重并存、人力资源丰富与人力资本短缺并存、人才匮乏与人才浪费并存等现象,促进人力资本投资和有效使用的制度建设,具有特殊的理论意义和实践意义。