权变视角下联盟网络与新创企业成长关系研究

基于权变视角,整合社会网络理论和战略制度观,探讨了联盟网络对新创企业成长的影响,并考察了制度环境和行业环境的调节效应。以189家中国新创企业的调研数据为基础开展了实证检验。结果表明,新创企业联盟网络关系强度及中心性位置对其成长绩效具有显著的正向影响;制度环境完善性在联盟网络关系强度与新创企业成长绩效关系中发挥着显著的负向调节作用;行业环境动态性正向调节联盟网络关系强度与新创企业成长绩效间关系,却负向调节联盟网络中心性位置与新创企业成长绩效间关系。     

高新技术企业联盟导向、创业导向与企业绩效关系的实证研究

基于我国195家高新技术企业的问卷调查数据,实证分析了联盟导向和创业导向对企业绩效的影响,以及创业导向和环境动态性在联盟导向与企业绩效关系间的调节作用。研究结果表明:联盟导向和创业导向对企业绩效具有显著的正向影响;创业导向和市场动态性在联盟导向与企业绩效关系中起到正向调节作用;技术动态性在联盟导向与企业绩效的关系中起到负向调节作用。     

高管灵性资本对提高企业创新绩效的影响

对高管灵性资本、创业导向和环境动态性影响创新绩效的作用机制进行研究的结果表明:高管灵性资本对企业创新绩效有显著的正向影响;环境动态性正向调节高管灵性资本与创新绩效两者之间的关系;创业导向是高管灵性资本与创新绩效之间的完全中介变量;环境动态性与高管灵性资本的交互作用,通过创业导向的中介作用影响创新绩效,具体表现为有中介的调节作用。     

转型环境下管理者关系对企业绩效的影响研究

已有大量研究探讨管理者关系与企业绩效的关系,但并未深入揭示管理者关系对不同类型绩效的影响以及不同类型环境的调节作用。基于社会资本理论和资源依赖理论,构建管理者关系、企业绩效及其所处环境的研究框架,探讨管理者的政治关系和商业关系对企业创新绩效和财务绩效的影响,并进一步分析竞争强度和法制环境的调节作用。以206家中国企业为对象进行问卷调查,运用SPSS 16.0和多元回归分析等方法进行实证检验。研究结果表明,政治关系只对财务绩效有正向影响,而对创新绩效的影响不显著;商业关系对创新绩效和财务绩效具有显著正向影响;竞争强度对政治关系与创新绩效关系的调节作用不显著,对政治关系与财务绩效关系有正向调节作用,但对商业关系与创新绩效和财务绩效的关系均有负向调节作用;法制环境负向调节政治关系与创新绩效和财务绩效的关系,正向调节商业关系与创新绩效和财务绩效的关系。在当前环境下,企业可以利用管理者关系促进企业绩效,特别是财务绩效,但要注意其发挥作用的边界条件。     

能力组合效应对组织运作绩效影响的实证研究

分析技术能力、市场能力和管理能力独自及交互作用对组织运作绩效的影响,以探索组织发挥能力以创造价值的方法。实证结果发现:技术能力、市场能力和管理能力都正向影响运作绩效;市场能力和技术能力的组合正向地影响运作绩效,而市场能力和管理能力的组合则负向地影响运作绩效;环境不确定性正向调节市场能力与运作绩效之间关系,负向调节技术能力与运作绩效之间的关系。结论表明,识别和管理不同能力间的正向或负向协同效应对于构建有效的能力组合非常关键;市场能力对组织在不确定性环境下获得良好的运营绩效扮演着重要角色;组织应当小心谨慎的处理相关能力可能带来的"能力陷阱"。     

电子商务商业模式设计对企业绩效的影响机制研究

本文实证研究了环境动态性和关系嵌入性对电子商务商业模式设计与企业绩效之间关系的调节作用。研究发现效率型商业模式设计和新颖型商业模式设计对企业绩效具有显著正向影响;环境动态性对效率型商业模式设计与企业绩效的关系具有正向调节作用;关系嵌入性对新颖型商业模式设计与企业绩效的关系具有正向调节作用。     

新产品开发网络资源与技术资源匹配关系:基于中国制造业企业的实证研究

新技术革命背景下新产品开发所需资源的广度和深度与日俱增,不同资源的匹配组合对于新产品开发成功具有直接决定性作用。本文结合资源基础理论与社会网络理论,深入研究了新产品开发中不同程度网络-技术资源组合对新产品开发市场绩效与风险的作用机理,并探究了产品多元化对网络-技术资源组合与新产品开发市场绩效、风险之间关系的调节效应。基于143家中国制造业企业实地调研数据,运用结构方程模型与分层回归分析方法进行实证,结果发现:网络资源广度-技术资源深度组合以及网络资源深度-技术资源广度组合对新产品开发市场绩效有正向影响,对新产品开发风险有负向作用;网络资源广度-技术资源广度组合以及网络资源深度-技术资源深度组合对新产品开发市场绩效有负向影响,对新产品开发风险有正向作用;产品多元化正向调节网络资源广度-技术资源深度组合与新产品开发风险之间的关系,以及网络资源广度-技术资源广度组合与新产品开发市场绩效、风险之间的关系。本文的研究为企业提高新产品开发资源配置效率、降低开发风险提供了决策支持与理论依据。     

管制放松后的企业竞争行动、竞争对手分类与销售绩效

基于亚洲14个国家(地区)电信企业的二手数据,本文检验了企业竞争行动与销售绩效之间的主效应,以及组内竞争和组间竞争对上述主效应的调节作用。研究发现,企业竞争行动密集性、异质性与销售绩效正相关,企业竞争行动简单性与销售绩效负相关;市场竞争(包括组内竞争与组间竞争)对企业竞争行动密集性、异质性与销售绩效之间的关系存在负向调节,对企业竞争行动简单性与销售绩效之间关系存在正向调节。从3个战略群组的对比看,在企业成员规模越小的战略群组中,组内竞争对企业竞争行动与销售绩效之间关系的调节效应越强;在企业成员规模越大的战略群组中,组间竞争对企业竞争行动与销售绩效之间关系的调节效应越强。上述结论表明,组内竞争对小企业最为不利,组间竞争对大企业最为不利。     

产品模块化对企业竞争优势的影响机理研究

利用珠三角大中型制造企业的调查数据,分别检验了战略柔性(先动柔性、响应柔性)、环境动态性在产品模块化(模块化设计、模块化生产)与竞争优势(品牌优势、大规模定制优势)间的中介与调节作用。结果表明:产品模块化对竞争优势有显著正向影响;产品模块化通过战略柔性完全中介作用于品牌优势;响应柔性在模块化设计、模块化生产与大规模定制优势的关系中分别起完全和部分中介作用,先动柔性则没有;环境动态性正向调节模块化生产与品牌优势的关系,负向调节模块化设计与竞争优势的关系,而在模块化生产与大规模定制优势关系中的调节作用不显著。     

动态环境下联盟竞合、治理机制与创新绩效的关系研究

本文从竞合视角审视联盟组合,结合动态关系观探讨有效的联盟治理机制,揭示了联盟组合中竞合关系(横向竞合、纵向竞合)、治理机制(契约治理、关系治理)和创新绩效之间的关系,并考察了动态环境特征(技术波动、竞争强度)的二次调节作用。在不同的竞合关系中,由于合作和竞争的强度不同,契约治理与关系治理机制的作用也存在差异,同时,治理机制与创新绩效之间的关系也受到两种不同环境动态性特征的影响。研究结果显示,在纵向竞合中,运用关系治理比运用契约治理能更好地提升创新绩效,技术波动正向调节契约治理、关系治理与创新绩效间的关系。在横向竞合中,运用契约治理比运用关系治理有效,竞争强度加强了契约治理对创新绩效的影响,即关系治理在波动的环境中更有效,契约治理在竞争的环境中更有效。本文为企业开展研发联盟组合管理提供了新的视角和管理对策。     

Introduction to Special Section on Sensitivity Analysis and Summary of NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis

This guest editorial is a summary of the NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis held June 11–12, 2001 at North Carolina State University and sponsored by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Office of Risk Assessment and Cost Benefit Analysis. The objective of the workshop was to learn across disciplines in identifying, evaluating, and recommending sensitivity analysis methods and practices for application to food‐safety process risk models. The workshop included presentations regarding the Hazard Assessment and Critical Control Points (HACCP) framework used in food‐safety risk assessment, a survey of sensitivity analysis methods, invited white papers on sensitivity analysis, and invited case studies regarding risk assessment of microbial pathogens in food. Based on the sharing of interdisciplinary information represented by the presentations, the workshop participants, divided into breakout sessions, responded to three trigger questions: What are the key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods applied to food‐safety risk assessment? What sensitivity analysis methods are most promising for application to food safety and risk assessment? and What are the key needs for implementation and demonstration of such methods? The workshop produced agreement regarding key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods and the need to use two or more methods to try to obtain robust insights. Recommendations were made regarding a guideline document to assist practitioners in selecting, applying, interpreting, and reporting the results of sensitivity analysis.     

Distinguishing traumatic, vicarious and routine operational stressor exposure and attendant adverse consequences in a sample of police officers

Problems in studying occupational stress within the police service are identified and the paucity of work on operational duties as potential stressors are discussed. The present study reports the results of a factor analysis of operational stressors (N = 601 serving British police officers) that revealed three factors: exposure to death and disaster; violence and injury; sexual crime. These were demonstrated to be reliable scales and were included in logistic regression models together with a range of demographic and psychological variables. Models were applied to men and women separately, which showed there to be different predictors of the likelihood of suffering distress (measured by the General Health Questionnaire, GHQ) in terms of the officer's gender and operational role. Overall the model for women officers was better at predicting psychological distress than that for men. These findings are related to aspects of the police occupational culture. Further discussion is offered that conceptualizes police operational stressors as traumatic, routine and vicarious. Finally, some implications are drawn for the provision of stress intervention in the light of this differentiation.     

Criteria for selecting a production control philosophy

Logistic objectives constitute a compromise between having short leadtimes and a low volume of work in progress on the one hand and a high resource loading and due date obligation on the other. Miscellaneous production planning approaches offered today provide different combinations of logistic objectives for satisfying a manufacturing strategy. To combine the strength of the various approaches into a unified system, a new approach based on a dynamic and distributed production planning methodology is proposed. To customize the approach, various analyses and specifications have to be made and for that reason some important characteristics and criteria for analysing production control philosophies will be given.     

The social construction of the meaning of acute stressors: a qualitative study of the personal accounts of police officers using a stress counselling service

The police profession is one in which acute stressors are encountered more frequently than in other occupations. Using the personal accounts of 35 police officers attending an in-house stress counselling clinic, the aim of the present study was to provide a qualitative examination of how the institutional context of policing influenced the ways in which acute stressors signified to individual police officers experiencing felt distress. Using the framework of Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy as an analytical tool, it is argued that beliefs contributing to the experience of felt distress are related to the way in which policing as both an identity and an activity is constructed through the police organizational culture. Not only do these constructions influence the ways in which officers perceive themselves and their environments, but they also operate at the collective level to 'normalize' some emotional responses and to 'pathologize' others which, it is argued, could impact upon the outcomes of interventions such as stress counselling.     

The moderating role of social support in Karasek's job strain model

This paper examines whether social support is a boundary-determining criterion in the job strain model of Karasek (1979). The particular focus is the extent to which different sources of social support, work overload and task control influence job satisfaction, depersonalization and supervisor assessments of work performance. Hypotheses are tested using prospective survey data from 80 clerical staff in a university setting. Results revealed 3-way interactions among levels of support (supervisor, co-worker, non-work), perceived task control and work overload on levels of work performance and employee adjustment (self-report). After controlling for levels of negative affect in all analyses, there was evidence that high levels of supervisor support mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of job satisfaction and reduced reported levels of depersonalization. Moreover, high levels of non-work support and co-worker support also mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of work performance. The results are discussed in terms of the importance of social support networks both at, and beyond, the work context.     

Job insecurity, coping resources and personality dispositions in occupational strain

This paper presents research on the relationships between the work-related stressor of perceived job insecurity and various indicators of occupational strain, taking into account employees' personality dispositions (trait negative and positive affectivity) and coping resources. Respondents were 222 Australian public servants surveyed during organizational restructuring that involved downsizing and threat to job certainty. The research was formulated within an adaptation of Osipow, Doty, and Spokane's (1985) framework of stress-strain-coping that included the possible direct as well as moderating effects of personality dispositions in reporting occupational strain (Parkes, 1990). Findings from hierarchical regression analyses indicate consistent significant independent effects of personality dispositions, coping resources and perceived job insecurity on various indicators of strain. There was also support for the moderating roles of negative affectivity and self-care in the relation between perceived job insecurity and physical strain. Implications for the role of dispositional factors, especially negative affectivity, and the utility of various coping resources in accounting for occupational strain in times of threatened job security are discussed.     

Job stress, job strain, and psychological withdrawal among Dutch university staff: towards a dualprocess model for the effects of occupational stress

This study examined the antecedents of job strain (emotional exhaustion, health complaints) and withdrawal behaviour (e.g. lowered organizational commitment) among a cross-sectional sample of 131 academic staff members of the law department of a large Dutch university. Conservation of resources theory (Hobfoll, 1989) provided the theoretical background for this study. Strains and withdrawal behaviours were expected to be most prominent among those who reported having few resources and/or who reported high job demands. Structural equation modelling revealed that this was indeed the case. As predicted, differential patterns of effects emerged for job demands and job resources. Analysis of the effects of four job-specific stressors revealed that especially the structural aspects of a staff member's teaching task (e.g. the number of students in their classes) contributed strongly to perceived job demands. Theoretical and practical implications of the study are discussed.     

Employees' perceptions of organizational restructuring: the role of social support

Organizational change and restructuring is often perceived as leading to increased occupational stress, impacting negatively on the psychological well-being of employees. This pragmatic study investigates the role of social support and dispositional affect as moderators of role stress post-restructuring for employees in a public utility company. A total of 176 employees, including 37 managers, 60 graded staff and 78 industrial staff completed a self-report questionnaire, approximately 1 year postrestructuring, retrospectively assessing role conflict, ambiguity, overload and positive and negative feedback pre- and post-restructuring. Results suggested that overall role stress increased for managers/ senior officers and graded staff, but not for industrial staff. Social support was linked with lower role stress, more positive feedback and less negative feedback at post-restructuring. For certain role stressors this impact was moderated by dispositional affect, but the effect was not consistent across occupational groups. Positive affect enhanced the effect of manager support in reducing role conflict for graded staff, and the effect of co-worker support in increasing positive feedback and reducing negative feedback for industrial staff. Findings suggest that managers should pay particular attention to support and feedback for employees during periods of chronic occupational stress following organizational restructuring.     

The Danish psychosocial work environment and symptoms of stress: the main, mediating and moderating role of sense of coherence

The aim of this cross-sectional study was to explore the main, mediating and moderating role of sense of coherence (SOC) on stress symptoms and on the association between perceived psychosocial work environment and stress symptoms. The sample includes 2053 Danish employees from 52 workplaces. Hierarchical regression models were applied for each measure of stress. The results strongly supported the presence of a main effect for SOC. People with high levels of SOC experienced fewer stress symptoms. A mediating effect of SOC was also supported. Thus, SOC in part explained the association between work environment and stress symptoms. In addition, some support for a moderating effect of SOC was found, suggesting that people with higher SOC coped more efficiently with work environmental strain that people with lower SOC. Taken together the regression models explained 11-32% of the variance in stress symptoms. The results suggest that measures of individual factors such as SOC should be included in analyses of the effects of work environmental factors on stress and well-being.     

Control at work: a generalized resource factor for the prevention of musculoskeletal symptoms?

During the last two decades two potent groups of predictors for work-related musculoskeletal problems have been identified: physical work load and poor psychosocial working conditions. However, little is known about their combined effects. In this study the buffering effect of control at work with respect to the negative effects of psychological demands and physical work load on musculoskeletal problems is examined. All study variables were sampled from 431 people working in geriatric nursing homes in Germany by means of questionnaires. Main effects and interactions were tested with multiple regression analysis. The results showed that control buffered the effects of high psychological demands, but not of high physical work load; the buffering effect of control was observed only when physical work load was low. The combined effects of demands and physical work load were over-additive. Thus, the power of different predictors for musculoskeletal symptoms depended on the level of other predictors. This suggests that the efficiency of certain strategies for the prevention of musculoskeletal problems is likely to depend on the level of risk factors, with different strategies being appropriate for different levels of risk.