不完全竞争和规模报酬递增为代表的新贸易理论发展综述

传统贸易理论因假设规模报酬不变而避开了市场结构难题,完全竞争与规模报酬不变是相容的。直到20世纪70年代后期,报酬递增与市场结构难题的理论突破首先在新贸易理论中开始。新贸易理论以报酬递增为一大支柱性假设,该假设必然涉及到市场结构难题,这是个极具技术与建模难度的问题。新贸易理论在报酬递增和不完全竞争同时存在的条件下对报酬递增与市场结构难题进行了理论解释。     

货币内生的需求、供给与分工收入

经济学在讨论供求决定价格时,供求是实物单位,货币是外生变量。本文在形式化市场规模与劳动分工的基础上,建立了货币单位总需求(MV)、总供给(PT)和总收入(LE)之间的关系MV=PT=LE。在此基础上,本文描述了费雪、弗里德曼假定条件下,增量货币配合,吸纳新就业实现经济增长、报酬递增的过程。作为检验,应用此方程对价格决定、奥肯定律、菲利普斯曲线、凯恩斯乘数、财政政策与货币政策等经济理论进行了解释。     

产业集聚的集聚效应——以长江三角洲次区域为例的理论和实证分析

本文通过VECM(Vector Error Corrected Model)和协整分析,在借鉴新古典增长分析框架基础上提出了垄断竞争增长的分析框架,从宏观增长的视角,以长三角次区域1978~2005年数据为样本,对产业在既定空间中心——外围式的集聚给集聚地区带来的经济发展、技术进步和索洛剩余递增三类集聚效应进行了理论和实证分析。研究发现,产业在既定空间集聚产生的自我集聚可以改善集聚区域居民生活水平,促进地区技术进步,增强区域产业竞争力,带来增长、产业结构升级和区域经济索洛剩余递增。研究第一次提出和论证了产业集聚地区索洛剩余是既定市场需求条件约束下集聚区域产业竞争力函数,而产业集聚竞争产生的技术进步构成集聚区域产业差异化优势和竞争力源泉的假说;据此,研究认为,地区经济体之间不存在绝对的绝对收敛与条件收敛。与新经济地理学有关产业集聚的效率源于先验的规模报酬递增观点不同,未必存在规模报酬递增;而经济效率的根源在于产业集聚竞争导致的区域技术进步促使的索洛剩余的递增。此外,本文区分了区域索洛剩余递增与产业索洛剩余递增,认为产业集聚产生的索洛剩余增加既构成区域产业集聚循环累积因果机制的集聚力,又构成扩散力:集聚区域产业集聚到一定阶段,就会促使传统产业索洛剩余递减,推动传统产业向区外转移。     

《克鲁格曼国际贸易新理论》评介

国际贸易成为近２０年来最为敏感和热门的话题之一 ,一方面是因为不断扩大的国际贸易在社会经济中扮演越来越重要的角色 ,对人们的经济生活直接或间接产生越来越重要影响 ,且国际贸易常常涉及国与国之间的重大利益分配 ,也常成为各国政府间讨论和协调的重要领域。另一方面是因为国际贸易理论本身的突破。在传统的国际贸易理论的基础上 ,新国际贸易理论 (ＮｅｗＴｒａｄｅＴｈｅｏｒｙ)引入了规模报酬递增和不完全竞争 ,发展出用非比较优势贸易的观点来解释国际贸易 ,从而更好地揭示了当今国际贸易中的现实问题。由中国社会科学出版社于２０…     

基于网络外部性的规模收益与产品差异化

通过构造一个纵向产品差异化的两阶段模型(先决定产品质量再决定产量) ,研究了当产 品具有网络外部性特征时,其规模收益特征对企业的产品质量差异度、利润、产品价格和需求 等因素的影响. 然后对产品的规模收益递增和递减两种情况作了比较分析并得出相应的结论. 研究表明,当不考虑网络外部性时递减规模收益假设下产品的质量(不论是高质量还是低质 量) 都要低于递增规模收益情形;而考虑网络外部性时递减规模收益假设下的高质量要远大于 递增规模收益假设下的质量;递减规模收益假设下的市场需求都要低于递增规模收益假设下 的市场需求,这与产品是否具有网络外部性特征无关.     

“有为政府”与集聚经济圈的演进——一个基于长三角集聚经济圈的分析框架

本文从发展战略、产业与贸易政策、市场制度、公共投资建设等政策手段的4个维度研究了"有为政府"对集聚经济圈产业集聚的影响力。研究认为,政府通过政策手段改变了集聚经济圈产业外在的发展环境,从而改变了其要素禀赋的使用与发展方向,发挥了集聚经济圈要素禀赋在国际分工中的比较优势,促成了集聚经济圈的产业集聚,成为集聚经济圈产业集聚的外部动力。研究丰富了产业集聚理论研究,为分析集聚经济圈产业集聚外部动力问题,提供了一个"有为政府"的分析框架。     

城市集聚经济发展效果及其问题分析

自20世纪80年代以来,产业集群凭借自身吸收高密度经济能量的优势,逐步成为全球市场上令人瞩目的经济现象。产业在城市集聚的正效应是其竞争优势的基础,也是产业集群演进的根本动力。认为外部经济是产业集群产生的直接诱因。通过对我国城市集聚进行系统分析,研究发现在城市集聚经济的作用下,我国经济发展呈现出规模报酬递增的现象,然而在经济积聚的同时,也暴露了一些收入水平差距拉大等问题,对此进行了说明,及改进意见。     

战略性贸易政策与我国高新技术产业发展中政府的作用

<正> 战略性贸易政策理论是一种主张在不完全竞争和规模经济的前提条件下,政府可以对贸易活动进行适度干预的贸易政策理沦。其与传统贸易理论的重要区别就在于证明了政府干预的合理     

中国出口商品比较优势分析研究

在经济全球化的过程中,积极参与国际分工与贸易,己成为推动一国经济发展的动力之一.中国自改革开放以来,按照传统比较优势开展国际贸易取得了巨大成就.中国的贸易结构也发生了显著变化,工业制成品己取代初级产品成为主要出口商品.然而,按照传统的比较优势参与国际贸易正显示出诸多弊端.鉴于此,按照动态比较优势开展对外贸易,避免陷入"比较优势陷阱",成为中国贸易实践的必然选择.所谓动态比较优势,就是指对于比较优势处于不利地位的发展中国家,可以战略性地在短期内违背现有的静态比较优势,推动自身不具有比较优势的产业发展,通过各种政策手段获得动态比较优势.运用动态比较优势理论的结果是,当资本和技术积累到一定程度后,本国的比较优势将发生升级或逆转,使得自身进入较优的国际分工地位,从而长期获益.     

关税壁垒真的是限制对手的武器吗?

本文通过建立一个对称的两国贸易模型,基于供求机理研究了当一国发起贸易保护措施后对于两国经济及创新能力等的影响。根据本文的模型：贸易保护在满足国家生产规模报酬递减和可贸易商品同质性较高等条件下更有可能成为限制对手的有效武器。并通过数值模拟分别对贸易壁垒有效和无效两种情境加以验证。本文还对多国且非对称的情况加以模拟,认为由于贸易摩擦的发起国和被制裁国的经济实力、贸易结构、生产结构等各不相同,在不同的贸易类型下,采取贸易保护措施会产生不同的效果。另外,本文在推导贸易模型时,根据进出口结构的特点、消费者效用最大化和生产者成本最小化的假设,提出了求解贸易均衡的Sylvester方程。     

Introduction to Special Section on Sensitivity Analysis and Summary of NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis

This guest editorial is a summary of the NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis held June 11–12, 2001 at North Carolina State University and sponsored by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Office of Risk Assessment and Cost Benefit Analysis. The objective of the workshop was to learn across disciplines in identifying, evaluating, and recommending sensitivity analysis methods and practices for application to food‐safety process risk models. The workshop included presentations regarding the Hazard Assessment and Critical Control Points (HACCP) framework used in food‐safety risk assessment, a survey of sensitivity analysis methods, invited white papers on sensitivity analysis, and invited case studies regarding risk assessment of microbial pathogens in food. Based on the sharing of interdisciplinary information represented by the presentations, the workshop participants, divided into breakout sessions, responded to three trigger questions: What are the key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods applied to food‐safety risk assessment? What sensitivity analysis methods are most promising for application to food safety and risk assessment? and What are the key needs for implementation and demonstration of such methods? The workshop produced agreement regarding key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods and the need to use two or more methods to try to obtain robust insights. Recommendations were made regarding a guideline document to assist practitioners in selecting, applying, interpreting, and reporting the results of sensitivity analysis.     

Distinguishing traumatic, vicarious and routine operational stressor exposure and attendant adverse consequences in a sample of police officers

Problems in studying occupational stress within the police service are identified and the paucity of work on operational duties as potential stressors are discussed. The present study reports the results of a factor analysis of operational stressors (N = 601 serving British police officers) that revealed three factors: exposure to death and disaster; violence and injury; sexual crime. These were demonstrated to be reliable scales and were included in logistic regression models together with a range of demographic and psychological variables. Models were applied to men and women separately, which showed there to be different predictors of the likelihood of suffering distress (measured by the General Health Questionnaire, GHQ) in terms of the officer's gender and operational role. Overall the model for women officers was better at predicting psychological distress than that for men. These findings are related to aspects of the police occupational culture. Further discussion is offered that conceptualizes police operational stressors as traumatic, routine and vicarious. Finally, some implications are drawn for the provision of stress intervention in the light of this differentiation.     

Criteria for selecting a production control philosophy

Logistic objectives constitute a compromise between having short leadtimes and a low volume of work in progress on the one hand and a high resource loading and due date obligation on the other. Miscellaneous production planning approaches offered today provide different combinations of logistic objectives for satisfying a manufacturing strategy. To combine the strength of the various approaches into a unified system, a new approach based on a dynamic and distributed production planning methodology is proposed. To customize the approach, various analyses and specifications have to be made and for that reason some important characteristics and criteria for analysing production control philosophies will be given.     

The social construction of the meaning of acute stressors: a qualitative study of the personal accounts of police officers using a stress counselling service

The police profession is one in which acute stressors are encountered more frequently than in other occupations. Using the personal accounts of 35 police officers attending an in-house stress counselling clinic, the aim of the present study was to provide a qualitative examination of how the institutional context of policing influenced the ways in which acute stressors signified to individual police officers experiencing felt distress. Using the framework of Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy as an analytical tool, it is argued that beliefs contributing to the experience of felt distress are related to the way in which policing as both an identity and an activity is constructed through the police organizational culture. Not only do these constructions influence the ways in which officers perceive themselves and their environments, but they also operate at the collective level to 'normalize' some emotional responses and to 'pathologize' others which, it is argued, could impact upon the outcomes of interventions such as stress counselling.     

The moderating role of social support in Karasek's job strain model

This paper examines whether social support is a boundary-determining criterion in the job strain model of Karasek (1979). The particular focus is the extent to which different sources of social support, work overload and task control influence job satisfaction, depersonalization and supervisor assessments of work performance. Hypotheses are tested using prospective survey data from 80 clerical staff in a university setting. Results revealed 3-way interactions among levels of support (supervisor, co-worker, non-work), perceived task control and work overload on levels of work performance and employee adjustment (self-report). After controlling for levels of negative affect in all analyses, there was evidence that high levels of supervisor support mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of job satisfaction and reduced reported levels of depersonalization. Moreover, high levels of non-work support and co-worker support also mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of work performance. The results are discussed in terms of the importance of social support networks both at, and beyond, the work context.     

Job insecurity, coping resources and personality dispositions in occupational strain

This paper presents research on the relationships between the work-related stressor of perceived job insecurity and various indicators of occupational strain, taking into account employees' personality dispositions (trait negative and positive affectivity) and coping resources. Respondents were 222 Australian public servants surveyed during organizational restructuring that involved downsizing and threat to job certainty. The research was formulated within an adaptation of Osipow, Doty, and Spokane's (1985) framework of stress-strain-coping that included the possible direct as well as moderating effects of personality dispositions in reporting occupational strain (Parkes, 1990). Findings from hierarchical regression analyses indicate consistent significant independent effects of personality dispositions, coping resources and perceived job insecurity on various indicators of strain. There was also support for the moderating roles of negative affectivity and self-care in the relation between perceived job insecurity and physical strain. Implications for the role of dispositional factors, especially negative affectivity, and the utility of various coping resources in accounting for occupational strain in times of threatened job security are discussed.     

Job stress, job strain, and psychological withdrawal among Dutch university staff: towards a dualprocess model for the effects of occupational stress

This study examined the antecedents of job strain (emotional exhaustion, health complaints) and withdrawal behaviour (e.g. lowered organizational commitment) among a cross-sectional sample of 131 academic staff members of the law department of a large Dutch university. Conservation of resources theory (Hobfoll, 1989) provided the theoretical background for this study. Strains and withdrawal behaviours were expected to be most prominent among those who reported having few resources and/or who reported high job demands. Structural equation modelling revealed that this was indeed the case. As predicted, differential patterns of effects emerged for job demands and job resources. Analysis of the effects of four job-specific stressors revealed that especially the structural aspects of a staff member's teaching task (e.g. the number of students in their classes) contributed strongly to perceived job demands. Theoretical and practical implications of the study are discussed.     

Employees' perceptions of organizational restructuring: the role of social support

Organizational change and restructuring is often perceived as leading to increased occupational stress, impacting negatively on the psychological well-being of employees. This pragmatic study investigates the role of social support and dispositional affect as moderators of role stress post-restructuring for employees in a public utility company. A total of 176 employees, including 37 managers, 60 graded staff and 78 industrial staff completed a self-report questionnaire, approximately 1 year postrestructuring, retrospectively assessing role conflict, ambiguity, overload and positive and negative feedback pre- and post-restructuring. Results suggested that overall role stress increased for managers/ senior officers and graded staff, but not for industrial staff. Social support was linked with lower role stress, more positive feedback and less negative feedback at post-restructuring. For certain role stressors this impact was moderated by dispositional affect, but the effect was not consistent across occupational groups. Positive affect enhanced the effect of manager support in reducing role conflict for graded staff, and the effect of co-worker support in increasing positive feedback and reducing negative feedback for industrial staff. Findings suggest that managers should pay particular attention to support and feedback for employees during periods of chronic occupational stress following organizational restructuring.     

The Danish psychosocial work environment and symptoms of stress: the main, mediating and moderating role of sense of coherence

The aim of this cross-sectional study was to explore the main, mediating and moderating role of sense of coherence (SOC) on stress symptoms and on the association between perceived psychosocial work environment and stress symptoms. The sample includes 2053 Danish employees from 52 workplaces. Hierarchical regression models were applied for each measure of stress. The results strongly supported the presence of a main effect for SOC. People with high levels of SOC experienced fewer stress symptoms. A mediating effect of SOC was also supported. Thus, SOC in part explained the association between work environment and stress symptoms. In addition, some support for a moderating effect of SOC was found, suggesting that people with higher SOC coped more efficiently with work environmental strain that people with lower SOC. Taken together the regression models explained 11-32% of the variance in stress symptoms. The results suggest that measures of individual factors such as SOC should be included in analyses of the effects of work environmental factors on stress and well-being.     

Control at work: a generalized resource factor for the prevention of musculoskeletal symptoms?

During the last two decades two potent groups of predictors for work-related musculoskeletal problems have been identified: physical work load and poor psychosocial working conditions. However, little is known about their combined effects. In this study the buffering effect of control at work with respect to the negative effects of psychological demands and physical work load on musculoskeletal problems is examined. All study variables were sampled from 431 people working in geriatric nursing homes in Germany by means of questionnaires. Main effects and interactions were tested with multiple regression analysis. The results showed that control buffered the effects of high psychological demands, but not of high physical work load; the buffering effect of control was observed only when physical work load was low. The combined effects of demands and physical work load were over-additive. Thus, the power of different predictors for musculoskeletal symptoms depended on the level of other predictors. This suggests that the efficiency of certain strategies for the prevention of musculoskeletal problems is likely to depend on the level of risk factors, with different strategies being appropriate for different levels of risk.