利还是弊:“啃老”对老年生活满意度的影响

本文利用中国健康与养老追踪调查数据(CHARLS)2011年数据,实证分析子女"啃老"对老年人生活满意度的影响。在考虑了数据聚类特征的情况下,发现老年人向子女提供经济支持有利于老年人生活满意度的提高,而照看孙子女则降低了老年人的生活满意度。而且,上述影响在不同老年人群体间缺乏一致性,也就是存在性别、城乡、年龄、不同经济状况间的差异。此外,老年人的健康状况、年龄、受教育程度、个人经济状况及所在社区情况都会对老年人生活满意度产生影响。     

中国高龄老人养老与生活状况的影响因素--对子女数量和性别作用的检验

本文利用1998年中国高龄老人健康长寿调查数据,对高龄老人养老方式及生活、健康状况的影响因素进行了分析,特别是检验了子女数量和性别在养老和生活状况中的作用。调查除了反映出社会经济差异的一般模式外,我们通过回归分析证实高龄老人存活子女数量和性别的显著影响。最重要的发现是,高龄老人在户居方式和经济供养上主要依赖儿子,但在生活照料上女儿也有显著影响。有女儿的高龄老人往往对生活和健康状况的评价更为满意。     

城市子女对老年父母经济支持的具体研究

新世纪,研究发现大部分城市老人与子女之间没有任何经济交往,老人与子代的经济交流以游离型为主。这主要源于社会保障政策对代际经济支持的挤出效应。在城市,向老年人提供经济支持的子女并不多,在向老年父母提供经济支持上,子女之间没有显著的性别差异,但是,子女的经济状况、受教育程度、排行和居住距离对其提供老年人经济支持的数量有显著影响。     

农村孩次和性别对代际时间转移动机的影响——以安徽省为例

在美国等西方国家,代际时间转移动机是公共转移项目和政策的关键决定因素。然而,在中国文化中,这一概念相对比较新颖。目前尚无子女的孩次、性别与中国农村老年人代际时间转移之间影响的研究。本文旨在从农村地区父母的角度,按子女的性别和孩次,探究时间转移的动机。本研究的数据为2009年从中国安徽省巢湖地区收集。研究结果显示从父母的视角分析,子女的孩次对代际时间转移动机有显著的影响,而子女性别的影响不显著。此外,本文讨论了对政府政策和未来研究的启示。     

子女离婚对老年人健康的影响研究--基于CLASS数据的实证分析

婚姻稳定性下降、人口老龄化加剧预示着越来越多的老年人会经历子女离婚,然而子女离婚是否以及如何影响老年父母健康尚缺乏研究。本文基于生命历程理论和社会性别理论,从老年健康的角度出发,强调来自家庭层面子女离婚的影响,并从家庭代际经济支持等方面分析子女离婚如何影响老年健康及其发生的机制,探索家庭内部影响因素间的作用与联系。本文利用2014年和2018年“中国老年社会追踪调查数据”(CLASS)分析子女离婚对老年父母健康状况的影响。研究发现对于当前我国老年人而言,子女离婚仍是少数,但子女离婚会对老年父母健康带来冲击,表现为有离婚子女的老年人更可能自评身体不健康、慢性病患病数量显著更多、精神健康水平更低;子女离婚对老年父母的健康负面影响具有持久性;相较于儿子离婚,女儿离婚的老年人更可能自觉身体不健康;子女离婚对父母健康的影响具有性别异质性,离婚更易影响女儿对父母的经济支持水平是一个重要原因。     

外出务工对农村老年人家庭子女养老分工影响研究

文章利用西安交通大学人口与发展研究所2009年在安徽省巢湖市进行的＂安徽省老年人生活福利状况＂抽样调查数据,采用多元Logistic回归分析了农村老年人家庭儿子与女儿外出务工状况对子女兄弟姐妹养老分工的影响。结果表明,外出务工对子女养老分工有显著影响,并且儿子和女儿外出务工的影响存在显著性别差异。儿子全部外出务工,子女之间倾向不平均分担对老年父母的经济支持,女儿全部外出务工,子女之间倾向于共同平均分担经济支持;儿子全部外出务工或女儿全部外出务工,子女之间都倾向于不给予老年父母生活照料。     

农村成年子女外出务工对留守父母健康的影响研究

本文利用中国健康与营养调查(China Health and Nutrition Survey)1997-2015年数据,采用倾向值匹配分析方法(Propensity Score Matching)评估农村地区成年子女外出务工对留守家乡父母的健康造成的影响。研究发现相对于没有成年子女外出务工的对照组,农村成年子女外出务工会使留守父母过去四周患病的概率显著增加2.7%,65岁及以上的留守父母IADL受损概率显著增加6.1%。这种负面影响也显著地体现在对留守父母心理健康的影响上。研究发现留守父母的生活满意程度显著低于非留守父母。在此基础上,文章进一步从性别差异角度进行分析,研究发现子女外出务工对留守父亲的身心健康产生的负面影响比母亲更大;和女儿相比,儿子外出务工对留守父母身心健康的负面影响更大。文章的研究结果表明,在我国实现"健康老龄化"的道路上,农村地区留守父母的健康状况令人担忧。因此,政府部门应出台支持家庭老年照料的政策,加强对农村地区社区和机构照料的投入,减少子女外出务工引发照料缺失给父母健康带来的负面影响。     

性别失衡的宏观经济后果——评述与展望

本文从家庭经济决策行为、性别失衡与储蓄、婚姻市场挤压等方面对人口性别变量与经济可持续发展的已有研究进行了全面系统的评述,总结了经济学视角下性别失衡研究的发展趋势,指出性别失衡对经济学宏观变量影响的家庭经济决策放大机制是研究该命题的关键。最后,构建了一个从经济学视角来研究人口性别失衡的理论分析框架与建模思路,详细阐述了其背景、构成及所包括的关键机制,为性别失衡对宏观经济影响后果的研究,以及采用包括宏观经济政策在内的性别失衡综合治理和推进性别平等策略的制定与评估提供理论与方法支撑。     

农村第一代已婚独生子女父母养老心态及其影响因素分析

基于2011年江苏、四川两省720户中老年农民调查数据,以同龄的非独生子女父母为参照,对农村第一代已婚独生子女父母的养老心态及其影响因素进行探索性分析。结果表明,在对待自己养老问题的担心上,独生子女父母的担心程度略高于非独生子女父母。而在子女能否赡养、经济上能否支持、生病时能否照顾上,独生子女父母的担心程度均低于非独生子女父母,在年老时是否感到孤独寂寞上,独生子女父母担心程度略高于非独生子女父母。对独生子女父母养老总体心态的多因素方差分析发现,婚姻状况、亲子关系、子女婚后支持变化、居住条件及生活满意度等变量可能是显著影响研究对象养老心态的重要因素。     

子女外出对农村留守父母健康的影响

老龄化背景下,成年子女的异地流动增加了中老年人的健康负担,本文使用中国健康与养老追踪调查数据和倾向分值匹配法,实证考察了农村地区成年子女跨省外出对留守父母健康的影响。估计结果显示,有子女外出的家庭,中老年父母的主观健康如自评健康、认知状况和抑郁程度较差;客观健康也受到不利影响,患关节炎、胃病和肺病的可能性更大。基于收入考量的子女外出确实增加了对父母的经济支持力度,但同时也增加了父母从事隔代照料的可能性。隔代照料负担的增加可能是子女外出对父母健康有不利影响的原因。     

Equality and fertility in the kibbutz

The kibbutz' quest for equality makes a member's consumption independent of his contribution to production, and the kibbutz itself responsible for almost all childrearing expenses. This fundamental departure from the standard organization of economic life of course affects fertility. We find that a parent's predicted wage (as determined by the parent's individual characteristics) has a smaller positive effect on fertility in the city than in the kibbutz, and that a parent's education has a negative effect on fertility in the city and either a smaller negative effect or no effect in the kibbutz.Correspondence to Leif Danziger.We thank the referees and Alessandro Cigno for helpful comments. Leif Danziger acknowledges the financial support from the Faculty of Arts, York University.     

Children of the closet: a measurement of the anxiety and self-esteem of children raised by a non-disclosed homosexual or bisexual parent

This research examined whether a parent's non-disclosure of his or her homosexual or bisexual orientation within the family unit negatively affects self-esteem and anxiety in children, as measured in adulthood. Thirty-six subjects indicated that they had not known of their parent's sexual orientation until an average age of sixteen for the children of lesbian or bisexual mothers, and twenty-two for the children of gay or bisexual fathers. This group's scores on the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, the Marlowe Crowne Social Desirabilty Scale and the State-Trait Anxiety Scale were compared to scores obtained by sixty-three participants who did not have a homosexual/bisexual parent. The number of years a secretive environment surrounded the child was measured, as were participants' attitudes about the secret sexual identity. Although the study did not find that adults previously raised with a closeted parent had significantly higher levels of anxiety or lower levels of self-esteem, results indicated that those who had been raised as children with non-disclosed lesbian mothers showed a significantly higher level of self-esteem than participants with heterosexual parents. Implications of the findings for the targeted population are discussed.     

Abortion flash

A 3-judge federal court in Miami on August 14 struck down the only remaining portion of Florida's abortion law still at issue - the requirement for a husband's or parent's consent for a legal abortion. The lawsuit was brought by Miami Zero Population Growth and the Population Law Center of San Francisco. The vote was 3-0. This decision is particularly important in that it is a "case of 1st impression" on an issue not previously decided. The unanimous decision by a federal court adds to its significance.     

子女教育与家庭贫困的代际变动

子女教育是影响农村家庭贫困变动的一个重要因素。本文通过对14省区609户农村家庭调查结果分析,发现子女教育有加深父代家庭贫困状况的迹象,子女接受教育程度越高,自身一代家庭摆脱贫困的比例越高,并且能传承下代家庭使其免受贫困;家庭贫困代际变动的教育断裂点为15年(大专教育)。     

The impact of family structure transitions on youth achievement: Evidence from the children of the NlSY79

We investigated the sensitivity of measures of cognitive ability and socioemotional development to changes in parents' marital status using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1979. We used several scores for each assessment, taken at different times relative to parents' marital transitions, which allowed us to trace the effects starting up to five years before a parent's change in marital status and continuing for up to six years afterward. It also allowed us to correct for the unobserved heterogeneity of the transition and nontransition samples by controlling for the child's fixed effect in estimating the time path of his or her response to the transition. We found that children from families with both biological parents scored significantly better on the BPI and the PIAT-math and PIAT-reading assessments than did children from nonintact families. However, much of the difference disappeared when we controlled for background variables. Furthermore, when we controlled for child fixed effects, we did not find significant longitudinal variation in these scores over long periods that encompass the marital transition. This finding suggests that most of the variation is due to cross-sectional differences and is not a result of marital transitions per se.     

Maternal age as a source of variation in the ability of an aphid to produce dispersing forms

Summary Apterous parthenogentic females of the pea aphid,Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris), begin to produce alate offspring soon after they have been subjected to crowding. Females which were born early in their own parent's reproductive period respond most strongly to crowding, producing much larger numbers of alatae than their late-born sisters. In contrast, the early-born daughters of most alate females do not produce winged offspring after being crowded. Some of their later-born sisters may produce a few winged individuals, resembling in this respect the late-born daughters of the apterous females. Control of the production of alatae thus begins in the grandparental generation. Risk-spreading by means of differential dispersal becomes a less uncertain venture when local populations can modify their responses to environmental changes by utilizing past as well as present signals from their surroundings.     

Host-feeding and oviposition strategies of parasitoids in relation to host stage

Summary Until now, mathematical models of parasitoid-host interactions have not incorporated the tendency for destructively host-feeding parasitoids to partition their feeding and oviposition behaviour in relation to different host stages. A literature survey reveals a trend for female parasitoids to feed preferentially or exclusively on earlier host stages and to oviposit preferentially or exclusively in/or later ones. We explore the relative advantages to host-feeding parasitoids of a number of possible host stage selection strategies. We develop hypotheses, formalizing and testing them using modifications to our earlier simulation model of host-feeding strategies (Jervis and Kidd, 1986). We conclude from our modelling that the advantage to be gained from feeding on early host stages and ovipositing in late ones is likely to be associated with: 1) reduced handling times when feeding on early stage hosts; 2) reduced wastage of progeny from mortality factors other than host-feeding by the parent parasitoid, achieved by confining oviposition to late host stages; and 3) reduced probability of progeny mortality resulting from the parent's host-feeding activities.     

从“五普”数据看吉林省人口死亡水平和死亡模式

由 2 0 0 0年人口普查有关吉林省人口死亡状况的数据计算得到的用于衡量人口死亡水平的几个指标显示 ,吉林省总人口死亡率、婴儿死亡率等自建国以来持续降低 ,预期寿命不断增长 ,居民健康水平呈良性发展。但是 ,总人口死亡水平持续降低的同时 ,死亡模式还存在着明显的城乡差异 ,吉林省农村地区的妇幼保健水平以及养老保障工作还有待于进一步加强和提高。     

城市劳动适龄人口死亡态度的影响因素分析

死亡态度直接影响个体的生命和生活质量。利用在成都市城市社区进行的抽样调查数据,对影响城市劳动适龄人口死亡态度的个人和家庭因素进行分析。结果发现,文化程度、婚姻状况、身体健康状况和家庭谈论死亡情况是影响城市劳动适龄人口死亡态度的因素。高文化程度和忌讳谈论死亡的家庭环境对城市劳动适龄人口的死亡态度有负向影响,在婚增加城市劳动适龄人口对死亡排斥的倾向性,患有慢性病或自评精神健康好的城市劳动适龄人口更倾向于接受死亡。研究结果可为城市劳动适龄人口的死亡教育的实施、保障和促进该群体的生命、生活质量的提高提供有益的参考。