上海浦东新区农村劳动力转移集聚研究

浦东开发,为农村劳动力的转移集聚提供了良好的契机,也提出了更高的要求。本文根据浦东农村劳动力转移集聚的现状以及浦东开发总体规划,对浦东农村劳动力转移的任务和相应的对策进行探讨。 一、浦东新区农村劳动力基本状况 1993年,浦东新区32个乡镇总人口 75.6万人,农业人口约46万人,占60％,农村劳动力约26万人,约占农业人口60％,其中,已达养老年龄者(新区征地安置时的政策口径为男55周岁、女45周岁以上)占24.5％,在校学生占2.1％,其余占73.4％。 从产业分布看,不包括外出和闲散劳动力在内,第一产业约占劳动力总数的1/4,第     

我国省际投资水平与农村劳动力流动的实证分析——兼论实施西部大开发战略中的劳动力市场配置

在借鉴国内外相关研究文献基础上，本文建立了影响省际农村劳动力流动规模的理论框架，并利用最新统计数据对其进行了实证分析。研究结果发现，西部地区主要是农村劳动力的输出地区，造成这种状况的原因是这一地区农民收入水平低、省际投资力度小及政策开放程度滞后等因素，因此在实施西部大开发战略中需要通过政策引导来促进西部地区农村劳动力市场的区域合理配置。     

产业智能化与区域就业质量——基于中国省域静态面板和空间面板视角

以智能技术和产业融合为表征的产业智能化改变了企业生产模式选择，并对劳动力市场产生冲击。在分析产业智能化对劳动力就业质量影响机理基础上，利用中国除西藏外30省份（市、自治区）的面板数据，实证检验产业智能化对劳动力就业质量的影响及空间溢出效应。结果表明：第一，产业智能化显著提升了区域劳动力就业质量，且在缓解内生性、替换关键指标及模型误设检验等一系列稳健性检验后仍然成立；第二，分维度考察发现，产业智能化显著提升就业报酬并改善了就业环境，与“素质教育”类就业能力形成互补关系，但对就业保护力度的影响不明显。第三，基于不同地区资源禀赋条件，研究发现产业智能化对高技术密集度以及高劳动者维权力度地区就业质量的提升效应更显著；第四，基于空间杜宾模型分析表明，就业质量不存在显著的空间关联性，但产业智能化对就业质量会产生显著的正向空间溢出效应。政府应助推产业智能化关键技术研发，促进职业教育体系深化改革，并加强区域间智能技术的合作与交流，以期形成产业智能化协同发展机制，助力高质量就业的实现。     

市场潜能、有效边界与中国劳动力市场效率

文章基于新经济地理学D-S理论框架与空间计量方法,采用2012-2014年中国劳动力动态调查(CLDS)微观样本和省域面板数据构建多层次回归模型,从劳动者工资和就业二元视角界定我国劳动力市场的市场潜能空间边界。研究发现在全域空间上,市场潜能显著提升了我国劳动者工资和就业水平,给劳动力市场带来"双重利好";在局域空间上,随着省域间隔距离增加,市场潜能难以持续发挥对劳动力市场的空间效应,在一定半径范围呈现出"边界效应"。分组来看,市场潜能对沿海地区的工资增收效应最大,其次是沿边和内陆地区,对于就业水平的改善在内陆地区最为显著;扩大市场潜能将有助于缩小高、低人力资本聚集区域的工资水平差距,改善低人力资本区域和群体的就业水平,不过市场潜能对高、低人力资本群体产生了工资"临界分割效应";高速铁路相对于普通铁路产生的"地理收缩效应"进一步提升了市场潜能对劳动者就业的边际增长效应,对劳动者工资边际增长效应弱于普通铁路时期,但整体效应仍然显著为正。综合而言,突破市场潜能有效边界进行"空间重塑"以及在有效边界内进行"空间修复",有效调节地区之间由于市场潜能差异而导致的工资水平和就业增长的差距,从而从整体上提升我国劳动力市场效率。     

经济发达农村地区外来劳动力的性别差异研究

本文考察了苏南农村发达地区外来劳动力在个人特征、工作条件及收入等方面的性别差异 ,分析了女性在就业和工作中面临的不同于男性外来劳动力的待遇及其原因。主要结论有 :发达地区男女外来劳动力收入存在着较大差异 ,除了受教育程度 ,地区差异外 ,性别歧视也是一个重要原因。经济发达农村地区应当进一步规范就业制度 ,尽快消除各种限制劳动力自由流动的市场障碍 ,加强对外来劳动力的综合管理和服务 ,为劳动力的充分自由流动创造条件     

“宽带中国”示范城市建设对性别工资差距的影响

探究如何缩小性别工资差距,有助于扎实推进共同富裕。文章以“宽带中国”示范城市建设为准自然实验,运用双重差分模型进行实证分析,发现数字基础设施建设有助于缩小性别工资差距。经过替换模型、平行趋势检验、稳定单元处理效果检验等稳健性检验后,结论仍然成立。机制分析表明,“宽带中国”示范城市建设推动了消费互联网与工业互联网发展,而消费互联网发展与工业互联网发展提升了女性劳动力的相对收入,因而缩小了性别工资差距。异质性分析发现,“宽带中国”政策能够缩小中西部和农村地区的性别工资差距,体现出包容性增长的特征。文章的研究发现可以为在新经济形态下创造更多就业机会、提升女性劳动力地位及推进共同富裕提供一定政策参考。     

我国农村剩余劳动力转移的趋势与对策

我国10亿多人口,近80％生活在农村,劳动力的75％也在农村,绝大部分农村劳动力仍然从事农、林、牧、副、渔业生产。目前,我国农村人多地少和劳多地少的矛盾十分突出,这不仅影响了农业劳动生产率的提高和农村经济的迅速发展,而且也不利于农村人口生活水平的改善和我国社会主义现代化建设的尽快实现。因此,农村劳动力的开发利用,不仅关系到农村经济发展速度,而且也关系到整个社会生产力水平的提高和我国社会经济的全面发展。一、农业劳动力转移是社会经济发展的必然趋势随着社会生产力水平的提高和工农业生     

我国外出劳动力省际回流特征及其个体影响效应研究

非户籍地省际回流是回流返迁的重要构成,为了更加深入了解劳动力回流特征及其返迁后生活状况的变化,利用2017年全国流动人口监测调查数据（CMDS）,探究我国外出劳动力非户籍地省际回流的特征,并使用倾向值得分匹配法（PSM）从经济收入与消费、家庭团聚、社会保障、社会归属感四个维度对其省际回流的个体影响效应进行评估。主要结果发现：第一,城镇地区是外出劳动力非户籍地省际回流的优先选择,其中县级城市的回流比例相对较低,非省会的地级市回流比例高于省会城市;中西部与东部地区的双向流动模式已初步显现;回流的家庭化特征明显,实现家庭团聚和寻求家庭稳定发展是流动人口的终极目标。第二,与跨省流动相比,省际回流后的劳动力收入水平显著降低,与配偶、子女居住的家庭化流动程度更高,社会医疗保险参与度和社会归属感得到明显的提升。此外,协变量中年龄、受教育年限与省际回流均呈现“倒U型”的关系;已婚、少数民族人口更容易回流;跨省流动时间越长和跨省时子女随迁的劳动力回流可能性越小。总体来看,家庭因素是整个回流决策中重要的影响因素,流动人口政策的制定要更多地考虑流动人口及其家庭成员的发展和福利保障;同时回流地区也要重视回流劳...     

母亲劳动供给行为与中国农村儿童健康

本文使用"中国家庭营养与健康调查"(CHNS)数据,测度了母亲劳动供给行为对于中国农村儿童健康的影响,重点研究了全职和兼职母亲在儿童不同的年龄阶段进入劳动力市场对于儿童健康的影响。研究结果显示:母亲进入劳动力市场并不必然导致母亲照料儿童时间的减少,从事兼职工作的母亲由于工作的灵活性对于儿童的照料甚至比不参加工作的母亲更为充分;此外,在母亲劳动收入增加的正效应的作用下,母亲从事全职、兼职工作对于儿童健康有正的影响,但兼职工作的影响并不显著。在控制住儿童健康对于母亲劳动供给的反作用之后发现,母亲在儿童0～2岁阶段进入劳动力市场会对儿童健康产生负面影响,但影响在统计上并不显著。     

过度教育的发生率及政策启示研究——基于北京市数据的分析

本文使用2008年北京市调查数据分别采用自我评估法和众数法从性别、职业、行业、所有制层次对过度教育进行了测算,发现与欧美国家相比,我国过度教育发生率整体上偏高。从劳动力市场分割理论分析认为,劳动力市场存有明显地分割是引致一些地区、职业、行业等内人力资本过度集中的重要原因。对于整体上还处于教育不足的我国而言,转变经济发展方式,鼓励技术创新、深化社会主义市场化改革,降低劳动力流动成本是解决过度教育的根本出路。     

中国老年人参与互联网金融影响因素研究——以理财产品为例

互联网金融是老年人减少金融排斥,享受普惠金融的重要途径。但是目前我国老年人对互联网金融的优点认识不足,参与率过低。为探究中国老年人参与互联网金融的影响因素,基于中国家庭金融调查2017年数据,从个人禀赋、家庭支持和区域发展三个角度构建了多维解释模型,使用分层Logit模型进行验证。研究结果显示:第一,受教育程度高和金融素养高的老年人参与互联网金融可能性更大;第二,家庭总收入越高、与子女同住和与孙辈同住均可提高老年人参与互联网金融的比例;第三,信息社会化指数越高省份的老年人越容易参与互联网金融。第四,随着年龄的增大,老年人个人禀赋的影响减小,而家庭支持和区域发展的影响始终显著。根据上述研究结果,本文提出了有针对性的建议。     

The Internet,Social Capital,and Civic Engagement in Asia

In this paper, we seek to explain (1) how the rise of Internet communication is related to the level of social capital and (2) the role of internet and social capital in shaping civic engagement in Asia. We use cross-national public opinion data of thirteen Asian countries from 2010 to 2012 to investigate these questions. Our results show that social capital is still measured best by traditional membership in social organizations. While the Internet increases social contacts, we could not find evidence that social capital is directly increased by the Internet. We also find that social capital developed through voluntary participation in social organizations most effectively promotes civic engagement activities, except for non-electoral actions that involve joining a demonstration or using violence. Internet usage turns out to be the most effective means of civic engagement for these cases.     

我国城乡流动人口教育回报率研究

随着我国经济的快速发展,劳动力市场的教育回报率受到广泛关注。利用三省20个村庄近3 500个农村劳动力的大样本调查资料,采用改进的Mincer模型,分析我国城乡流动人口教育回报状况以及地区间的差异。研究发现,我国城乡流动人口年平均教育回报率约为2%,其中初中、高中及以上的教育回报率约为3.3%,高于小学及以下的教育回报;城乡流动人口接受职业培训的回报率显著高于教育回报率,这暗示职业培训在城乡流动人口的人力资本积累中起着非常关键的作用;不同区域之间的教育和职业培训回报率存在明显差异,这些差异说明由于迁移成本等原因,当前我国非农部门对农业部门的溢出效应还存在一定的区域性。     

Selection,selection, selection: the impact of return migration

The evidence on the impact of return migration on the sending country is rather sparse, though growing. The contribution of this paper is in addressing various selectivity problems while quantifying the impact of return migration on wages of returnees using non-experimental data. Using Egyptian household-level survey data, I estimate the wages of return migrants controlling for several selectivity biases arising from emigration choice, return migration choice, labor force participation choice, and occupational choice following return. The findings provide strong evidence that overseas temporary migration results in a wage premium upon return, even after controlling for the various potential selection biases. However, the estimates underscore the significance of controlling for both emigration and return migration selections. Ignoring the double selectivity in migration would overestimate the impact of return migration on the wage premium of returnees, as migrants are positively selected relative to non-migrants, but returnees are negatively selected among migrants.     

The impact of changes in the marital status on return migration of family migrants

Many migrants have non-labour motives to migrate, and they differ substantially from labour migrants in their migration behaviour. For family migrants, the decision to return is highly influenced by changes in their marital status. Using administrative panel data on the entire population of recent family immigrants to the Netherlands, we estimate the effect of a divorce and remarriage on the hazard of leaving the Netherlands using a ‘timing of events’ model. The model allows for correlated unobserved heterogeneity across the migration, the divorce and remarriage processes. The family migrants are divided into five groups based on the Human Development Index (HDI) of their country of birth. We find that both divorce and remarriage increase return of family migrants from less-developed countries. Remarriage of family migrants from developed countries makes them more prone to stay. Young migrants are influenced most by a divorce. The impact of the timing of a divorce and remarriage on return is quantified graphically.     

Internet Use and Subjective Well-Being in China

Using data from the 2010 China Family Panel Studies, we analyze the association between Internet use and various measures of subjective well-being (SWB) in a sample of 16- to 60-year-old Chinese. Our analysis shows that although intensive Internet use is significantly associated with lower levels of SWB, we hardly observe any associations when the focus is on participation in specific online activities. Nevertheless, SWB depends on the reasons for using the Internet and the extent to which individuals feel that their Internet use is displacing other activities. Our results suggest that, contrary to previous findings, differences in beneficial outcomes (the third level digital divide) do not necessarily arise from individuals’ actual Internet use (the second level digital divide) but rather may result from their subjective perceptions of such usage. Our findings also point to a possible cultural factor that puts Chinese Internet users at psychological risk.     

Effects of Internet Connectedness and Information Literacy on Quality of Life

The goal of this exploratory research is to examine the inter-linkage among Internet connectedness, information literacy, and quality of life. Results from a telephone survey, based on a probability sample of 756 Internet users, found that Internet connectedness is not related to quality of life. However, there is a significant relationship between Internet connectedness and information literacy, and a strong link between information literacy and life quality. These findings encourage further exploration of life quality that underlies the concepts of Internet connectedness and information literacy. The hope is that additional discoveries will aid curriculum design, both at the K-12 and university levels, and the future development of Internet applications and services so as to enhance overall life quality. In particular, the intent of the study was to determine what factors might have the most positive effect on quality of life.     

A review of pregnancy information on nutrition,physical activity and sleep websites

ProblemMost pregnant women report using the internet to source health information during pregnancy. However, little is known about the information presented on the internet and whether it is consistent with current evidence-based guidelines.BackgroundPregnancy is considered a risk period for women as it is associated with poorer health behaviours including an inadequate diet, decreased physical activity and reduced sleep. As a result, pregnant women and their unborn child are at a greater risk of adverse health outcomes.AimThe purpose of this study was to review pregnancy related information about nutrition, physical activity and sleep provided on Australian government and leading industry body websites, and to compare this information to current evidence-based guidelines.MethodsA systematic online search was conducted to identify Australian Government, and leading industry websites that provided information on nutrition, physical activity, or sleep during pregnancy. The content of each website was reviewed and compared against current nutrition, physical activity and sleep guidelines.Findings27 government and leading industry websites were included in this study. 18 websites included nutritional information, none of which aligned 100% with guidelines. Nine websites included physical activity information, only one of which was 100% in accordance with guidelines. Two websites included information on sleep during pregnancy, however neither were in accordance with guidelines.ConclusionWomen are accessing information via the internet that is not in accordance with current evidence-based guidelines. These results call to attention the need for government and leading industry websites to review and update their website information in accordance with current evidence-based guidelines.     

浅析Internet对中国人口发展的影响

本文论述了Internet的发展和广泛应用对中国人口素质、人口数量、人口结构等方面的深刻影响。其影响有积极的,也有消极的,但总体上有利于人口发展。     

Internet Use and Well-Being Before and During the Crisis in Europe

The debate about whether Internet use increases or decreases subjective well-being is growing. However, previous studies rarely explore either this association at the time of financial crisis or the mechanisms by which contextual factors affect well-being. Using the four waves of the European Social Survey 2004–2010, this study examines the association between Internet use and well-being before and during the financial crisis in Europe which started in 2007. To understand how contextual factors explain individual well-being, we use multilevel model. We find that before the crisis, Internet use is not associated with well-being, in contrast with during the period of crisis. Beyond documenting the associations between Internet use and well-being, we find that using the Internet to respond to a situation of unemployment may help individuals for improved well-being. We also find that the density of Internet users in regions across Europe has positive and significant association with well-being. The results suggest that Internet use by individuals and the provision of the Internet access may be beneficial for maintaining well-being especially during the crisis.