伊斯兰的和平理念:论文化概念的索引性与社会安全

和平是伊斯兰教的基本文化概念。文化概念索引性理论是语言人类学分析文化概念的情景实践与社会认同相关性的方法论,本体安全是解释个体自我认同与社会安全结构互构性的社会理论。文化概念索引性与本体安全理论耦合可形成从穆斯林信徒对和平理念的文化实践探究穆斯林个体和族群的社会认同与社会安全结构关联性的前导性认识路径,成为社会学、宗教学、人类学、政治学、心理学、语言学跨学科合作的起点。     

拉萨世居穆斯林节日中的藏族文化元素——以开斋节为例

拉萨世居穆斯林是生活在藏传佛教中心的特殊族群,其藏族文化与穆斯林文化并存的特殊风俗习惯,吸引了社会和学术界的广泛关注.本文以拉萨世居穆斯林为研究对象,选取穆斯林宗教节日斋月及开斋节为调研时间,对这一时空中拉萨世居穆斯林所表现出的藏族文化现象进行较详细的记录和研究,并总结了这些文化现象的影响因素.     

回族穆斯林的开放性及其文化心理底线

从古至今,回族穆斯林都是一个对外开放性极高的群体,正是由于其积极开放的心态,才得以在中国立足、生根、繁衍生息.当代回族穆斯林依然表现出较高的开放性.但是中国穆斯林的同意融入,并不意味着完全意义上的"民族融合"、"文化界限消失"以及"宗教信仰同质化".中国回族穆斯林的对外开放性,也不是绝对无节制的.回族穆斯林在开放的同时,确实存在着一个文化心理底线.中国回族穆斯林在现代化过程中,虽然仍将不可避免地继续产生出民族文化特征不断消失的现象,文明交融是一个趋势.但这是一个极其漫长的过程.冲撞回族穆斯林的文化心理底线、文化生存底线,也必将引发其逆反心理.     

浅析穆斯林丧葬习俗的文化内涵

本文简要总结了穆斯林葬礼的基本过程和仪式,分析了穆斯林葬礼的特点和原则,并在此基础上对穆斯林葬礼所蕴含的文化功能进行了探讨,具有较强的现实意义。     

面向未来炭扬穆斯林经济文化传统

本文就回族穆斯林经济文化建设上的特点和西道堂经济文化模式等问题略述己见,总结回族穆斯林经济文化的特点为广泛适应性与灵活多样性,对西道堂经济文化模式的特点作了系统的概括,最后期望回族穆斯林在新世纪以主人翁态度满腔热情地投入到祖国的社会主义现代化建设中,使民族经济文化的光荣传统得以继承和发扬.     

内蒙古阿拉善左旗信仰伊斯兰教的蒙古族穆斯林

本文通过对内蒙古阿拉善左旗信仰伊斯兰教的蒙古族穆斯林的实地田野调查,考证了蒙古族穆斯林形成的历史渊源,介绍了其文化概貌,探讨了民族融合过程中的文化涵化现象。     

家族制度与西北穆斯林家族社会

论述了家族的概念及其特征、穆斯林家族社会组织的特点、穆斯林家族社会的信仰、穆斯林的习俗对家族的制度和维护,并就中国家族文化进行了讨论.     

英国牛津市考利穆斯林社区汤瓶民俗文化变迁研究

汤瓶①是穆斯林所共享、传承的风俗习惯,是信仰伊斯兰教的穆斯林在生产生活过程中所形成的物质的、精神的文化现象。汤瓶民俗文化传入英国牛津市至今表现出了传承性和变异性的特征。研究表明,考利社区印巴穆斯林移民族群内部的发展、外部接触等是引起汤瓶民俗文化变迁的重要内外因。     

朝觐:穆斯林的一个"过渡礼仪"

朝觐是穆斯林的五功之一,具有了深层意蕴和文化内涵。在文化人类学的视角下,朝觐是每个穆斯林一生中一个典型的"过渡礼仪",是引起穆斯林社会身份和地位的变化的一个宗教礼仪活动。理解朝觐文化的深层内涵,我们认为朝觐可以视为穆斯林复命归真的一次实践。     

中国回儒文明对话十五年回顾

2000年,在苏州召开的哈佛-燕京学社校友学术研讨会上,杜维明先生提出的会议主题是"文明对话:本土知识的全球意义"。当时中国学者对文明对话并没有什么认识,对文明冲突也没有特别的敏感。会上杜先生详细谈到他从20世纪90年代前期既已开始的与穆斯林的文明对话。在杜先生的推动和直接参与下,南京大学与哈佛-燕京学社在南京、宁夏、昆明主办了四次中国穆斯林学者与非穆斯林学者的学术对话,大家共同研讨中国历史上和当前穆斯林与非穆斯林的交往和碰撞、借鉴和吸收。在文明对话的旗帜下,参与对话的中国穆斯林精英的文化认同有了非常积极的发展,中国非穆斯林学者也能够更加自信地与穆斯林相处。这是中国"文化自觉与文化认同"最吸引人的一次互动,不仅为"中国的"伊斯兰文化的发展提供了难得的推动,也为全球各地非穆斯林与穆斯林的相处共存提供了有益的借鉴。回顾15年的经历,成绩斐然,但仍然存在一些需要进一步探讨的问题:(1)如何将"回儒文明"对话从哲学和思想史领域向更多领域扩展,比如对中世纪伊斯兰地理学、历史学关于东方的内容与东方汉语文献的对比研究。这样的研究不仅更加具体地展现公元750年至15世纪末欧洲大航海时代前夕的世界文明史,而且让中国穆斯林和非穆斯林对伊斯兰文化的发展有更清醒的认识。(2)如何认识当前伊斯兰世界面临的紧迫课题,特别是中国穆斯林和非穆斯林学者应该有怎样的文化自觉。     

Muslim Faith and Work Ethic in the United States Virgin Islands

The objective of the following article is to examine why a small number of Muslims from the Middle East chose to settle in the United States Virgin Islands (USVI). Further, the article is interested in how this Muslim community has retained its work ethic and religious identity in a predominantly Christianized USVI. The article also explores the relationship between this Muslim community and the USVI particularly since the events of 11 September 2001 (9/11). The findings are startling. Unlike some Muslim minority communities that have been unable to make significant strides forward, Muslims in the USVI have achieved impressive levels of economic achievement. Muslims have effectively dominated the retail business in the USVI while largely retaining the religious ways of their homeland, despite some assimilation. Local structural issues such as the inefficient entrepreneurial skills and unstable family ties among Virgin Islanders, as well as an upsurge in investment in tourism and industry, have paved the way for Muslims’ success in the USVI. Other Muslim minority societies trying to achieve growth and development in a foreign land might look at the manner in which Muslims in the USVI have achieved success and financial security.     

明代清真寺汉文碑刻所见穆斯林士人对汉文化的态度

本文主要以明代穆斯林士人所撰清真寺汉文碑刻为基本史料,考察了穆斯林士人对待汉文化的态度,认为他们基本的态度是肯定儒家而否定释、道二家,但具体的立场还有所不同,有的穆斯林士人的文化立场是倾向于儒家的。     

Muslim Women in Australia,Britain and the United States: The Role of “Othering” and Biculturalism in Identity Formation

When Muslims migrate to Western countries, they bring their identity and culture with them. As they settle in their host countries, some Muslims encounter structural inequality, which is often revealed through media representation, unequal labour market status and racial profiling. Through the dynamics of structural inequality, some Muslim women remain doubly disadvantaged. Within their ethnic/religious community, Muslim women are expected to follow their cultural traditions and in the wider society their overtly Muslim appearance is often questioned. The discussion of identity formation in this paper is based on interviews with Muslim girls and women in Australia, Britain and the United States, aged between 15 and 30 years. Though the cultural and political contexts of these three countries are different, the practice of “othering” women have been similar. Through their life stories and narratives, I examine the formation of the participants’ identities. It was found that for many of these women their sense of identity shifted from single to multiple identities, thus revealing that identity formation was a flexible process that was affected by a variety of factors, including the relevance and importance of biculturalism in the women’s identity formation.     

东乡族宗法文化论

本文分析了东乡族宗法文化的表现形态、主要特点及其成因 ,并在此基础上提出了复合型宗教性宗法文化的概念。作者认为 ,东乡族的宗法文化既受伊斯兰教的深刻影响 ,又具有中国传统宗法伦理思想的一些基本特征 ,因此它实际上是二者交互作用形成的复合型的宗教性宗法文化。虽然这种文化也存在于西北其他信仰伊斯兰教的民族中 ,但它在东乡族中表现得尤为明显 ,并与汉族的宗法文化形成对照。本文的研究为西北少数民族的宗族研究提供了新的视角 ,并在一定程度上与汉族宗族研究形成对话     

穆斯林社会的非穆斯林少数族群——他们的贡献、地位、权利与义务

穆斯林社会中的非穆斯林主要包括犹太教徒、基督教徒、祆教徒、印度教徒和佛教徒等。他们尽管属于少数族群,但却是整个穆斯林社会的重要组成部分。历史上,他们为穆斯林社会的发展做出了不可磨灭的贡献,近现代以来穆斯林社会的非穆斯林与穆斯林也大多能够和睦相处。非穆斯林享有信仰自由和宗教独立、不受外敌侵略和内部黑暗势力的侵害、自由择业等方面的权利。同时,非穆斯林必须遵守伊斯兰教法,缴纳人丁税、土地税和商税。穆斯林与非穆斯林关系和睦的深层原因在于伊斯兰教的宽容性。     

Enabling sexual self-fashioning: embracing,rejecting and transgressing modernity among the Iranian Dutch

Modernity figures prominently in understanding change in diasporic sexual cultures, particularly when it comes to Muslim immigrants living in Western countries. Prevailing academic analyses of sexuality in the Iranian diaspora focus on the willingness and ability to embrace ‘modern’ notions of sexual liberty, individual self-fulfilment and gender equality. This approach attributes an assumed progression from a traditional past to a modern present to the Iranian immigrants, and determines simultaneously the extent of their integration into the ‘host’ culture. As an alternative to this dominant perception of change in which modernity is seen as an indicator of cultural progression, this paper proposes the concept of sexual self-fashioning to investigate the diasporic articulations of sexuality in various discursive uses of modernity as investments in processes of subjectivity. Based on an ethnographic research conducted between 2010 and 2014, the Iranian Dutch’ perceptions of specific sexual issues are analysed as vehicles to sexual self-fashioning. It is argued that a sexual self is actively negotiated and created through embracing, rejecting and transgressing modernity, which enables the interlocutors to position themselves in different fields of socio-cultural or religious belonging.     

Muslims in Europe: Citizenship,Multiculturalism and Integration

This article provides an analysis of the concerns in relation to citizenship and multicultural reforms in Europe. It examines the implications for the social integration of Muslims, who seemingly face insurmountable constitutional hurdles notwithstanding liberal institutional attempts, in accommodating a religion that, judged by its global politicisation, may pose more a challenge to multicultural societies than to others. While shedding light on recent developments concerning a wide-ranging panorama of the socio-legal dynamics of integrating Muslim communities in Europe, the article provides an overview of the multicultural idea, focusing on how some European countries address multicultural claims swiftly while others lag behind, busy with more basic issues of immigrant assimilation and integration. It is argued that while attempts are being made to improve Muslim integration, the rising tide of Islamophobia (political and media-manufactured), anti-terrorism legislations and security policies serve to provide a multi-pronged attack on civil liberties and freedoms of Muslim groups. In the concluding section, there will be general remarks concerning the future of Muslims in Europe and the commendable and realisable aim of Muslims to construct an inclusive national identity and find partners who will, like them, be determined to approve what Western culture produces in terms of its positive contributions and resist its deleterious effects on the human, societal and environmental levels.     

Spaces of Muslim Identity in Inverness,Scotland

Each generation of immigrants has its own challenges; for example, how to maintain already constructed identities among first generation immigrants and how to construct identities of the second generation of immigrants. Numerous literature suggests that the previous studies on these topics have been conducted within larger cities such as London, Glasgow or Edinburgh. This article examines how Muslim immigrants in a small city maintain and modify some aspects of their religious and cultural identities. The data consist of 30 interviews conducted with first and second generation of Muslim immigrants in Scotland, analysis of which suggests the size of the city does not appear to affect daily Muslim practices nor their ability to maintain Muslim identity. Rather, access to shared spaces, such as Inverness Masjid and the local halal meat shop, become critical to how Muslim's maintain and modify their identity in a new place.     

Women and Jihad: Combating Violent Extremism and Developing New Approaches to Conflict Resolution in the Greater Middle East

The subject of female participation in combative jihad has proved to be contentious in Islam. Whilst some extremist Islamist groups, such as the so-called Islamic State (IS), have advocated women’s direct engagement in fighting in defense of Islam, others, for example Al Qaeda, have endorsed only a supporting role for women, primarily for the purpose of producing the next generation of jihadis. Whatever the validity of this debate, most radical jihadi groups have deployed women for combative operations, including suicide bombings. This has been more in the Middle East, where a resolution of several conflicts requires a comprehensive political strategy as against a predominantly military approach. This article has three objectives. The first is to provide some clarification about combative jihad in conceptual terms. The second is to focus on IS and its underlying appeal to a range of foreign Muslim male and female enthusiasts and several other like-minded entities who have gone to Iraq and to Syria to serve IS for convictive or deceptive reasons. The third is to see what distinguishes IS from other extremist groups which are operational in various parts of the Muslim domain, and to harness some ideas about how to deal with violent Muslim extremism in the Greater Middle East.     

Critical Race Theory,policy rhetoric and outcomes: the case of Muslim schools in Britain

The expansion of state-funded Muslim schools in Britain since 1998 has developed against a backdrop of sustained public political rhetoric around the wider position of British Muslims in both political and educational contexts. This article explores the public policy rhetoric around Muslim schools under New Labour and the subsequent Coalition and Conservative governments and compares how these narratives align with outcomes in terms of numbers of, and types of, denominational Muslim faith schools in Britain. The article applies a Critical Race Theory approach based on the construction of counter-narrative through a critical analysis of policy and its outcomes. This analysis is contextualised through exploring the implications of counter-terror strategies such as Prevent for the political and educational equity of British Muslims as stakeholders in the state. Against this context the article explores the extent to which successive policy frameworks and political narratives around faith schooling have played out in terms of denominational state-funded Muslim schools. Whilst gains have been made under New Labour and the successive Coalition and Conservative governments, critical analysis reveals that public policy narratives allow for a misleading account of the extent to which Muslim communities have been enfranchised through state funding for Islamic schools.