伊斯兰复兴运动与菲律宾穆斯林分离运动

二战后兴起的菲律宾穆斯林分离运动与伊斯兰复兴运动下相关国家及组织的支持和干预密不可分。"9.11"事件后,随着恐怖主义在全世界的蔓延,菲律宾南部地区的穆斯林分离主义与恐怖主义合流,其已成为东南亚乃至世界恐怖组织网络中的重要组成部分。而菲律宾穆斯林分离运动与伊斯兰世界关系的发展,经历了从冷战时期的相对明晰向后冷战时期的混沌状态之转化。菲律宾南部已成为世界上民族、宗教矛盾和恐怖主义汇聚的热点地区之一。     

伊斯兰国家内部的穆斯林反叛--以印度尼西亚亚齐分离运动为例

亚齐分离运动的领导层及参与者和大多数印度尼西亚人一样都是穆斯林,这一点与东南亚其他国家的地区反叛形成反差。本文通过对亚齐分离运动史的考察认为,亚齐分离运动的领导层在反叛过程中与底层民众之间的互动,推动了分离运动的持续发展;而亚齐穆斯林和以爪哇人为主体的外来穆斯林之间在文化上的差异以及印尼政府的压制、剥夺政策则是亚齐分离运动的主要原因。     

缅甸民族的种类和各民族现有人口

缅甸是东南亚民族情况最为复杂的国家之一.缅甸究竟有多少个民族,各民族现有人口状况如何,是一个一直没有弄清楚的问题.为此,在参考大量文献资料的基础上,对缅甸民族的种类和数量作了科学的分析、分类和厘正,并对当代缅甸各民族现有人口状况作了分析.     

英国殖民统治时期下缅甸的外来移民与民族关系

英国殖民主义者占领下缅甸后,为了攫取缅甸的资源,大量引进劳工开发下缅甸。大量移民的涌入,为下缅甸的经济发展做出了巨大的贡献。然而英国殖民主义者实行的"分而治之"和"为己所用"的统治政策阻碍了不同民族之间的文化交流与融合,给下缅甸的民族关系和社会发展带来了许多负面影响,使下缅甸成为一个民族矛盾集中、民族关系脆弱的地区。     

论二战后英国对缅甸山区民族的分治政策

二战末期,英国重新占领缅甸,颁布对缅白皮书,其中规定山区由英国总督直接管辖,企图以山区民族来对抗缅甸本部,以达到长期统治缅甸的目的。由于缅甸反法西斯人民自由同盟采取积极的民族和解政策,并提出脱离英联邦而独立的主张,英国政府被迫调整对缅甸山区民族的政策,企图使缅甸留在英联邦内。与此同时,英国殖民政府暗中操纵民族分离主义,以制衡缅甸的民族独立运动,从而给独立后的缅甸留下诸多难以弥合的民族冲突和难以消除的民族分离主义祸根。     

缅甸民族和谈事件的政治符号学分析：表示、表现与表征

缅甸自1948年独立以来爆发的民族冲突被称为“世界上最长的内战”。和谈是影响缅甸民族冲突问题走向的关键节点,也是缅甸民族冲突的具体化与集中体现。本文通过政治符号学的表示元素(事件的语境)、表现元素(事件中的言行)与表征元素(事件所产生的意义)三个层面对缅甸转型以来,即2011-2020年10年间的民族和谈事件进行分析。和谈难以继续推进的原因主要在于,全国停火协议形成的机制限制了和谈的空间,民族地方武装与国防军之间两种联邦主义的对立表现,以及最为核心的“彬龙精神”与“三大责任”之间的表征矛盾被激发出来。     

二战后菲律宾穆斯林民族构建的尝试——对摩洛分离运动的另一种解释

二战后菲律宾南部穆斯林掀起的摩洛分离运动,不仅是群体要求分立的反抗行为,更是穆斯林精英利用本群体历史上形成的凝聚力而进行的摩洛民族构建的尝试。他们选取民族象征性称号、重新谱写南部历史,试图为当时的分离运动创造合法依据。然而摩洛民族认同并没有真实反映南部地区多元文化的本质,其学理上和实践中的缺陷与矛盾使得穆斯林精英的尝试最终失败,摩洛分离运动也渐入低潮。     

缅甸与泰国跨国民族的种类、分布和人口

关于缅甸与泰国跨国民族的种类,目前尚无定论。本文作者通过爬梳资料和实地考察,认为缅、泰跨国民族至少有18个,主要属于汉藏语系、南亚语系和南岛语系的六个语族,并对这18个跨国民族的分布与人口等情况做了初步探讨。     

缅甸华裔精英与知名侨领

缅甸的华裔精英为缅甸的国家独立和民族解放作出了巨大的贡献.但知名侨领与华裔精英不同,他们不参与或很少参与缅甸政治,而在华人社区建设和促进中缅两国友好交往方面起着积极作用,他们有爱国爱乡爱同胞的优良传统,主要表现为热心慈善救济、办报、办学、支持祖国革命、向国内投资、促进中缅友好关系.     

缅甸傈僳族的多重认同与社会建构

探讨作为跨境民族的缅甸傈僳族的多重认同的历时性演变及其动因,并分析多重认同演变与其社会建构之间的关联性。认为因族源、地缘关系,在现代民族—国家建构过程中,原来广泛分布于中缅边境的傈僳族成为分居两国的跨境民族,在其民族(族群)意识与社会建构方面显现出其作为跨境民族的一些明显特征。     

缅甸的印度人

印度人很早就迁移到缅甸 ,并且对缅甸的文化有深远的影响。这些早期的印度移民已逐渐与缅甸各民族混同一起。缅甸现在的印度居民是近代由印度移入的。 1 885年 ,缅甸沦为英国殖民地 ,并被划为英属印度的一个省。从那时起便有许多印度人迁居缅甸。在这些移民中 ,有些人是由英国人带往缅甸从事低级工作以补缅甸劳动力的不足 ;另一些人则是羡慕缅甸较高的生活水平而移居的。缅甸曾经是印度移民最多的国家之一 ,缅甸的印度人从 1 872年的 1 3 .7万人猛增至 1 891年的 42 .1万人 ,高峰时期的 1 93 1年达到 1 0 1 .8万人。但是 ,在第二次世界大战…     

The Ethnic Minority Question and Rohingya Crisis in Contemporary Myanmar

The recent humanitarian Rohingya crisis has once again put Myanmar onto the centre stage of global media attention. The aim of this paper is to look into the ethnic minority question in contemporary Myanmar. The paper has a special focus on the Muslim Rohingya community. The paper argues that problematic race relations in Myanmar today should not be viewed in isolation but should be seen as a part of a historical continuum. The British colonial policies of divide and rule, political leaders and their obsession with Buddhism in the post-independence period and xenophobic tendencies during the long years of the military junta have all collectively contributed to the very complex situation in which the country finds itself today when it comes to race relations. Meaningful democracy and economic development have been advocated as the way forward especially for the more peripheral parts of the country where there is a strong ethnic minority presence.     

The Current Rohingya Crisis in Myanmar in Historical Perspective

This paper critically examines the longstanding Rohingya crisis in Myanmar. It argues that the crisis is rooted in the British colonial era that subsequently gained momentum through their (i) gradual marginalization as an ethnic minority, (ii) exclusion from the governmental institutions, and (iii) deprivation of citizenship, effectively rendering them stateless. Starting with a demographic profile of the Rohingya it explores the major elements of the crisis from the colonial period to the present day through a historiographical methodology. Based on these historical factors shaping and aggravating the crisis, the paper concludes with a mitigating recommendatory pursuit towards a durable resolution.     

From Separate Corners to Dialogue and Action

How can higher education programs engage students in building a shared commons to address inequalities and foster commitment to intergroup collaboration? Intergroup dialogue is one such possibility to provide forums for meaningful engagement among students from diverse backgrounds. Findings from field experiments at nine colleges and universities show that students in intergroup dialogues increased significantly more than counterparts in control groups and social science comparison groups in their critiques of inequality and their commitments to post-college action to redress inequalities. Further, students in intergroup dialogues rated the frequency of the core communication processes more highly than the social science comparison students. The communication processes help account for the greater increase in students’ critiques of inequality and commitment to post-college actions.     

The Two Faces of Democratization in Myanmar: A Case Study of the Rohingya and Burmese Nationalism

The Rohingya have faced discriminatory policies and actions by the Myanmar government since independence in 1948, with many within the state seeing them as foreigners. This paper uses historical process tracing from pre-British colonialism to present day to argue that the persistent persecution of the Rohingya stems from the divergent experiences under British colonialism for the Rohingya and majority Burman population and, as a result of this, Burmese national identity forming around the dominant Burman ethnic group and the Buddhist faith. The government following independence, then, institutionalized this national identity, excluding the Rohingya as a part of the nation and denying their identity, arguing instead that they are “illegal Bengali immigrants”. As shown through this case study, the resiliency of these anti-Rohingya policies and attitudes within the Myanmar government through successive regime changes is a result of national identity being defined as both Burman and Buddhist, which remained constant. It also helps to explain how the political opening provided by the democratization process resulted in a number of anti-Muslim and anti-Rohingya operations by Buddhist monks and other Buddhist nationalists, government policies, and even military operations.     

论民族地区群体性事件的应对策略

近几年,我国民族地区群体性事件激增.由此造成的经济损失和政治影响尤为惨痛,严重影响了民族地区社会稳定和当地经济社会发展.因此,在构建和谐社会进程中,必须高度重视和积极应对群体性事件.政府不仅要提高危机处理能力,更为重要的是,要从源头上防范民族地区群体事件的发生与发展.     

门与墙:一种合作的而非分离的文化转型人类学

人类学需要走出一种围墙的界限,需要不同学科门类之间的知识交流与合作。知识相互间的分离,也可以说是一种之前文化分离观念的自然养成,由此而要去反思曾经社区的、区域的以及模式的文化研究之缺陷和不足。人的精神是相通的,观念之间不会因为围墙和大门关闭而不发生沟通。人类学未来的希望则在于一种跨出边界的合作人类学的成长。     

Adulteration of pure native blood by aliens? mixed race kapya in colonial and post-Colonial Myanmar

ABSTRACT

Colonization may be viewed not only as loss of sovereignty and territory but also of ‘purity’ of a native race to an alien power. After the British colonized Burma in the late nineteenth century, they brought in Chinese and Indians to the sparsely populated colony as labour for new administrative and economic activities. Intermarriage, mainly between native Burmese women and men of alien races – British, European, Chinese and Indian – was thus inevitable. Mixed-race peoples – kapya in Burmese – were then born out of these relationships, and their identities became a key political issue in colonial Burma. Importantly, all natives, foreigners, and kapya were British subjects at that time. Independent Burma from 1948 through 1962 was not expressly anti-foreigner/kapya; working to naturalize those who had overstayed or remained. However, the Ne Win government from 1962 through 1988 was openly against ex-foreigner and kapya citizens, passing a new citizenship act in 1982 to downgrade their citizenship to a second class tier. The Myanmar Citizenship Law (1982), which remains in force, has downgraded the legal, political and social stature of ex-foreigner and kapya citizens. A more problematic and racist term thway-nhaw or ‘adulterated’ race has come to the fore, being used in official law-like language in recent years and highlighting the racist roots of the Myanmar Citizenship Law.     

巴尔干国家的民族政策及其问题

二战后巴尔干国家多在国家民族构成问题上采取双重标准和执行双重政策 ,即不承认自己境内存在少数民族 ,却又要求在邻国的“同胞”享受少数民族的地位和权利 ,以至于在巴尔干地区政局动荡和经济衰退的情况下 ,少数民族问题凸现 ,一度变得紧张而又复杂。随着巴尔干国家加速融入欧洲一体化的步伐 ,这个问题将得到缓解。