世界人口移民新态势

20世纪中叶以来 ,世界人口移民逐渐发生变化。发展中国家移民人数明显增加 ,其中越境难民和非法入境者占主流 ,知识型移民逐年提高。而经济发达国家的澳大利亚和德国人口外迁移民也令人关注。典型的移民国家以色列仍在吸引世界各地的犹太人回到自己的祖国     

危机背景下俄罗斯劳动移民的现状与发展

世界经济危机对俄罗斯劳动力市场产生了重大影响,俄罗斯在移民领域出台的反危机措施及对劳动移民使用许可证的规定限制了外来劳动移民进入,背离了先前免签证国家劳动移民制度自由化的方向。近年来,外来移民数量大幅下降,缩小劳动配额及对劳动移民的行政限制使非法劳动移民数量有所上升。俄罗斯人口与外来移民间的矛盾与敌视情绪上升,民族融合度低,随着经济的恢复,俄人口问题日趋严峻,外来劳动移民在俄经济中的结构性影响更趋显著,俄面临着解决外来移民合法化及形成与俄社会一体化条件的双重重任。     

印度人口超过10亿直追中国

正当欧洲各国为非法移民而苦恼时，另一个更让人头痛的问题则是劳力缺乏。因此，一些专家呼吁欧盟各国政府应对欧洲未来劳力问题提前想办法，否则，到2050年时，欧洲人不得不工作到76岁才能能退休。     

中国非法移民问题研究综述

非法移民是一个世界性难题,多年来理论界对此展开了深入的探讨与研究,笔者将这几年来学术界对此问题的研究进行梳理、综述,并在此基础上提出学术界对其研究的不足与今后的研究趋势。     

加拿大中国移民概况及发展态势

加拿大是移民国家,几乎世界各国都有人移民加拿大.本文着重阐述中国移民加拿大的简要历史,移民数量变化及类别、存在问题、未来发展态势.     

香港的中国大陆非法移民与非法入境者问题

分析50年代开始从中国大陆到香港非法移民与非法入境者,在困难时期、70年代末与80年代初两个非法移民高峰时期,几类特殊的非法入境者问题。通过香港的事例,指出要用行政与法律手段来控制人口的非法流动;要解决人口非法流动,最根本的道路是缩小地区差距。     

俄罗斯人口危机的成因及俄学者对中国劳动移民的综合评价

引进外来移民是俄罗斯摆脱人口危机的现实途径之一。对引进中国劳动移民的利弊问题,俄学者对此看法各异,伴随着俄经济形势的好转,大多数俄学者肯定了中国移民对俄罗斯经济发展的作用,并提出形成完善的移民政策、引入适当数量的移民、避免非法移民流入及民族间冲突是解决俄罗斯人口危机和保证国家安全的有效方法。     

中国政府反对非法移民

中国政府反对非法移民公安部有关负责人最近强调，中国政府历来反对非法移民，并一直采取坚决措施制止偷渡活动。我们愿意同有关国家的有关部门合作，共同解决一些人偷渡国外和非法移民的问题。１９９３年以来，中国各地公安机关查获海上乘船偷渡案件３０多起共千余人，同...     

试析1996年美国移民“改革”

在１９９６年的美国大选中，美国政府进行了移民“改革”，其主要内容为：更严厉地防范和打击非法移民；对合法移民作出更加严格的限制；削减合法移民的社会福利。这次移民“改革”是美国国内反移民倾向的直接结果，必将对美国及国际移民运动产生深刻和长远的影响     

移民改变着美国社会

联合国人口咨询局最近出版了一本人口简讯《美国的移民,一个未完的过程》。该书作者利昂F包维尔和里伯W加德纳(音译)指出由于移民的增长,美国种族构成发生了戏剧性的变化。他们根据1986年11月5日美国总统里根签署的意义深远的移民法改革议案而得出结论。这个包罗万象的议案目的在于减少和控制非法移民,移民法的改革是想利用民法和刑法惩罚那些雇用外来移民的雇主。同时也对居住在合法区域的非法移民给予特赦权。包维尔和加德纳指出:据国家人口统计局估计,全国人口增长的28％来自人口的     

A computable general equilibrium assessment of the impact of illegal immigration on the Greek economy

Recent years have witnessed a large inflow of illegal immigrants into Greece. Past surveys have examined the extent and nature of this immigration, but have not analysed the impacts on the economy. This paper presents a theoretical and empirical analysis of the impact of illegal immigration on the economy of the small open type, like that of Greece. The theoretical analysis uses a small stylised model to show that there is no unequivocal case for illegal immigration to lead to declines in the real wages of unskilled labour and increases in the real wages of skilled. Empirical analysis using a recently constructed applied general equilibrium model for Greece, adapted to the purpose in hand, shows that the inflow of illegal immigrants has resulted in declines of the real disposable incomes of two classes of households among the fifteen modelled, namely those headed by an unskilled person, that are poor and middle income. All other households gain. The ones who lose, however, make up about 37% of the Greek population. The distributional effects are moderated, however, when rigidities in the labour market are simulated. Received: 16 May 1997/Accepted: 18 March 1998     

Immigration to the U.S.: the unfinished story

Annual totals of new immigrants and refugees in the US may now be up to the record highs of over a million immigrants counted in 6 years between 1905 and 1914. Since 1979, legal immigrants have averaged 566,000 a year (570,009 in 1985), newly arrived refugees and asylees approved have averaged 135,000, and the "settled" illegal immigrant population is growing by up to 1/2 million a year, according to some estimates. 1/2 of illegal immigrants are persons who entered the US legally but then overstayed the terms of temporary visas. Immigration and Naturalization Service apprehensions of illegal aliens, projected at a record 1.8 million for fiscal year 1986, indicate a sharp increase in illegal border crossers, driven by Mexico's and Central America's mounting population and economic pressures and lured by the prospect of jobs with employers who through a loophole in US immigration law can hire illegal aliens without penalty. The Census Bureau estimates that net immigration now accounts for 28% of US population growth and will account for all growth by the 2030's if fertility stays at the current low 1.8 births per woman. Public opinion strongly favors crubs on illegal immigration and legalization of illegal aliens long resident in the US, and in 1986 Congress enacted legislation to reduce illegal immigration to the US. Asians and Latin Americans now make up over 80% of legal immigrants and Latin Americans comprised 77% of illegal immigrants counted in the 1980 census. Asians far outstrip Latin American immigrants in education, occupational status, and income and might be expected to assimilate in the same manner as earlier immigrant group did. Hispanic immigrants so far appear to favor cultural pluralism, maintaining their own culture and the Spanish language. Research in California indicates that recent Hispanic immigrants (legal and illegal) have helped preserve low-wage industries and agriculture. Illegal immigrants appear to draw more on public health and education services than they pay back in taxes. With or without immigration reform, population and economic pressures in Mexico and the Caribbean Basin ensure that the numbers of people seeking to enter the US are only likely to increase.     

Dynamics of immigration control

This paper examines the dynamic implications of border control policies and internal enforcement measures for the pattern of illegal immigration and the sectoral allocation of clandestine foreign workers. It is argued that efforts to control illegal immigration in sectors where they traditionally find employment may trigger the formation of networks supporting clandestine foreign workers in new locations and occupations where the probability of detection is relatively lower. The end result may be an increase in the overall stock of illegal immigrants residing in the economy. Received: 5 May 1997/Accepted: 4 December 1997     

The welfare economics of immigration control

This paper develops a Harris-Todaro (HT) type model of East-West migration in which labour market imperfections prevent market clearing in both blocs. The model encompasses two extremes of perfectly flexible wages with full employment on the one hand, and the HT scenario where the real wage in the host country is fixed, on the other. Welfare analysis compares the laissez-faire migration equilibrium based on explicit calculations of potential migrants without immigration controls in the West, with the socially optimal level of migration. The paper examines the issue of immigration control by developing a model of illegal immigration in which the incentives facing the potentially illegal immigrant are explicitly modelled. Received: 3 April 1997/Accepted 16 March 1998     

On financing the internal enforcement of illegal immigration policies

"We introduce a government budget constraint into an illegal immigration model, and show that the effect of increasing internal enforcement of immigration laws on the host country's disposable national income depends on the mix of employer fines and income taxation used to finance the added enforcement. These issues are addressed under alternative assumptions about (a) the ability of host country employers to discern between legal and illegal workers, and (b) host country labor market conditions. Empirical evidence for the United States indicates that the employer sanctions program may have had a negative impact on disposable national income."     

浅谈农村社会养老保险中的违规操作现象

由于制度上的缺陷和立法滞后,使农村社会养老保险中出现了许多违规操作现象;认识并强化农村社会养老保险的制度性和法制性原则,是促进农村社会养老保险稳步健康发展的根本。     

Political instability and illegal immigration

Economic theory suggests that transnational migration results from the push-pull effect of wage differentials between host and source countries. In this paper, we argue that political instability exacerbates the migration flow, with greater instability leading to relatively larger flows. We conclude then that an optimal solution to the illegal immigration problem requires proper coordination of immigration and foreign policies by the host country. A narrow preoccupation with tougher immigration laws is wasteful and may be marginally effective.The authors wish to acknowledge an anonymous referee for very helpful comments and suggestions. The research of Donald Lien is, in part, supported by a grant from The University of Kansas, GRF 3281-XX 0038.     

How to partly bounce back the struggle against illegal immigration to the source countries

Recent models on the dynamics of immigration control claim that tightening internal borders may trigger the formation of networks supporting clandestine foreign workers. This may, in turn, increase the overall stock of illegal immigrants in the economy. One possible solution to this threatening situation might be to partly bounce back the struggle against illegal immigration to the source countries. This paper suggests that under certain conditions, the receiving country should direct some of the resources earmarked for coping with the problem of the illegal flow of workers to financially supporting the source countries, allowing them to compete among themselves for such aid. This support would be allocated according to the relative effort made by each source country in curbing illegal immigration, thereby motivating them to moderate the phenomenon. The model is also applicable to other fields of negative externalities, such as the smuggling of drugs and weapons, terrorism, and pollution.