刍议未成年人寻衅滋事犯罪动因及对策

近年来,我国的未成年人犯罪率持续上升,未成年人犯罪已成为一个突出的社会问题,未成年人已成为违法犯罪的高发群体。出于为四川省预防未成年人犯罪立法提供实证依据的研究需要,对具有典型代表意义的四川某县未成年人犯罪实例进行数据调查、典型案例采样与分析和重点访谈调研,积极探究未成年人犯罪的动机,剖析解读未成年人犯罪动因,多种渠道发力降低未成年人的犯罪率,防止未成年人走上犯罪的道路,从而有效预防和控制未成年人犯罪行为的发生。     

浅析我国未成年人司法制度

未成年人由于年龄、智力、认知能力有限,他们在遇到危险时的分析和判断能力以及自我救助能力都是有限的,这就要求我们应借助社会以及政府等多方力量关心和帮助未成年人,应主动保护未成年人的权益。我国每年约有55000名未成年人意外死亡,未成年人的意外死亡占近80%的是农村地区。强奸、淫秽、贩卖、滥用、放弃是对未成年人的健康成长构成威胁的罪魁祸首,未成年人的人身安全问题令人担忧。尤其是对于"特殊未成年人"群体要重点关心和爱护。建立未成年人专门的保护机构是当务之急。虽然近年来中国的未成年人保护工作取得了显著的进步和成就卓著,但也有一些缺点,需要加强执法力度,对未成年人保护法的修订,使未成年人司法制度保护在保护未成年人的实际中充分发挥其作用。     

论国家对未成年人监护的公权干预——以保障留守儿童的合法权益为视角

加强国家对未成年人监护的干预力度,是有效保障留守儿童合法权益的需要。在当前国际社会呈现未成年人监护公法化的发展趋势下,考察国家对未成年人监护公权干预的理论基础和社会基础,分析我国现行立法对未成年人监护公权干预之不足有重要意义。同时,可以借鉴法国、德国、日本、瑞士四国未成年人监护公权干预立法情况,提出区分亲权和监护、设立国家公权监护主体、设立未成年人监护监督机构等建议,以期完善我国未成年人监护的公权干预制度。     

论未成年人权益保护与犯罪的关系

纵观近几年来出现的各类未成年人犯罪案件,其引发犯罪的原因多种多样,但是,绝大部分案件都与未成年人合法权益受到的侵害不无关系。权益保护与未成年人犯罪之间存在着一定的逻辑关系,为了降低和预防未成年人犯罪,必须加强对未成年人的权益保护。     

和谐法治视野下的未成年人权益保护展望

我国和谐法治对未成年人权益保护已经有了诸如未成年人司法保护对象的全面化、政府为主保障儿童权利等方面的发展,但也仍然存在少年司法依附成人模式、未成年人权益保护法律没有形成独立的体系等不足.未来应当完善适合审理未成年人案件的实体法、程序法,健全少年司法的法律体系,补充未成年人自我保护规定,明确未成年人权利主体地位,构筑全社会对未成年人权利的法律信仰,以确保未成年人合法权益的实现.     

未成年人检察一体化研究

未成年人检察工作一体化机制是我国未成年人司法制度的重要组成部分,加强对未成年人检察工作一体化的研究对于构建未检工作一体化模式具有重要的理论和现实意义。为了切实加强对未成年人的保护,各地各级检察机关相继成立了一系列独立、专门的未检机构,例如设立"未检科""未检办"等部门,这些专门部门的成立对于未成年人检察一体化具有积极的推动作用。但是在司法实践中,未成年人检察工作一体化仍然存在不足和缺陷,因此检察机关在今后的工作中要从完善相关制度建设、健全有关法律法规、完备相关社会制度等方面加强对未成年人的保护,切实推进未成年人检察一体化的发展进程。     

试论未成年人司法制度之构建

我国的未成年人司法制度尚处于初期阶段,还未制定适合未成年人刑事审判的实体法和程序法.应当对犯罪未成年人引进暂缓起诉制度,实施社会调查制度、未成年犯的前科消灭制度、合适成年人参与制度以及严格适用简易程序等制度,系统构建我国的未成年人司法制度,以加强对未成年人合法权益的保障.     

动态、风险与防护:未成年人吸毒行为分析

从近3年我国查获的未成年人吸毒情况来看,未成年人吸毒现象出现了总体数量增长、地区分布集中、毒品种类变化等特点。这些变化特征表明:未成年人吸毒的总体风险上升、不同地区的吸毒风险不同,不同毒品类型的风险存在差异。从未成年人的寄存空间来看,未成年人的吸毒风险主要存在于家庭、学校、社会三个方面,并会随着条件的转变而发生变化。对未成年人吸毒的风险防控应当从未成年人自我控制和环境控制两个层面进行构建。     

制度与家庭的交叉防范——基于“日常生活理论”谈未成年人犯罪预防

未成年人犯罪问题一直持续引起学界与社会的广泛关注。基于"日常生活理论"对犯罪行为进行定义,提出从犯罪动机、犯罪适合对象、犯罪监管方式三个方面对未成年人犯罪进行防范,可以得出对未成年人犯罪的防范不能单方面关注法律、法规、制度的设立或家庭监管,应当从法律、法规、制度与家庭监管进行互动入手,从而在两大方面对未成年人犯罪进行交叉防范,以此达到对未成年人犯罪的遏制与监管目的。     

青少年犯罪及其预防

《中华人民共和国未成年人保护法》和《中华人民共和国预防未成年人犯罪法》中规定,预防未成年人犯罪应结合未成年人不同年龄的生理、心理特点,加强对未成年人的法制教育,心理矫治和预防犯罪的对策。因此,我们需要从青少年犯罪的特点和犯罪心理入手进行分析,     

Back and Forth and Beyond

The Journal invited Tom Andersen, author of major pioneering work on the reflecting team, and his colleagues, to offer comment on The Reflecting Team Process in Training. We thought such a north-south dialogue was in keeping with the spirit of reflecting teams, and the team members in Melbourne and Tromsø agree — Editor.     

Time and aging--mechanisms and meanings

A recent European Molecular Biology Laboratory Conference on Science and Society entitled "Time & Aging--Mechanisms & Meanings" fascinated scientists from different research areas as well as nonscientists. Topics discussed included not only the biological aging process but also the psychological effects of aging and social influences that affect this process.     

Arts and Crafts and Reconstruction

Abstract

This paper examines the role of arts and crafts in reconstructing communities after times of upheaval, their use in creating employment opportunities, and their impact on the nature of South African art history. It looks at craft initiatives during and after the Johannesburg World Summit on Sustainable Development in 2002, and draws parallels with early twentieth-century initiatives, particularly those of Florence Phillips, who founded the Johannesburg Art Gallery in 1910, Emily Hobhouse, who established Boer home industries, and the South African National Union, which promoted the manufacture and use of local products.     

Sexual Compulsivity and Sexual Behaviors Among Gay and Bisexual Men and Lesbian and Bisexual Women

Within the existing body of research, the information pertaining to sexual compulsivity (SC) among women, both homo- and heterosexual, remains rather limited in comparison to men. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of SC in a community sample of gay and bisexual men and lesbian and bisexual women and to identify differences in sexual practices based on classification as sexually compulsive within gender. Supporting previous research, the findings indicated that gay and bisexual men were significantly higher in SC when compared to lesbian and bisexual women. Similarly, sexually compulsive gay and bisexual men were more likely to report drug use with sex than their non-sexually compulsive peers, suggesting that “party n' play” may play a larger role for men with SC. In addition, the findings demonstrated empirical support for the proposition that lesbian and bisexual women with symptoms of SC were more likely to engage in specialized sexual behaviors in comparison to their non-sexually compulsive peers. These data suggest that SC manifests differently in gay, lesbian, and bisexual men and women.     

Evening and night work schedules and children's social and emotional well-being

ABSTRACT

An emerging body of evidence shows that parents’ non-standard work schedules have a detrimental effect on children's well-being. However, only a limited number of studies have investigated mediating factors that underpin this association. Likewise, only a few studies have examined the impact of fathers’ non-standard work schedules on children's well-being. Based on data from the Families in Germany Study (FiD), this study aimed to address these research gaps. The sample consists of parents and their children at ages 7–8 and 9–10 (n?=?838 child observations in dual-earner families). The data were collected in the years 2010–2013. Non-standard work hours were defined as working in evenings and or at night (every day, several times a week, or changing as shifts). Children's social and emotional well-being was measured with the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). The findings show that both mothers’ and fathers’ evening and night work schedules are linked to an increase in children's externalizing and internalizing behavior and that this association is partially mediated by mothers’ and fathers’ harsh and strict parenting, with a stronger mediation effect for fathers parenting.     

Thinking and Speech and Protocol Analysis

Some form of verbal report—that is, a research participant' s concurrent or retrospective verbal account of thought processes during problem-solving activities—has been used throughout this century as the database from which psychologists have developed theories of human mentation. Newell and Simon (1972) and Ericsson and Simon (1980, 1993) have provided extensive justification for using one such method, protocol analysis, as a tool for investigating cognition from an information-processing (IP) perspective. Their arguments have characterized protocol analysis as a methodology capable of providing evidence of the ways in which people attend to information stored in short-term memory to solve problems, with the evidence providing them with the grounds from which to generate models of human cognitive processes. A different view of protocol analysis is available from the perspective of cultural-historical activity theory (CHAT) based on the work of Vygotsky (1987), Leont'ev (1981), and others, and its concern with the mediation of human development by culturally and historically grounded signs and tools. Because of its emphasis on culturally channeled development, a CHAT perspective views speech, including the speech that serves as evidence for cognition in psychological research, as a tool that potentially enables changes in consciousness. In this article I outline a CHAT perspective that accounts for protocol analysis along three key dimensions: (a) the relation between thinking and speech from a representational standpoint, (b) the social role of speech in research methodology, and (c) the influence of speech on thinking during data collection. The purpose of this discussion is not to refute the IP perspective on protocol analysis but to illustrate how this method can be viewed through a CHAT lens and to identify alternative assumptions that must be made to use it from a CHAT perspective.