梁启超公德观及其对当代道德建设的启示

对道德的人以及道德的社会的关注是梁启超伦理思想的重要内容,也是他力图改变中国社会的契入点。其"利群"的伦理观围绕时代主题,服务于建立近代民族国家的奋斗目标,致力于宣扬"公德"。梁启超的公德观是在"公德——私德"框架中展开的,他分析公德与私德的辩证关系,提出修私德以致公德的建设路径。他一方面借鉴西方伦理思想中国家、权利、自由等观念,另一方面挖掘中国传统伦理中的合理成分,为培养国民的公德思想、解决近代中国的道德危机进行了积极的探索。梁启超公德观的影响至今仍余绪未已,对当代道德建设具有重要启示。     

论梁启超的公德建设思想

为了给社会主义道德建设提供历史借鉴,笔者运用文献解析和历史分析的方法,对梁启超的公德建设思想作了考察。梁启超以进化论为理论依据,在道德规范上提倡公德建设,认为合群之德就是公德,强调社会道德的根本原则是“利群”,提倡培养“固吾群”、“养吾群”、“进吾群”的公德观念,并且把公德建设与爱国主义紧密联系。这些思想对构建以“八荣八耻”为主要内容的社会主义荣辱观,推进社会主义和谐社会建设均具有重要启迪意义。     

无我:从谭嗣同到梁启超

无我是佛教的重要概念,谭嗣同是中国近代最早对无我予以关注和阐释的启蒙思想家,梁启超则将全部的佛教经典都归结为无我二字,并专门作《说无我》申明这一思想。谭嗣同、梁启超所讲的无我具有多重内涵:第一,从诸法无常的角度看,人处于随生随灭之中,没有自性。第二,既然人随生随灭,没有恒常不毁的自性,不能确指何时何处之我是我或者哪一部分是我,因此便不能固执地认定有我。第三,无我表明人的生命没有自性。在此基础上,两人提出了通往无我的具体途径:谭嗣同凭借慈悲的救世情怀,在佛与众生的平等中走向无我;梁启超通往无我的方案是超越作为个体的小我而融入作为群体的大我。谭嗣同、梁启超的无我思想尽管具有差异,却共同彰显了近代佛教的入世、救世功能,本质上都是一种救世的解脱良方。     

再论梁启超的民族观

梁启超于世纪之交 ,基于中国多民族的历史特点与世界发展大潮 ,将中国历史上公羊学派进步的民族观与西方近代的民族、民族主义理论相融合 ,比较系统地探析和阐发了自己对民族问题的一系列看法 ,形成了竞争进化的民族观、多元结合的民族观、动态平等的民族观、文化交融的民族观。充满了忧患意识和爱国情怀 ,贯穿着现代的变革意识和发展意识 ,表现了积极进取和乐观向上的民族精神。他不仅将民族一词首先引入我国 ,较早地将西方关于民族、民族主义的界说引进思想界 ,而且将引进传播与创新相结合 ,赋予民族、民族主义更科学的理性精神 ,更具东方特色。针对民族危难加深的严峻现实 ,他率先提出合汉满蒙回苗藏组成一个大民族的思想。并在此基础上撰写了中国近代关于民族理论问题的开山之作 ,对中国民族研究产生了重要而深远的影响。     

导夫先路:梁启超与“古史辨运动”

在一定意义上,梁启超应该被视为"古史辨运动"的导夫先路者之一。在"古史辨运动"的整个历史进程中,无论是"古史辨运动"中的主要学说,还是共同讨论的一些关键性问题,甚至《古史辨》相关几册的编辑,均与梁启超的相关撰述有着极为密切的关系。这一事实的挖掘,有助于进一步探讨"古史辨运动"的"学源"问题及20世纪20年代的梁启超在"新汉学"中的角色定位问题。     

"以对方为重": 梁漱溟的儒家伦理观

我在讨论梁漱溟晚年著作<人心与人生>(1975)的论文的结尾处曾说:"他的这种‘以事实证理想'的信念贯穿其一生,虽支持他终于在晚年完成了他的心理学之作,但实际上,其心理学部分的价值并不甚高,他的更重要的贡献可能仍是在其伦理学的一部分."陈来:<现代中国哲学的追寻>,北京:人民出版社,2001年,第275页.本文即以其论伦理的思想加以叙述和讨论,以观察儒家传统对于现代性伦理的反应,最后则就其"他者"优先的伦理思想略加讨论.     

回归与超越:梁启超后期思想与五四新文化运动

长期以来,学界对梁启超后期思想基本形成了一个定位,即回归传统、落后时代。五四新文化运动作为其同时期思想的重要参照系,梁启超当时回归传统的言论不仅被五四新文化阵营所排斥,更被视为五四新文化的对立面。但历史的发展从来就不是直线和一元的,五四新文化运动也并不只有主导方一个声音,而是多方促成和助力的结果。梁启超后期思想看似与五四新文化运动思潮相悖,实则也是新文化运动的重要一环,其意义在于重新发掘传统文化的精髓、重新定位传统文化的价值。新文化运动不仅需要新鲜的血液,更需要传统的滋养,优秀的传统文化不仅无损新文化运动的宗旨,且能为新文化运动提供更加丰富的理论和实践方面的支撑。     

国家主义下的曲折展开:论梁启超的社会主义思想

国家主义是梁启超思想的主轴.只有从国家主义的角度来析解梁启超的言行,才能理解他的“善变”与言论中有时含混不清甚至自相冲突之处.梁启超的社会主义言说同样是在国家主义下展开.他之所以主张中国应先发展资本主义,而社会主义当缓行,是想以本国资本主义的发展来抵御外国资本的入侵.在当时“资本主义”遭受国人贬斥,而自己也对之并不认同的情况下,梁启超当然知道“截断众流”后所受到的攻击与曲解,因此也愈显精神可贵.     

梁启超思想嬗变探源——以对孔子思想的评价之转变为例

梁启超一直以思想善变、多变而为世人瞩目。对于孔子思想,梁启超历经尊孔保教、拒斥孔教和倡导孔子哲学等不同阶段,最终完成了复魅。中国近代社会政治思想的时代浪潮、梁启超本人的中西文化思想以及他善变的性格特质,共同构成了他思想嬗变之源。准确认识和把握梁启超思想发展嬗变的原因,对于深入了解中国近现代社会对孔子思想的评价之发展演变,坚守中华文化立场,推进中国传统文化的现代转化与发展,都具有较强的理论意义和现实意义。     

心灵的感召真诚的攀仰——梁启超、林语堂、朱光潜论陶渊明之人生

梁启超、林语堂、朱光潜三位文化大师以融会令古、贯通中西的文化视野在广泛的学术领域建树了丰碑.他们的陶学研究也成为中国学术史上光耀的硕果.他们从陶渊明那里汲取的生存智慧,并用心灵体悟陶渊明,用生命解读陶渊明.他们对陶渊明人生的解读总结并光大了中国古代士人的生存智慧,其观点力破尘俗,启人良多.     

梁启超与日本综合杂志《太阳》

梁启超在日本创办的《清议报》、《新民丛报》模仿了日本最大的综合杂志《太阳》。杂志之间文章不仅相互转载,梁启超还在《太阳》上发表了三篇文章。梁启超不仅与《太阳》的发行人、编辑交往密切,而且他的一些小说理论、思想言论、人物传记以及经济思想等都受过《太阳》的影响。     

梁启超、梁思成的建筑意播种与传承

梁启超一生致力于面向国民与社会的科学文化和民族精神传播。他所理解的"建筑",作为表达"强国新民"的政治理想和复兴民族文化的载体,蕴含着深刻的人文性和民族精神;通过人文精神的建筑教育,他引导儿子梁思成、儿媳林徽因共同走上了开创中国建筑历史的研究之路,赋予他们作为建筑师的自觉的民族意识和凝聚历史感的时代关怀。     

The Private and the Public in Personal Models of Social Work: A Response to O'Connor and Dalgleish

Correspondence to Dr. R. Hugman, Department of Social Administration, University of Lancaster, Fylde College, Lancaster LA1 4YF. Summary O'Connor and Dalgleish have proposed an understanding of thedisjuncture between education and beginning practice. They discussthis in relation to individuals' models of practice. It is suggestedin this response that the individual basis of this analysisrestricts the extent of possible conclusions. A comparison withdifferent research findings is made, and it is suggested thatthere are implications for social work education and the collectiveresponsibility the profession has for beginning social workers.     

Private Passions, the Public Good and Public Service Reform

There has been considerable recent discussion of the impact of public service reforms on the work ethics and motivations of public service workers. In this article we draw upon recent research on the ethical dilemmas facing regeneration workers in order to look more closely at the role of values in the working lives of public service professionals. Focusing on the commitment to social justice, we argue that such values find expression in two interlinked ways, as something workers have and as a process of giving value to different goods. Our research reveals that while both aspects of values are rooted in people's life experiences the second dimension is more contingent and relational. While public service reforms appear to have less impact upon workers’ pregiven values, they can and do have an impact on the way in which these values find expression in attachment to different goods. To understand the effect of such reform processes on workers’ motivations we therefore need a more complex conceptual framework than that provided by either simple public sector ethos/private sector ethos distinctions or by models of economic individualism offered by writers such as Julian Le Grand.     

Unemployment and Health in Sweden: Public Issues and Private Troubles

The unemployment rate for a country seems to reflect unemployment policies rather than economic conditions. Variations in employment rates for selected Western countries are presented as a background for a discussion of unemployment and its individual and societal consequences in Sweden. Unemployment is both a private trouble—where individuals see the possibility of controlling their own lives diminishing, which leads to increased risk for psychological and physiological stress—and a public issue, for increased unemployment is associated with societal vulnerability, social polarization, and the breakdown of community ties, which lead to increased societal stress and increased mortality on the national and the community levels. However, for the large majority of workers, the Swedish welfare system buffers first against unemployment, and second against its negative economic effects. Less than 2% of the workforce are exposed to unemployment, and a minority of the unemployed seem negatively affected by the unemployment experience. An empirical longitudinal study of unemployed blue-collar workers and two employed control groups indicated that a coping orientation involving an attitude of mastery or perceived control buffered against psychological and physiological stress reactions.     

生态环境损害救济机制的体系化构建——以公私法协动为视角

在生态环境损害救济场域,当前我国业已形成以行政权为主导的公法机制,以及以审判权为主导的私法机制.实践表明,单独依赖或偏好某类救济机制,不足以实现对生态环境损害问题的周延应对.故此,公私协动就成为生态环境损害救济机制之应然选择.未来,我国应遵循"多元救济、尊重专长""政府主导、依法实施"以及"执法优先、司法补充"之原则,通过立法赋予政府主管部门更多环境保护职权,充分发挥"赔偿磋商+责令修复+代履行"机制之功效,将"穷尽行政执法方式"作为政府提起生态环境损害民事索赔的前提条件.同时,为避免政府出现怠于履行职责之情形,应建立健全环境行政公益诉讼与环境保护督察制度,并辅之以环境民事公益诉讼作为兜底选项,最终实现生态环境损害救济机制的体系化构建与协同化运作.     

Confidentiality and Media Attention: A Discussion Concerning Denial and Public Education

The article presents the beginning of a discussion on how the doctrine of confidentiality may have been misapplied in the area of children's protective services. It asks the reader to consider who the client is in these cases and, having answered that question, asks what is the professional responsibility? The whole discussion is linked to the difficulties in dealing with media attention in these cases and offers some experience in the form of case examples. Woven in to the matrix of the above discussion is a clinical and public educational discussion. Preserving confidentiality in its traditional sense can contribute to a preservation of the family secret, namely, child abuse. In that way, a child protection agency can actually be contributing to the maintenance of abuse patterns in a family. Also, with no capacity to speak professionally about specific abuse, the public education impact is diminished.