应对知识经济的挑战——析知识经济的条件

为了应对知识经济的挑战 ,必须做好各方面的准备。文章分析了应对知识经济所需要的条件。认为只有当经济达到市场化 ,政治实现法治化 ,观念进入现代化 ,知识经济才能在中国落地开花 ,才能为民族带来恩泽和福音     

Where the Sidewalk Ends: The Limits of Social Constructionism

The sociology of knowledge is a heterogeneous set of theories which generally focuses on the social origins of meaning. Strong arguments, epitomized by Durkheim's late work, have hypothesized that the very concepts our minds use to structure experience are constructed through social processes. This view has come under attack from theorists influenced by recent work in developmental psychology that has demonstrated some awareness of these categories in pre‐socialized infants. However, further studies have shown that the innate abilities infants display differ in systematic and theoretically significant ways from adults' explicit knowledge. This paper moves beyond the constructionist/nativist dichotomy by outlining the complex relationships between innate intelligence and explicit knowledge. I end by suggesting that there are four, distinct ways the social world influences thought‐ facilitation, division, specification, and construction.     

试论企业隐性知识管理

隐性知识在企业知识中占绝大部分比例 ,隐性知识不易编码和传播 ,不易被其他企业仿制或窃取 ,是形成企业核心竞争能力的基础。企业隐性知识分为四个层次 ,各个层次的隐性知识可以流动和转移。我国企业隐性知识有效管理的主要措施是 :建立促进隐性知识共享的高效机制 ,自上而下的企业文化渗透 ,形成自下而上的知识拉动型流动 ,采取相关技术促进隐性知识创造和共享。     

Semiosis,thought and codes: A theoretical framework for social knowledge

I present a theoretical social psychological framework for social knowledge based mainly on the triadic concept of sign relations and the process of semiosis. The framework is based on concepts from authors aligned with interpretative semiotic approaches, such as Peirce, Deely and Eco. After defining signs and sign relations, I propose to conceive social knowledge as sign relations happening in communication processes, and employ the notion of code to account for socially shared group conventions. I suggest that the analysis of code properties such as content, social acknowledgment and history can identify differences in social knowledge forms and the concrete contexts that sustain them. The framework is discussed in comparison with other social and cultural psychological approaches based on semiosis. Finally, methodological implications are commented.     

The Effect of Different Cultural Lenses on Reliability and Validity in Observational Data: The Example of Chinese Immigrant Parent–Toddler Dinner Interactions

This study used a mixed methodology to investigate reliability, validity, and analysis level with Chinese immigrant observational data. European‐American and Chinese coders quantitatively rated 755 minutes of Chinese immigrant parent–toddler dinner interactions on parental sensitivity, intrusiveness, detachment, negative affect, positive affect, and parents' confidence. They also gave qualitative coding rationales for their quantitative ratings. Analysis of quantitative ratings indicated systematic differences associated with coder ethnicity. Such differences could threaten the reliability between coders with different ethnicities. Analysis of qualitative rationales revealed different cultural links between concepts and behavior cues, which could challenge the cross‐cultural validity of a macro‐level coding system. When a coding system is incongruous with coders' cultural schemata, even after intensive training, the effect of culture cannot be eliminated. Implications of these findings for observational cultural research are discussed.     

Sustainable social work: Modelling knowledge production,transfer, and evidence‐based practice

Gray M, Schubert L. Sustainable social work: modelling knowledge production, transfer, and evidence‐based social work This article is a first attempt to present a model of knowledge production and transfer in social work, drawing on the expanding literature on knowledge production. It highlights features of knowledge production in social work, such as the diverse contexts in which knowledge is developed and applied. It argues that knowledge production by itself is not enough. Equally important is knowledge transfer and implementation. The literature on knowledge production highlights problems with the implementation of actually existing knowledge and the potential resistance to this implementation as highly important issues for social work research. It leads to a greater awareness of the context in which knowledge is produced and applied and creates a bridge between traditional informal and tacit ways of knowing in social work and the demands of evidence‐based practice.     

Knowing what we know about knowledge in social work: The search for a comprehensive model of knowledge production

Influenced by its historical beginnings, the production and modelling of knowledge in social work has become a small but diverse field. Ten key models exploring the nature of knowledge and its production in social work are reviewed against significant ideas from the interdisciplinary knowledge production literature beyond social work. In so doing, the place of holistic approaches to modelling the knowledge production process within social work and the human services is highlighted. It is argued that despite the number of models that attempt to describe the knowledge production process, there is scope for a more comprehensive, holistic, complex approach to modelling knowledge production in social work and the human services.     

知识管理:一种新的管理模式

知识管理就是对知识资源进行有效管理的过程。知识管理的目标是使企业实现显性知识与隐性知识的共享,促进知识创新并最大限度地开发企业员工的智力资源。在实施知识管理中必须加强人力资源开发与管理,创建学习型组织,构建企业创新文化,变革组织结构。     

教育知识与圣俗二分：从涂尔干到伯恩斯坦

“知识是一种社会建构”命题是涂尔干研究人类总体知识的落脚点,也是伯恩斯坦理解教育知识的社会性质的起点。本文试图重新理解涂尔干这一重要却不断被误解的命题,从“圣俗二分假想”入手,还原涂尔干知识社会学背后的问题意识,并呈现伯恩斯坦对圣俗二分的思考。研究发现,伯恩斯坦一方面继承和推进了涂尔干对知识及其社会基础的思考,从双重社会性假设出发阐释了教育知识的分类原则,另一方面也阐明了圣俗二分所蕴含的教育解放的可能性。     

Foundations of the theory of evidence: Resolving conflict among schemata

Schematic conflict occurs when evidence is interpreted in different ways (for example, by different people, who have learned to approach the given evidence with different schemata). Such conflicts are resolved either by weighting some schemata more heavily than others, or by finding common-ground inferences for several schemata, or by a combination of these two processes. Belief functions, interpreted as representations of evidence strength, provide a natural model for weighting schemata, and can be utilized in several distinct ways to compute common-ground inferences. In two examples, different computations seem to be required for reasonable common-ground inference. In the first, competing scientific theories produce distinct, logically independent inferences based on the same data. In this example, the simple product of the competing belief functions is a plausible evaluation of common ground. In the second example (sensitivity analysis), the conflict is among alternative statistical assumptions. Here, a product of belief functions will not do, but the upper envelope of normalized likelihood functions provides a reasonable definition of common ground. Different inference contexts thus seem to require different methods of conflict resolution. A class of such methods is described, and one characteristic property of this class is proved.     

The knowledge of caring: revisiting the need for knowledge support of carers

Foster carers' knowledge of caring for abused and neglected children is a largely under-researched area. We know very little about the nature of carers' knowledge in relation to caring for children who have been abused or neglected. This paper reports on an exploratory study which examined the knowledge of caring. Qualitative data were analysed based on in-depth interviews with 10 foster carers in Queensland, Australia. A range of knowledge was identified showing an interaction of both personalized and formal understandings in the caring response. Given the breadth of knowledge recognized from the analysis, this paper presents one dimension of their knowing: theory and abuse-indicated understandings. Participants' responses in these areas were at times sound, but many struggled to provide convincing and well-formed explanations of topics, such as attachment, harm and child development which may suggest that their understandings are not what they could be. Although further research is needed on a larger scale, this study does highlight the necessity to re-examine processes and strategies for carer knowledge support, so as to strengthen their understanding of these issues.     

知识经济时代对图书馆的挑战

该文从知识经济的崛起 ,使作为搜集、整理、分析和传递知识的重要社会力量的图书馆又一次面临着新的生存和发展的考验。着重论述了图书馆在知识经济中的重要作用和地位 ,以及在观念、体制、管理、服务和人才诸方面进行变革     

The Knowledge Spectrum: A Framework for Teaching Knowledge and its Use in Social Work Practice

For students, educators play a pivotal role in identifying andexplaining the knowledge that can guide social work practice.Yet there is an absence of educational tools that can assistthe educator with this objective. The knowledge spectrum frameworkis an innovative tool that was developed to explain the possibilitiesof what can inform social work practice. As a tool, it can beutilized to show that knowledge use in practice is a dynamicprocess, illustrating that knowledge can be created, modifiedand discarded by practitioners. The framework can also be utilizedto capture the complexity of knowledge used by recognizing boththe tacit (unconscious) and explicit (conscious) domains, therebyidentifying different knowledge use possibilities. Strengtheningstudents’ and/or practitioners’ ability to recognizeand identify the basis of their professional behaviour is criticalfor clear, knowledge-guided practice.     

Concepts of Real and Imaginary Friendships in Early Childhood

This investigation focused on the friendship concepts of pre‐school‐aged children. Eighty‐four 3‐ to 5‐year‐old children responded to questions about social provisions, or benefits of relationships, available from reciprocal friends (both children in a pair nominate each other as friends), unilateral friends (one child nominates the other), non‐friends (neither child of a pair nominates the other), and imaginary friends (for those who had them). Results indicated that reciprocal and imaginary friends were the best sources of social provisions, followed by unilateral friends and non‐friends. Major implications are that children draw distinctions between reciprocal and unilateral friends based on the levels of social provisions available in these relationships, and that relationship schemas underlying relationships with imaginary companions may be akin to those for reciprocal friends. Children's friendship schemata may also differ by gender, as girls discriminated more than boys between reciprocal and unilateral friends for the social provision of companionship.     

从工具到范式：假设检验争议的知识社会学反思

统计工具的建构与运用不能脱离知识生产的情境脉络,其中渗透着建构者和运用者的个人主张与其所在学科的整体价值追求。原假设显著性检验是社会科学实证研究中最为常用的假设检验方法,其流行并非因为方法论本身的精确无误,而在于它虽存有争议并因此招致严厉批评,但仍简洁有效地满足了研究者追求知识的客观性与确定性、以期将自身所在的学科塑造为一门科学分支的主观期待。因此,这一方法就从一个普通的统计工具上升为一种学科范式,起到了收敛学科的精神指向、提供模式化的解题方法、从而实现学科内部知识较快发展的功能。     

知识贫困与人才匮乏问题之省思

随着知识全球化和信息化的到来,人类社会的发展对知识和人才的需求提出了更高的要求。虽然目前全社会重视知识和人才,但知识的贫困和人才的匮乏依旧是社会发展的制约因素之一。这种状况有着深刻的历史原因。新中国成立后直到文化大革命,由于各种原因,知识分子一度被划入另册,全社会出现知识无用的论调。对这些历史教训的省思具有重要的理论意义和实践意义。     

Longitudinal relations of emotion knowledge to psychosocial adjustment in European and Chinese American school-age children

The study is the first to examine the developmental trajectory of emotion knowledge as it relates to psychosocial adjustment in a cross-cultural context. European American (EA, n = 68, 28 boys) and Chinese American (CA, n = 62, 31 boys) children and their mothers participated. Children's emotion knowledge was assessed, and their psychosocial adjustment was reported by mothers at three time points when children were 6.5, 7, and 8 years of age. Although EA children had greater emotion knowledge at Time 1, CA children's emotion knowledge grew faster over the following 1.5 years. In addition, emotion knowledge predicted fewer internalizing problems in CA children but predicted fewer externalizing problems in EA children. Thus, emotion knowledge was associated with psychosocial adjustment for both cultural groups, and particularly helpful for children to cope with issues to which they are most vulnerable in their respective cultural contexts. The findings shed critical light on the developmental trajectories of emotion understanding and psychosocial adjustment in specific cultural contexts.     

知识性生产资料探析

精神生产与物质生产分离,从而使科学成为一种在生产中独立地发挥作用的力量并转换为生产资料。这是知识性生产资料产生的前提条件。随着当代科技革命和知识经济的发展,知识日益成为现代化大生产进行的必要条件,精神生产与物质生产并列成为基本的生产形式,而知识性生产资料凸显并在生产资料系统中占主导地位。大力提升、利用和发展知识性生产资料有利于实现社会的科学发展。     

Cognitive mapping as a technique for supporting international negotiation

This article explores the use of cognitive mapping as a tool for supporting international negotiation. Cognitive mapping was developed from the research tradition in cognitive psychology that was pioneered by Heider, congruity theory and attribution theory. Applied to political analysis, the technique can be used to represent causal and quasi-causal thinking about a specific policy area. Cognitive maps can be hand-drawn, or, in the case of maps consisting of more than 25 concepts, machine-generated for detailed and systematic analysis. Regardless of the format, cognitive maps can be examined to determine the most central concepts, the explanation of a problem in terms of its root causes and potential consequences, the use of evidence, such as historical analogies, internal consistency, and perceived consequences of policy proposals. Although the technique was designed to represent the views of individuals, cognitive maps can be aggregated to study collective decision-making. Applied to international negotiation, the technique can be employed as a substance-focused tool to represent and integrate knowledge about a specific policy area for use by negotiators. As a process-oriented tool, the technique can be used to help negotiators understand better their own assumptions about a problem, the viewpoints of other parties to the negotiations, and the ways others see their own position. In this mode, the technique has promise for promoting convergence of views and negotiated agreements.     

An Inclusive Approach to Knowledge for Mental Health Social Work Practice and Policy

As the integration of health and social care services progressesin the mental health sector, there is concern that mental healthsocial workers are disadvantaged, relative to health professionals,because they cannot identify the knowledge base for their practice.This paper argues that this concern is partly the product ofassuming that the knowledge base has to be premised upon randomizedcontrolled trials. Instead, it proposes a non-hierarchical frameworkbased on that developed in health research in Canada by Upshurand colleagues that generates a typology of knowledge whichis congruent with the main forms of inquiry that are relevantto mental health social work practice. The framework recognizesthe contribution of randomized controlled trials to the knowledgebase but also validates knowledge drawn from qualitative, epidemiological,practitioner and user knowledge. It is argued that the frameworkprofiles a wider knowledge base than that promoted by conventionalevidence-based practice, and also could be a basis for futuredevelopment of the research agenda in mental health social work.