孕产妇死亡健康公平性分析

文章利用2000～2005年全国卫生统计年报中孕产妇死亡情况有关资料,计算了以孕产妇死亡率为基础的一系列健康公平性指标,分析了2000～2005年间我国孕产妇死亡的健康公平性。研究结果从人群归因危险度百分比、集中指数、集中曲线等指标反映出在我国孕产妇死亡存在分布的不均衡。2000～2005年我国孕产妇死亡在地区间及省际的差距没有明显变化,即不公平现象6年间没有得到改善。     

苏南经济发展与外来人口增长

2005年苏南地区凭借着占全国0．29％国土面积、1．74％的人口．创造了全国6．26％的GDP．2000—2005年苏南人均GDP以15％以上的年速增长。苏南地区的良好社会经济发展态势得益于苏南得天独厚的天时地利人和．其中农民工是苏南地区经济建设、社会发展不可缺少的重要组成部分之一。苏南也是我国计划生育工作开展最早、最好的地区之一。但是现在苏南的出生人口越来越少、家庭规模越来越小,劳动力严重缺乏。2000—2005年苏南年平均人口自然增长率为1．54‰,为全国平均水平的1/3。苏南社会经济的发展,特别是建筑业制造业的发展．吸引了大量的外地劳动力。2005年人口抽样调查表明,苏南流入人口占苏南居民人口的比重由5年前的22％增长到28％。2000—2005年苏南流动人口年均增长6．7％。流动人口为苏南市政建设、经济建设提供了38％以上的贡献份额：同时也加剧了公共资源的紧张程度．     

Effect of audit and feedback on the availability, utilisation and quality of emergency obstetric care in three districts in Malawi

BACKGROUND: Facility-based maternal death reviews and criterion-based clinical audit, were introduced in three districts in Malawi in 2006. RESEARCH QUESTION: Can audit and feedback improve the availability, utilisation and quality of emergency obstetric care (EmOC)? PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS: Observational study in which emergency obstetric care offered to women who gave birth in 73 health facilities (13 hospitals and 60 health centres) in three districts in Malawi in 2005 (baseline, 41,637 women) was compared to 2006 (43,729 women) and 2007 (51,085 women). RESULTS: The number of comprehensive and basic EmOC facilities did not change over the 3-year period (p for trend=1.000). Although institutional delivery rate decreased in 2006, overall it increased over 3 years (p for trend<0.001) - 31.8% (2005), 31.1% (2006) and 34.7% (2007), and Caesarean section rate was low and did not change (p for trend=0.257) - 1.7% (2005), 1.6% (2006) and 1.5% (2007). There was a significant increase in the met need for EmOC (p for trend<0.001) - 15.2% for 2005, 17.0% for 2006 and 18.8% for 2007. Maternal mortality decreased significantly from 250 per 100,000 women in 2005 to 222 in 2006 and 182 in 2007 (p for trend<0.001). Similarly, the case fatality rate decreased monotonically (p for trend<0.001) - 3.7% (2005), 3.0% (2006) and 1.5% (2007). DISCUSSION: Audit and feedback can improve availability, utilisation and quality of emergency obstetric care in countries with limited resources. CONCLUSION: There is need to increase availability of emergency obstetric care by upgrading some health centres to EmOC level through training of staff and provision of equipment and supplies.     

中国老龄人口死亡公平性分析

目的：本研究旨在分析中国2000年和2005年不同社会经济状况的地区间老龄人口死亡的公平性,并对其可能的社会决定因素进行讨论。方法：应用标准化集中曲线和集中指数对中国老龄人口在地区水平的死亡不平等进行测量。资料主要来源于中国2000年人口普查数据和2005年全国1％人口抽样调查数据。结果：2000年和2005年。中国老龄人口总的死亡集中指数分别为-0．028和-0．022。按性别计算的老龄人口死亡集中指数2000年为-0．032（女性）和-0．020（男性）,2005年为-0．022（女性）和-0．020（男性）。结论：在中国,尽管老龄人口死亡略微向低社会经济状况的地区集中,但其集中程度并不强。提示中国老龄人口死亡在地区水平上具有较好的公平性。而且,老龄人口死亡微弱的集中有消弱的趋势．这主要归功于老龄女性死亡不平等的减少。     

Composite Indicators between Analysis and Advocacy

We explore to what extent composite indicators, capable of aggregating multi-dimensional processes into simplified, stylised concepts, are up to the task of underpinning the development of data-based narratives for political advocacy. A recent OECD working paper (Nardo et al., 2005, Handbook on constructing composite indicators: methodology and user guide, OECD statistics working paper, STD/DOC(2005)3) offering ‘recommended practices’ for the construction of composite indicators is briefly illustrated, together with ‘pros’ and ‘cons’ associated with the use of aggregated statistical information. An attempt is made to summarise the terms of the controversy surrounding the use of composite indicators with practical and applied examples, as well as the mostly advocacy-driven spread of these measures in recent years. As an example, we focus on desirable narratives in support of the so-called Lisbon strategy and its ongoing revision, following one of the recommendations of a recent EU study [Kok: 2004, The High Level Group on Lisbon Strategy chaired by Wim Kok, Facing the Challenge, European Communities, Luxembourg, 2004 on how to streamline and reinvigorate the EU’s Lisbon Agenda. Finally we try to establish a link between the use of composite, even for analytic purposes, and the development of a robust culture of evaluation of policies based on information [Messerlin: 2005, 35th Wincott Lecture, October 3, 2005]. Of these, we try to offer stylised examples – also from the recent literature [Sapir: 2005, Globalisation and the Reform of European Social Models, 2005, http://www.bruegel.org/] where composite indicators are used.     

Is It Culture or Democracy? The Impact of Democracy and Culture on Happiness

We analyze the relation between democracy and perceived subjective well-being while controlling for other relevant determinants such as culture measured by languages. We conduct a cross-national analysis covering 28 countries using data from the 1998 International Social Survey Programme. Contrasting existing empirical evidence, we observe a significant positive relationship between democracy and happiness even when controlling for income and culture measured by language and religion. The effect of democracy on happiness is stronger in countries with an established democratic tradition. Earlier versions of this paper were presented at the Workshop on Happiness, Economics and Interpersonal Relationships (4/12/2004), the International Conference of Panel Data Users in Switzerland (26/02/2005), the American Public Choice Society Conference (10/03/2005), the Annual Conference of the Swiss Society for Statistics and Economics (17/03/2005), and the European Public Choice Society Conference (3/04/2005). We would like to thank conference participants and particularly Alois Stutzer for helpful comments. We thank the Swiss National Science Foundation for financial support (Grant-No. 5004-58524).     

Resources and Norms as Conditions for Well-Being in Hong Kong

With the variation of resources and norms in society, the effects of resources and norms on the well-being of individuals are likely to change. People’s age, education, family income, religiosity, voluntary organizational membership, and even protest participation can be considered resources and can maintain fits to local and global liberal norms. Specifically, local norms rest on popularity and valuation in societies. This paper studies the hypothesized effects of resources and normative fits and analyzes data collected from the World Values Survey of 2252 adults in 2005 and 2014 in Hong Kong, China. Results mostly support the resource and normative fit hypotheses. Age, family income, and active voluntary organizational membership are more salutary in 2014 than in 2005. By contrast, education and religious affiliation became less salutary in 2014 than in 2005. In support of the normative fit hypothesis but against the resource hypothesis, protest participation appeared to diminish well-being. Results present implications for enhancing well-being by fostering resources and normative fits.     

出生性别比升高的分因素贡献率

文章根据2005年1%人口抽样调查数据,对比2000年人口普查数据,利用经济学中的贡献率概念,给出分因素出生人口性别比升高的贡献率计算方法,比较在全国出生性别比升高中各省的贡献及在各省出生性别比升高中分城乡及分孩次的贡献程度,为做好综合治理出生性别比工作提出新的观点和建议。     

Maternal Health Care Seeking Behavior in a Post-Conflict HIPC: The Case of Rwanda

Rwanda is one of nine post-conflict heavily indebted poor countries (HIPC) of the world. There was a worsening of health indicators since the early nineties on account of conflict. In light of this, we examine factors affecting maternal health care seeking behavior in Rwanda using three rounds of Rwanda Demographic and Health Survey (RDHS) data (1992, 2000, and 2005). We find that progress towards increasing the share of assisted deliveries has been slow. There has been no significant increase in the proportion of women seeking antenatal care. This could partially explain why a large proportion of women continue to deliver at home without professional assistance. Further, women who gave birth in the 5 years preceding the 2000 RDHS are less likely to deliver in a health facility than those who gave birth in the 5 years preceding the 1992 RDHS. We do not find such a result for the year 2005. We also find that women are more likely to deliver at home with professional assistance in 2000 and 2005 compared to 1992.     

2000-2005年高龄老人生活满意度的变化分析

本文利用2000年和2005年高龄老人长寿健康调查的追踪数据,对高龄老人的生活满意度进行了两次调查的对比分析和同批人比较。对比分析发现,2005年高龄老人的生活满意度较2000年有所下降;而同批人分析表明,尽管整体上看高龄老人的生活满意度在五年间有所下降,但其内在的各种不同纬度变化却体现出生活满意度的积极变化趋势。     

我国老年人健康自评的差异性分析——基于2002年和2005年全国老年跟踪调查数据

健康自评能反映健康状态的主观和客观的两个方面,是评价老年人健康状况的一个重要指标.本文旨在回答我国老年人健康自评的变化,从而为改善老年人的健康状况提供参考.采用2002年和2005年两次全国老年调查数据,对不同老年人群体的健康自评的差异性进行分析并进一步探究影响因素.     

1982-2005年间回族人口分布变动研究

本文根据1982年、1990年和2000年三次人口普查数据以及2005年全国人口抽样调查数据,对1982—2005年这23年间的回族人口分布变动进行了研究。结果显示：我国回族人口分布总体呈现不断集中的趋势;在西北、西南少数民族聚居的地区和经济较为发达的省区市,回族人口增长较快;在东北和中部的一些省份,回族人口增长较慢。     

改革开放三十年：中国青少年人口发展历程

本文采用1982年、1990年和2000年三次全国人口普查以及2005年全国1％人口抽样调查数据来分析中国青少年人口的发展历程和时代特征,重点反映他们的数量、结构、分布、素质、生育、流迁等方面的演变与特征。然后,以2005年全国1％人口抽样调查数据为基期进行人口预测,分析未来青少年人口发展前景,归纳青少年人口数量与结构变化的规律和趋势。     

Estimating the Effect of the One-Child Policy on the Sex Ratio Imbalance in China: Identification Based on the Difference-in-Differences

In China, the male-biased sex ratio has increased significantly. Because the one-child policy applies only to the Han Chinese but not to minorities, this unique affirmative policy allows us to identify the causal effect of the one-child policy on the increase in sex ratios by using a difference-in-differences (DD) estimator. Using the 1990 census, we find that the strict enforcement of the one-child policy led to 4.4 extra boys per 100 girls in the 1980s, accounting for about 94% of the total increase in sex ratios during this period. The robust tests indicate that the estimated policy effect is not likely confounded by other omitted policy shocks or socioeconomic changes. Moreover, we conduct the DD estimation using both the 2000 census and the 2005 mini-census. Our estimates suggest that the one-child policy resulted in about 7.0 extra boys per 100 girls for the 1991–2005 birth cohorts. The effect of the one-child policy accounts for about 57% and 54% of the total increases in sex ratios for the 1991–2000 and 2001–2005 birth cohorts, respectively.     

中国农业劳动力占比变动因素估测:1990～2030年

在模型演示农业劳动力占劳动力总量比率受农业劳动力新进入量、退出量、转出量及非农劳动力变化等因素影响的基础上,文章估测了1990～2030年上述各指标的变动及贡献。在未来农业劳动力占比中位降速假设下,农业劳动力新进入量将从2005～2010年的2 023万人下降到2025～2030年的1 142万人,转出量与退出量分别从4 220万人和3 843万人下降到2 704万人和2 949万人,非农就业新增量从6 969万人下降到3 508万人。2005～2010年新进入、退出和转出量对占比下降影响分别为-15.1%、34.7%和38.1%,预计三者对2025～2030年占比变动的影响将分别变为-22.6%、54.3%、49.8%。针对农业劳动力转移与非农就业岗位创造压力趋于缓和但仍将长期存在的特点,作者认为,中国就业政策应从侧重数量扩张向"数量与质量、速度与结构"并重的方向调整。     

中国老年人口的自理预期寿命变动——社会性别视角下的差异分析

基于2005年"小普查"及2010年"六普"汇总数据,本文利用生命表技术及Sullivan法,分析了男性与女性老年人口预期寿命、自理预期寿命及其差异的变化。研究发现,随着年龄的提高,预期寿命与自理预期寿命的性别差异均呈缩减趋势;5年间,老年人口预期寿命的性别差异在低龄阶段有略微的扩张趋势,而自理预期寿命的性别差异则在各年龄均呈扩张趋势;男性老年人口自理预期寿命占余寿的比重始终高于女性,而且与以往研究结论不同的是,5年间老年人口自理预期寿命占余寿的比重呈上升趋势,且女性该比重的上升幅度高于男性。     

吉林省2000-2005年生育情况分析

吉林省2005年人口出生率7.89‰,低于全国平均水平,人口和计划生育工作形式总体是好的。但通过对吉林省2000-2005年生育情况的调查发现,全省低生育水平面临反弹的现实风险。我们必须清醒地看到,违法生育数量相对增加,一胎违法生育所占比例较大,再婚违法生育占违法多胎生育比例较大。在详细分析产生问题原因的基础上结合工作实际提出解决违法生育增多问题的建议。     

Policy reforms and changing intergenerational support of elderly in India

Journal of Population Research - Post 2005 in India, a number of public policy initiatives were introduced to strengthen existing programs for welfare of the ever-increasing population aged...     

Hispanic heterogeneity and environmental injustice: intra-ethnic patterns of exposure to cancer risks from traffic-related air pollution in Miami

To explore intra-ethnic diversity in patterns of environmental health injustice in Miami (Florida), we related modeled estimates of cancer risks from on-road pollutants from the 2005 National-scale Air Toxics Assessment with 2005–2009 American Community Survey tract-level sociodemographic data. Neighborhoods with lower incomes and higher proportions of Hispanics were at risk. When disaggregating “Hispanic” based on country of origin, we found that Cuban and Colombian neighborhoods faced significantly increased cancer risk from vehicular air pollution while Mexican neighborhoods faced significantly decreased risk. These divergent patterns of environmental injustice based on Hispanic country-of-origin groupings have been shaped by the differing migration and settlement patterns of Hispanic subgroups in Miami. Our findings highlight the growing need to consider racial/ethnic heterogeneity in future EJ analysis and policy.     

Effects of population policy and economic reform on the trend in fertility in Guangdong province,China, 1975–2005

An analysis of data mainly from China's 1990 and 2000 censuses and 2005 mini-census shows how fertility decline between 1975 and 2005 in the province of Guangdong has been influenced by both fertility policy and economic and social development. Guangdong's development since 1975 has been very rapid and has attracted huge numbers of migrants from other provinces. The analysis of the province's fertility trend from 1975 shows clearly the influence of fertility policy on the trend. The analysis also shows that economic development has brought about large changes in population composition by urban/rural residence, education, occupation, and migration status, which, together with large fertility differentials by these characteristics, have contributed substantially to Guangdong's fertility decline, in large part through changes in proportions currently married.