工作场所无礼行为研究综述

通过从工作场所无礼行为的维度结构、影响因素、影响效果及演变过程等方面,对国内外工作场所无礼行为研究进行了系统述评,并对其未来研究方向进行了展望。     

“失礼”的外交

俗话说"十里不同俗",那些相距十万八千里的国家,风俗习惯自然大相径庭。于是,在一些外交场合,百密一疏的政商领袖就可能做出"失礼"之举。比尔·盖茨手插裤兜握手,"真无礼"!盖茨握手时的"无礼"图片在韩国主要报纸相继刊登后,其他媒体也纷纷群起而攻之,严厉批评盖茨"行为粗鲁,不尊重朴     

不道德行为在组织管理中的“涓滴”效应

基于“涓滴”效应框架和社会学习理论,本文构建一个“高层领导者—中层领导者—基层员工”逐级影响的多层次有调节的中介模型,检验不道德行为的“涓滴”效应。针对某高新技术产业园区的企业,收集了87个团队共450名员工的多时点上下级追踪配对数据。研究表明：高层领导者不道德行为对中层领导者不道德行为存在显著的正向影响,中层领导者不道德行为对基层员工工作场所偏离存在显著的正向影响;中层领导者不道德行为在高层领导者不道德行为影响基层员工工作场所偏离的过程中起中介作用;上下级社会交换正向调节了下属的学习效果。本文丰富了不道德行为在组织中的传播机制研究,同时也启示领导者“以身作则”式管理的重要性。最后,讨论了贡献、局限和有待进一步研究的问题。     

基于主动性人格调节作用的工作场所不文明行为危害研究

采用配对问卷调查法,以北京55家企业的457名员工为对象,探讨了工作场所不文明行为对员工态度和行为的影响以及主动性人格的调节作用。研究结果表明,工作场所不文明行为遭遇会严重损害员工的人际公平感、程序公平感和情感承诺,显著降低工作绩效、增加越轨行为。此外,主动性人格一方面会增强不文明行为对员工态度(公平感和情感承诺)的影响;另一方面,会减弱不文明行为对员工行为(绩效和越轨行为)的影响。具体而言,相对于低主动性员工,不文明行为对于高主动性员工的危害会更多地隐含于内在态度中,而非直接表现于外在行为上。     

职场无礼行为的溢出效应、交叉效应及防避对策

职场无礼行为是一种意图模糊的人际越轨行为,对行为主体与行为客体都会造成影响。职场无礼行为具有很强的污染性,如果不能有效制止,该行为的影响范围就会扩大,从而产生职场无礼行为的溢出效应与交叉效应。为此,领导者要率先避免职场无礼行为,并积极通过CREW干预营造组织文明氛围,加强干预职场无礼行为保障机制,避免职场无礼行为的消极影响,降低管理成本,提升员工积极体验。     

工作场所乐趣对员工创新行为的作用机制研究

  创造有趣的工作环境已经成为重要的管理手段,不少组织通过设计和引导工作场所乐趣,提高员工的工作满意度并有效地缓解情绪衰竭。在中国制造向中国创造转变的背景下,工作场所乐趣为激发员工创新行为提供了新颖的视角。然而,工作场所乐趣的学术研究仍处于起步阶段,实证研究不足,工作场所乐趣与员工创新行为之间关系的研究更是匮乏。         基于情感事件理论和资源保存理论,从情感和资源双重视角建构理论模型,分析不同维度的工作场所乐趣对员工创新行为的影响机制,深入探讨乐趣体验和工作繁荣的中介作用。通过两阶段的问卷调查,收集贵州、山东和上海等地区10家企业共计383份有效样本,基于Mplus 7.0,采用结构方程模型和bootstrapping方法,验证提出的理论假设。         研究结果表明,①乐趣活动和同事社交对员工创新行为均有显著正向影响,个人自由对员工创新行为的作用不显著;②乐趣活动通过乐趣体验和工作繁荣两条中介路径影响员工创新行为;③同事社交仅通过工作繁荣间接影响员工创新行为;④个人自由则经由乐趣体验间接影响员工创新行为。         研究结果揭示了乐趣活动、同事社交、个人自由通过乐趣体验和工作繁荣对员工创新行为的不同影响路径,不仅支持和验证了不同维度的工作场所乐趣具有差异化作用的学术观点,丰富了工作场所乐趣的理论研究,还为员工创新行为的进一步研究提供了新视角。研究结论对组织管理实践有一定启示,管理者应积极开展乐趣活动促进员工间的互动来打造有趣的工作场所,但要谨慎看待个人自由。同时要注意工作场所乐趣对员工的乐趣体验和工作繁荣的引导,从而有效地促进创新行为。     

工作场所偏离行为的研究发展回顾及展望

工作场所偏离行为是企业普遍存在的亟待解决的问题,但国内的学术界对此议题的研究相对匮乏。该文献整理了工作场所偏离行为研究的发展的三个阶段:早期零散研究阶段、起步阶段和发展阶段,借以加深学术界对这一组织行为学新兴的研究议题的理解和重视。     

情商模型在工作场所的应用

近年来,工作场所中攻击性或破坏性行为的普遍性及其所带来的成本越来越受到人们的关注.本研究的目的就在于开发出一个模型来描述工作场所的攻击性或破坏性行为与情商之间的关系情商可以作为工作场所行为选择的调节器,情商的五个要素自知之明、自我调节、自我激励、同情心、社交技能程度的高低会影响由某一触发事件引起的行为选择.研究还对模型在工作场所中的具体应用提供了建议.     

非正常信访的原因及对策

<正>最近几年出现了不少的非正常信访事件,干扰了社会的秩序和稳定。作为信访工作者如何去面对非正常信访并采取措施正确处理,是很重要的课题。一、非正常信访的表现形式非正常信访主要是指违反《信访条例》《治安管理处罚法》和《集会、游行示威法》等有关规定,不按照常规信访的形式进行,用非法的扰乱治安行为无礼泄愤等情况,表现为:1.信访人到非信访接待场所不约而来,提出信访,尤其针对像北京中南海等这一类政治性比较严密的重要地域,这些敏感地能够给党政机关带来很多的隐患,也就是超乎正常范围的信访隐患。     

工作场所偏差行为概念发展与辨析

工作场所偏差行为是指员工违反重要组织规范、给组织以及组织成员带来负面影响的自愿性行为，是近年来组织行为学研究的热点。本文通过文献回顾，对工作场所偏差行为的概念发展进行总结，并对负面行为相关研究中繁杂的概念进行辨析。     

Factors contributing to the perpetration of workplace incivility: the importance of organizational aspects and experiencing incivility from others

In recent years a growing amount of research has been conducted in the area of workplace incivility. Whereas many studies have focused on the victims and the consequences of incivility, little attention has been paid to the perpetrators and antecedents of workplace incivility. This study aims to identify possible antecedents of workplace incivility, by investigating organizational aspects as well as the possibility that being the target of incivility from co-workers and supervisors could induce incivility. A total of 512 employees (378 women and 133 men) in the school sector in a Swedish municipality completed an online questionnaire. Overall, the results of structural equation modelling analyses showed that organizational variables were related to the perpetration of incivility. A direct relationship was found between being uncivil and organizational change, job insecurity, low social support from co-workers and high job demands. However, the strongest relationship was found between experienced incivility from co-workers and instigated incivility. This could be reflecting a climate or culture of incivility in the organization, and carry implications for future practice in interventions against workplace incivility. The results indicate the importance of focusing on the perspective of the instigator to gain knowledge about the process of workplace incivility.     

Day-level fluctuations in stress and engagement in response to workplace incivility: A diary study

Previous research into workplace incivility, or rude and discourteous behaviour, has focused on between-person relationships. This study extends this research by using a diary design to examine the effect of experiences of incivility at work on two outcomes, stress and engagement, at a within-person level. Two potential moderators of the incivility-outcome association were also examined: the job resource of perceived supervisor support and the personal resource of core self-evaluation. Diary survey data were collected eight times over a four-week period from 130 security employees both in the field and at the corporate offices of a security firm in Australia. Data was analysed with multilevel modelling. Participants were found to have higher levels of stress on the days when they experienced more incivility, but high supervisor support reduced this effect. However, a negative relationship between incivility and daily engagement was only significant for those with low core self-evaluation. The results are discussed in terms of their implications for interventions aimed at reducing the negative effects of workplace incivility.     

Multilevel relationships between organizational-level incivility,justice and intention to stay

Abstract

This study extends incivility theory and research by applying multilevel theory and analysis to explain the effect of group-level incivility on intention to remain. Previous research has shown that experiencing workplace incivility is associated with adverse individual well-being and behaviour, such as turnover intentions, but the majority of research has been at the individual level of analysis. Consequently it is unknown whether incivility is also a group-level phenomenon, and what the effects of group-level incivility are on the individual. Results from over 34,000 employees working in 179 organizations across Australia and New Zealand showed that target reports of incivility could be aggregated to the level of the organization to form a shared stressor, incivility environment, which affected employees’ intention to remain over and above their personal experience of incivility. This shared or environmental incivility also had a cross-level interaction effect on the negative relationship between individual incivility and intention to remain, highlighting the importance of context on targets of incivility. The role of interactional justice climate was also examined and the data are consistent with justice having a mediating effect on the cross-level relationship between environmental incivility and intention to remain. The findings are relevant to studies of bullying and harassment.     

The relationships between incivility,team climate for incivility and job-related employee well-being: a multilevel analysis

Adopting a multilevel approach, this study extends the current understanding of workplace incivility by examining the cross-level associations between team climate for incivility, team size and team norms with regard to competitiveness on employees’ well-being associated with incivility at work. Using a sample of 637 employees nested in 50 work teams, the results revealed a direct negative effect of uncivil team climates on employee job-related affective well-being, over and above employees’ personal experience of uncivil behaviour. As hypothesized, competitive norms significantly moderated the negative effect of experienced incivility on affective well-being, suggesting that competitive team environments may buffer the negative consequences of workplace incivility through a team sensemaking process. Utilizing Social Comparison Theory (comparing how they are treated) and climate strength literature, this study also found team size to be a significant moderator of the incivility–well-being relationship, with members of smaller work teams experiencing more detrimental effects of uncivil acts. Together, these findings suggest that the magnitude of the negative effect of uncivil behaviour is dependent on the composition and incivility climate of work teams. The results of this study have important implications for designing individual- and team-level interventions aimed at addressing uncivil behaviour and climates in the workplace.     

Testing the reciprocal associations among co-worker incivility,organisational inefficiency,and work-related exhaustion: A one-year,cross-lagged study

ABSTRACT

In spite of the considerable number of studies on co-worker incivility, knowledge on this topic needs to be further enhanced. In particular, no studies have focused on the reciprocal nature of the relationship of incivility with other important aspects of working life, i.e. employee well-being and the quality of the working process. The aim of the present study was to examine the cross-lagged associations among co-worker incivility, work-related exhaustion, and organisational efficiency in a sample of healthcare workers. Based on the conservation of resource theory, we hypothesised that those three variables affect each other reciprocally over the time. Data from a two-wave study design (with a one-year time lag) were utilised, and cross-lagged structural equation models were performed. Results confirmed that incivility and efficiency affected each other reciprocally over time. On the other hand, whereas incivility positively predicted exhaustion and exhaustion at inversely predicted organisational efficiency, the opposite paths were found to be not significant. The study suggests that efficiency is crucial for understanding incivility because it operates both as its cause and as its outcome. Interventions aimed at promoting civility and respect in the workplace may help prevent co-worker incivility, work-related exhaustion, and enhance organisational efficiency.     

Customer incivility and employee well-being: testing the moderating effects of meaning,perspective taking and transformational leadership

This study investigated factors that influence the relationship between experiencing customer incivility and the psychological well-being of employees in the service industry (N?=?215). Using the cognitive appraisal theory of stress, we identified and tested three factors that may buffer employees from the negative effects of customer incivility: finding meaning in work, perspective taking, and transformational leadership of supervisors. Transformational leadership was found to moderate the relationship between customer incivility and employee well-being. Meaning and perspective taking did not moderate the relationship between customer incivility and employee well-being, but did have a positive association with employee well-being. These findings contribute to the literature on customer incivility and suggest that organization-based resources that influence both primary and secondary appraisal, such as transformational leadership, are useful in buffering the harmful employee outcomes related to customer incivility.     

Assessing ethical efficacy,workplace incivility,and turnover intention: a moderated-mediation model

Drawing upon the social cognitive theory and social identity theory, this study hypothesizes that ethical efficacy and perceived workplace incivility affect turnover intention via the full mediation of emotional exhaustion. At the same time, organizational identification is a moderator in the development of turnover intention. A field survey on 512 employees from high-tech and banking industries was conducted for empirical testing. Test results using structural equation modeling and hierarchical regression analyses reveal that emotional exhaustion fully mediates the relationship between workplace incivility and turnover intention, as well as between ethical efficacy and turnover intention. Organizational identification positively moderates the effect of workplace incivility on emotional exhaustion. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed based on the empirical findings.