创业网络混合治理机制选择的案例研究

在具有高度不确定性和资源不对等关系的创业网络中,选择适宜的网络治理机制能够促进创业网络的高效运行,提升新创企业借助创业网络获取资源的效率。但已有研究大多援引成熟企业网络组织的治理理论,未能对"在何种情境下新创企业适宜采用哪种治理机制"的问题给予合理解释。本文结合我国转型经济体制背景以及独特的创业情境,从交易对象隶属性、资产的关系专用性以及新进入缺陷的互动切入,探索其组合情境下创业网络治理机制的权变选择。利用多案例研究发现:针对与体制内组织的网络,投入较高关系专用性资产的新创企业会采用信任机制、辅以信息导向学习机制的混合治理机制,而在关系专用性投资较低的交易中采用基于契约的信任机制、辅以任务导向学习机制的混合治理机制。而针对体制外组织的网络,投入较高关系专用性资产的新创企业会采用基于信任的契约机制、辅以嵌入导向学习机制的治理机制,而在关系专用性投资较低的交易中采用基于契约的治理机制。     

虚拟社区知识共享之于消费者购买意向的研究

随着互联网的普及,虚拟社区知识共享已经开始影响消费者的购买行为.本研究从共享主体的视角出发,探索了虚拟社区知识共享对消费者购买意向的作用机制.研究表明:共享主体可以通过信息发送者的专业能力、信息接收者的专业能力、信息接收者搜寻信息的主动性、关系强度和社区活跃度这五个纬度来表达.其中前三个纬度通过信任显著影响购买意向,后...     

创始爱心资金获取：情感信任还是能力信任

创始资金是新创企业开展创业活动的关键资源,但由于新创弱性和缺乏有效的市场记录,创业者不得不更多寻求非正式制度的社会网络支持,来自家人和朋友的爱心资金是对正式金融机构融资制度的重要补充和替代。已有研究大多将爱心资金与爱和情感联系起来,忽视理性因素的考虑。结合中国的制度文化情景,建立基于情感信任和理性信任的爱心资金获取整合模型,深化创业资金获取的社会网络和制度理论分析。基于2009年至2011年中国新生创业活动动态跟踪调研数据进行实证分析,采用Probit回归方法对社会网络、制度环境、创业活跃度和爱心资金之间关系进行理论分析和实证检验,进一步考察爱心资金结构差异对创业绩效的影响。研究结果表明,情感信任与能力信任的交互作用与爱心资金存在正相关关系,制度环境对情感信任与能力信任的交互作用与爱心资金的关系存在负向调节,创业活跃度则呈现正向调节。研究结论拓展和深化了创业社会网络的分析框架,将情感和理性因素结合起来,突破了已有研究对于血缘的利他主义和朋友的道义责任的情感性单一解释。     

基于主观逻辑方法的消费者多源信任融合模型

 社会化商务中,消费者依赖在线口口相传建立感知信任,其本质是复杂网络上的多源信任融合问题。国内外学者对多源信任融合问题进行了大量研究,并以主观逻辑方法为代表形成了信任融合方法的研究体系。然而,由于社交网络中消费者感知信任的多源性和高度主观性以及用户生成内容的海量化,给多源信任融合模型带来量化难、实时处理难和融合难等问题。        针对上述难题,提出“先聚类、后融合”的研究思路,先对海量推荐信息进行聚类,再融入感知信任的主观因素构建多源信任融合模型。首先,将推荐信息间的相似性作为节点关系,从社交网络中抽取出推荐信息相似性网络,用谱平分方法对聚簇进行划分,实现对推荐信息的聚类;其次,用网络属性度量感知信任的影响因素,从复杂网络视角出发,提出消费者感知信任定性因素的量化方法;再次,以多属性决策方法为基础,改进主观逻辑方法构建多源信任融合模型,从而将感知信任的影响因素融入主观逻辑方法,突破主观逻辑方法只考虑推荐信息和网络路径的局限性;最后,通过仿真实验对推荐信息实验数据进行聚类,并分析主观因素对感知信任意见空间的调节作用,验证模型的可行性。        研究结果表明,研究模型能够快速划分推荐信息相似性网络,客观地量化感知信任的影响因素,使其融入信任度计算之中,且能够体现消费者感知信任的主观性和异质性。从仿真实验结果看,该模型能够有效解决大规模社会网络中推荐信息海量化问题,权威程度、从众行为和主体间亲密度等影响因素对信任度计算结果起调节作用。该模型将信任融合模型扩展到社会化商务领域,可以帮助商家评价已有消费群体对新消费者感知信任的影响力,为大规模网络中消费者感知信任的度量和预测提供新视角,为商家实时分析消费者感知信任意向和制定营销策略提供方法支持。对于难以建立新消费者信任的商家,可以通过制定激励机制来提高用户生成内容量,培养或引入权威人士作为明星节点,建立有主题的小社区等形式来促进主体间交流,增强消费者之间的亲密度,从而提高消费者感知信任。     

不同地域文化下网络搜寻对合作创新绩效的影响

探讨不同类型的网络搜寻对合作创新绩效的影响,分析不同地域文化下该影响效应的差异性;在梳理相关文献的基础上,将技术创新网络背景下企业的网络搜寻归结为知识搜寻、关系搜寻和惯例搜寻3种类型;在陕西、江苏和广东三地选择具有较强研发合作强度和深度的典型行业实证调研,运用多元回归等方法进行统计检验分析。研究结果表明,知识搜寻与合作创新绩效之间的正向相关关系在三地样本中均得到检验,江苏样本的系数最大;陕西和江苏样本中关系搜寻与合作创新绩效之间存在倒U形关系,广东样本中仅正向关系通过显著性检验;陕西样本中惯例搜寻被视为破坏现有合作关系、不利于合作创新绩效的提升,而其余两地的样本均验证了惯例搜寻与合作创新绩效的正向关系。     

创业团队信任的形态结构与变化规律研究

以6个典型案例为比较对象,研究发现:①与一般团队信任相比,创业团队信任的特点是对创业权益实现方式的计算信任和制度信任具有重要地位。②在创业活动中,创业团队信任构成要素之间的关系不断变化。③信任要素之间关系的变化具有结构性,使创业活动不同阶段的团队信任出现不同的构型,影响创业团队信任的整体形态与发展。④决定创业团队信任发展到成熟形态的关键因素,是形成对于创业权益配置规则的制度信任;支持这一发展的基本条件,是维持团队成员对于创业收益的计算信任。     

网络跨度与信任的交互效应对创业绩效影响的纵向案例研究

通过对6家新创企业的纵向案例研究,引入信任这一权变因素,探究网络跨度对创业机会开发和新企业成长阶段的企业绩效的作用机制。研究显示,网络跨度是促进创业的必要而非充分条件;网络跨度与信任的交互能够促进创业机会开发和新企业成长;网络跨度与情感信任的交互有利于促进创业机会开发,而网络跨度与认知信任的交互则有利于促进新企业成长。     

社会网络视角下的女性创业研究

女性创业活动是提高女性地位、缓解就业压力、战胜贫困的有效途径。社会网络能为创业者提供各种有效资源与信息已经无庸置疑。论文以分析女性社会网络构成为切入点,在探讨女性创业现状的基础上,从打破心理障碍、加强弱关系投资、运用社会网络资源、增加社会资本储量等几个方面提出了加快女性创业的有效策略。     

消费者搜寻信息努力与影响因素的实证研究——以广告媒体为中心

结果表明,在被假设的广告媒体搜寻信息努力与五个影响因素之间的关系中,四个因素即搜寻态度(+)、自我卷入(+)、产品知识(-)、时间压力(-)与广告媒体搜寻信息努力之间有关系。而消费者感知风险与广告媒体搜寻信息努力之间没有关系。     

基于信任关系和信息测度的概率语义社会网络群决策模型

设计专家权重和属性指标权重的计算模型已成为近年来备受关注的两个重要研究课题。针对评价信息为概率语义信任函数的社会网络群决策问题,提出一种基于信任关系和信息测度的概率语义社会网络群决策模型。首先,构建基于信任关系的概率语义决策空间,探究专家之间的信任传递模型,通过专家之间信任关系计算专家的权重;其次,引入概率语义信任函数的熵和相似度概念,并运用三角函数设计概率语义信任函数信息熵和相似度的衡量方法;最后,构建基于信任关系和信息测度的概率语义社会网络群决策模型,进而得到合理可靠的决策结果,同时将提出的社会网络群决策模型用于电动汽车供应商的选择实例,对比分析实验验证了模型的合理性和有效性。     

Strategic networks of discovery and creation entrepreneurs

Current research favors diversity within strategic networks as a source of idea generation and opportunity pursuit. However, diversity may not always be advantageous. Drawing from literature on entrepreneurial opportunities, social network theory, and cognitive psychology, it is argued in this paper that the level of diversity in entrepreneurial strategic networks differs based on the nature of the entrepreneurial opportunity context—discovery or creation. Competing hypotheses are developed for the nature of strategic networks in the discovery and creation opportunity contexts. The results from our two studies (using PSED II dataset and data collected from women entrepreneurs in India) show that entrepreneurial strategic networks differ based on whether entrepreneurs are pursuing discovery or creation opportunities, i.e., entrepreneurs operating in ‘discovery’ contexts tend to use networks ties with individuals who are relatively similar to themselves, while entrepreneurs in ‘creation’ contexts tend to use network ties with individuals who are relatively different from themselves. Further, the results also show that the diversity in strategic networks is not unidirectional in discovery and/or creation contexts but varies depending on the specific matters for which the entrepreneur seeks advice. Discussion and future research directions outline the unique findings of this study and potential implications for theory development.     

社会网络、 先前经验与创业风险识别

无法识别创业风险是导致创业失败的主要原因之一,如何有效识别并管理创业风险是新创企业健康成长的关键.社会网络能够弥补创业者在识别风险过程中的信息劣势,但既有研究极少探索社会网络是否以及如何影响创业风险识别.为弥补这个研究空白,文章利用信息处理理论为研究框架,构建了创业风险识别模型.具体而言,结构洞和网络强度有利于创业者获取更多、高质量与风险相关的信息,进而识别更多的创业风险;获取信息的数量在网络强度与创业风险识别关系之间发挥完全中介作用;创业者的先前经验正向影响创业风险识别,并对结构洞与获取信息的数量之间关系起调节作用.文章讨论了研究结果的理论贡献与实践启发.     

Network influence and organizational performance: The effects of tie strength and structural equivalence

We combine theory and empirical evidence to develop and test three related claims about how ties strength and structural equivalence affect interorganizational performance similarity. First, network partners attain similar levels of performance because direct network ties facilitate information and resource sharing, and the diffusion of organizational practices. Organizations occupying similar network positions attain similar levels of performance because they face similar competitive constraints. Second, because mechanisms underlying performance similarity implied by direct network ties and similarity in network positions are different, strength of network ties and network position affect different dimensions of organizational performance. Third, we expect that tie strength will affect aspects of performance that are more likely to be influenced by processes activated by the direct contact between network partners. We expect structural equivalence to affect more strongly those aspects of organizational performance that are more directly influenced by competition. An analysis of interorganizational networks and organizational performance within a regional community of hospitals provides evidence in support of these claims. Models estimated on a sample of 8190 interorganizational dyads suggest that the effects of tie strength and structural equivalence on organizational performance are highly differentiated and contingent on specific aspects of performance. We show that these conclusions are robust with respect to a wide variety of other factors that may be responsible for performance similarity including competitive interdependence, structural homophily, and resource complementarity.     

Creative entrepreneurs’ creativity,opportunity recognition,and career success: Is resource availability a double-edged sword?

At the heart of the entrepreneurial process in creative industries are entrepreneurial creativity and opportunity recognition, which influence entrepreneurs’ ability to create new ventures or significantly improve the position of an existing business. Recent entrepreneurship research has suggested that resource availability represents a double-edged sword, simultaneously facilitating and impeding new venture outcomes, while little research has explored how entrepreneurial creativity, opportunity recognition, and resource availability jointly affect entrepreneurial career success. To address the theoretical gap, this paper examines the moderating role of resource availability in the relationship between entrepreneurial creativity, opportunity recognition and career success of creative entrepreneurs.To reflect the career success perceived by business founders in creative industries, five indicators of entrepreneurial success are examined, including career achievement, social reputation, entrepreneurial happiness, capability enhancement, and financial satisfaction. Hierarchical regression analysis empirically examines a sample of 296 entrepreneurs in creative industries. Results suggest that entrepreneurial creativity and opportunity recognition are positively related to entrepreneurial career success. We also find that resource availability generally strengthens the effect of entrepreneurial creativity and opportunity recognition on entrepreneur-perceived career success. Nevertheless, the relationship between opportunity recognition and financial satisfaction is found to be weakened by entrepreneurs’ resource availability. Integrating the theory of entrepreneurial effectuation and resource dependence theory, our findings indicate that entrepreneurial bricolage is crucial for creative entrepreneurship.     

The ties that lead: A social network approach to leadership

This article investigates, for leadership research, the implications of new directions in social network theory that emphasize networks as both cognitive structures in the minds of organizational members and opportunity structures that facilitate and constrain action. We introduce the four core ideas at the heart of the network research program: the importance of relations, actors' embeddedness, the social utility of connections, and the structural patterning of social life. Then we present a theoretical model of how network cognitions in the minds of leaders affect three types of networks: the direct ties surrounding leaders, the pattern of direct and indirect ties within which leaders are embedded in the whole organization and the interorganizational linkages formed by leaders as representatives of organizations. We suggest that these patterns of ties can contribute to leader effectiveness.     

产业集群网络演化中知识转移研究

基于信任与合作博弈构建了产业集群网络演化模型,并建立了知识转移模型,在此基础上,研究了交易关系型产业集群、混合型产业集群以及过度嵌入型产业集群网络演化过程中知识转移特征。模拟分析表明:在此3种产业集群网络演化过程中,交易关系型集群中知识增长速度最高,过度嵌入型集群中知识增长速度最低,而且随着时间的推进产业集群增长速度在降低;通过扩大产业集群网络规模、提高产业集群中行为主体吸收能力以及提高知识转移率,均可提高产业集群知识增长速度;在知识转移率较小时,只有大幅度提高知识转移率,其对产业集群知识增长速度提升效果才明显。     

Strategy implementation and organizational change: How formal reorganization affects professional networks

Strategy implementation is difficult, particularly as it often requires changes in formal organization structures. Prior research has shown that change in the formal structure may affect employee networks. Yet, we know relatively little about how such changes affect different network ties. This paper considers how formal structural change affects senior managers’ ability to maintain their intraorganizational networks. The hypotheses are tested on sample of 884 work-related relationships of 96 partners in a global professional services firm. This firm had recently implemented a new strategy, which led to a change in the product-market focus and the resulting formal structure. Our findings reveal that the characteristics of a specific network tie determine whether it is affected by formal structural change. In particular, we find that network ties that are highly embedded in the social structure are more likely to be affected by change in the formal structure. In contrast, ties that are relationally embedded are less likely to be affected by change in the formal structure. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of these results. In particular, the findings may have consequences for the success of strategy implementation and strategic transformation efforts.     

关系与圈子——中国人工作场域中的圈子现象

中国人长于创业,格兰诺维特认为创业者的一项重要职能就是要平衡耦合与脱耦,也就是关系结构要可紧可疏,关系范围要可伸可缩,这样才能一方面寻找机会,又有足够强的动员能力掌握机会。圈子现象可用于解释为什么中国人长于平衡耦合与脱耦。小圈子往往是一个人动员其人脉中的家人与熟人关系组成的小团体,因为熟人关系是人情交换关系,可以有较大的弹性,同时熟人可以从认识的圈外人发展而来,所以使得圈子的边界不封闭,圈子也因此增加了弹性。这样的弹性使得中国人的个人网关系结构可伸可缩,可紧可密。     

网络视角的风险与时尚对消费者信息搜索行为影响研究

消费者决策一直是消费者行为研究的核心,信息搜索作为消费者决策的第一步受到理论和实践界的普遍关注。互联网时代,消费环境快速变化呈现出网络化特点,消费者追求时尚与个性化,产品技术复杂化增加了消费者购买的风险,这些因素使得消费行为越发嵌入于网络当中。基于此,文章从网络视角出发,以感知风险和时尚为切入点研究社会网络对消费者信息搜索行为的影响。在网络构建上,与通常直接建立网络的方法不同,作者将网络结构指标与回归分析相结合,通过对以往文献的梳理,构建了以网络规模、网络结构洞、网络凝聚子群和关系强度为指标的社会网络结构量表,采用回归的方法揭示社会网络对消费者信息搜索的作用。通过对样本消费者调查研究发现,时尚和社会网络影响消费者信息搜索行为。其中,时尚敏感度与消费者信息搜索行为之间存在正向关联。社会网络中的网络规模和关系强度会分别发挥正向和负向的调节作用,调节时尚敏感度与信息搜索行为之间的关系。该研究在一方面为今后网络角度的消费者行为研究在网络构建上提供帮助,另一方面验证了企业在进行产品设计、品牌营销时,可以借助社会网络,提高战略的针对性和有效性。     

不充分就业感知对员工兼职创业投入的影响机制研究

基于情感-认知评价的理论视角,在控制了工作满意度路径之后,通过对311名兼职创业者的实证数据进行分析,探究了员工不充分就业感知的两个维度——资质过剩感和成长缺乏感对员工兼职创业投入的作用机理。研究结果表明:资质过剩感、成长缺乏感以及两者的交互作用会强化员工与本职工作的疏离感;工作疏离感正向影响员工兼职创业投入;工作疏离感在资质过剩感、成长缺乏感及其交互作用对兼职创业投入的影响中发挥了中介作用。