基于信任的供应链伙伴关系维系管理方法研究

在契约的基础上进行基于信任的伙伴关系维系管理是保证节点企业间融洽合作关系的有效策略之一.本文首先分析了供应链伙伴关系管理实践中需要注意的问题以及信任与供应链伙伴关系的内在联系;在供应商开发程序的基础上融入信任诊断、协商沟通和改进供应链伙伴关系提高绩效的过程,提出了一种基于信任诊断的供应链伙伴关系开发程序进行多层伙伴关系维系的方法,包括基于信任的伙伴关系诊断层、伙伴关系协商沟通层和伙伴关系修正层.最后给出了支持该方法不同组成元素的企业实际运作例证.     

供应链组织信任危机可能性灰色群诊断方法

组织信任危机现象是我国当前供应链合作运作中存在的关键问题之一.为了有效避免供应链合作中企业间组织信任危机的发生,进而保证供应链合作的有效性,该文提出了一种进行组织信任危机可能性诊断的灰色群诊断方法.在对组织信任基本特征归集的基础上,使用能够体现信任者经验知识和主观意愿的诊断指标体系构建了一种主观意愿隶属度的量化准则.在分析了信任危机可能性诊断基本特征的基础上,提出了供应链企业信任危机可能性诊断的框架模型.针对该框架的技术实现层,通过形式化技术分别构建了信任危机可能性诊断中的信任者代理主观意愿白化处理机制、多代理灰色群诊断机制和信任危机可能性灰色群诊断集成等关键技术.将该方法应用到一个实例中取得了较好的应用效果.     

基于信任关系和信息测度的概率语义社会网络群决策模型

设计专家权重和属性指标权重的计算模型已成为近年来备受关注的两个重要研究课题。针对评价信息为概率语义信任函数的社会网络群决策问题,提出一种基于信任关系和信息测度的概率语义社会网络群决策模型。首先,构建基于信任关系的概率语义决策空间,探究专家之间的信任传递模型,通过专家之间信任关系计算专家的权重;其次,引入概率语义信任函数的熵和相似度概念,并运用三角函数设计概率语义信任函数信息熵和相似度的衡量方法;最后,构建基于信任关系和信息测度的概率语义社会网络群决策模型,进而得到合理可靠的决策结果,同时将提出的社会网络群决策模型用于电动汽车供应商的选择实例,对比分析实验验证了模型的合理性和有效性。     

分布决策环境下生产-分销协同计划研究

针对分布决策环境下因信息不对称使得供应链协同计划求解困难及难以达到全局最优的问题,本文利用多层规划理论和方法构建一个供应链生产-分销协同计划模型,采用模糊交互式协商和遗传算法的优化求解方法对协同计划模型进行求解。该方法求解的结果是一组满足约束条件的满意解,各节点企业根据自身偏好和约束信息决定是否接受该满意解,或者修正各自目标满意度隶属函数重新求解。决策过程具有一定的柔性。最后通过算例给出供应链生产-分销协同计划满意解的求解过程,对文中所建立的模型和算法进行了有效地说明和验证。求解结果说明该模型和协商方法能够有效地解决非对称信息条件下供应链生产-分销协同计划的求解和冲突问题。     

多Agent供应链协同采购冲突消解协商研究

在构建多Agent供应链协同采购模型基础上,通过协商方法消解协同中的冲突;建立协商框架和流程;采用分布估计算法优化协商过程,从而达到冲突消解的目的。通过算例验证该方法的有效性,比传统遗传算法具有更好收敛性。     

供应物流二维协同理论及其实现途径实证研究

加工装配式供应链中,零部件加工和产品装配往往在不同地区进行,制造商所需的零部件种类多,而且是相关性需求,又无法集中控制所有的供应商,造成供应物流管理困难。在企业调研、文献研究和专家访谈的基础上,提出供应物流二维协同理论,注重多个供应商与下游制造商的协同,同时考虑各个供应商之间相互配合,共同满足下游制造商的需求;设计供应物流协同指标,分为供应商与制造商协同、供应商之间协同、物流服务能力3个方面;经过小样本测试修正协同指标,与中国制造业信息化门户网站e-works合作,发放问卷收集数据,采用验证性因子分析和结构方程模型进行统计分析。研究结果表明,供应物流二维协同理论结构和指标具有良好的信度和效度,协同指标显示了企业提高供应物流协同水平的途径。     

供应链信任传递机制及其均衡研究

良好的信任关系有助于减少企业间的谈判和摩擦次数,提升供应链成员企业间的合作效率,降低多项成本费用,从而增强供应链的灵活性,并实现供应链竞争力的提升.基于此方面的考虑,以供应链信任关系为研究对象,探讨供应链信任关系在供应链网络中传递并逐渐达到均衡的过程.沿用信任度的概念对供应链成员企业间的信任关系进行定量刻画,通过对取值的拓展,使刻画更贴近现实;基于社会网络理论分析并设计不同信任氛围下信任的传递机制和叠加机制,利用网络均衡理论和极限的思想建立信任均衡模型,对供应链信任均衡进行求解,并对解的稳定性进行分析.研究结果表明,供应链信任的均衡结果与信任氛围和初始的信任状态密切相关.信任氛围对供应链信任仅起保健因素的作用,供应链信任均衡的稳定性主要受关键关系的影响.最后用算例说明和验证结论.     

基于多Agent的在线多属性采购拍卖的机制设计

对目前网络拍卖进行研究发现,在线多属性采购拍卖的实施水平仍处在基础的信息发布阶段.基于委托代理模型的参与约束和激励相容约束,通过改进多属性决策的一般方法,提出一种以释放权重信息为核心的在线多属性采购拍卖设计机制.拍卖设计的第一阶段融入谈判机制以协商拍卖的属性规则,确定多维拍卖的属性选择;第二阶段通过投标人提供的属性赋值和权重设置确定赢者的胜出.为开发实际的在线网络采购或供应链管理平台.进一步提出基于多Agent系统的多属性采购拍卖的技术实现框架.通过一个简单的二维属性拍卖的例证分析,说明该机制可以增进拍卖双方信息的正向交互,实现拍卖机制的最优,并可以通过多Agent系统提高在线拍卖的效率.     

基于多Agent的供应链合作伙伴选择研究

为提高合作伙伴选择的效率和质量,将具有自治性的Agent应用于供应链的合作伙伴选择,提出了基于多Agent的合作伙伴选择系统的框架.该框架确定了多Agent合作伙伴选择过程,采用了基于规范的合同网协议作为协商协议,并确定了多Agent之间的交互作用方式.提出了基于效用函数的多Agent协商目标和Agent的决策模型.协商过程采用多轮协商模式,并采用了基于遗传算法的反报价.该方法能有效缩短供应链合作伙伴选择协商时间并能获取有效协商.     

一种有限信息共享的全局寻优供应链双边协同计划方法

针对有限信息共享条件下,供应链协同计划难以实现计划调整的收敛性和达到全局最优的问题,提出一种具有多点搜索舜口概率搜索特征的协同计划方法.将协商中交流的备选计划及其所产生的成本变化信息融入到计划调整算法中.以遗传算法的选择、交叉和变异过程为调整机制,将算法的迭代过程与计划协商过程结合在一起.在确定上下游企业能力约束多产品批量计划模型和最小累积需求求解方法及其模型的基础上,分析了协同计划过程中的编码、适应度函数、初始计划组生成和选择、交叉、变异算法等主要要素,并给出协同计划流程.通过仿真实验验证了该方法的有效性和相对的优越性.     

Introduction to Special Section on Sensitivity Analysis and Summary of NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis

This guest editorial is a summary of the NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis held June 11–12, 2001 at North Carolina State University and sponsored by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Office of Risk Assessment and Cost Benefit Analysis. The objective of the workshop was to learn across disciplines in identifying, evaluating, and recommending sensitivity analysis methods and practices for application to food‐safety process risk models. The workshop included presentations regarding the Hazard Assessment and Critical Control Points (HACCP) framework used in food‐safety risk assessment, a survey of sensitivity analysis methods, invited white papers on sensitivity analysis, and invited case studies regarding risk assessment of microbial pathogens in food. Based on the sharing of interdisciplinary information represented by the presentations, the workshop participants, divided into breakout sessions, responded to three trigger questions: What are the key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods applied to food‐safety risk assessment? What sensitivity analysis methods are most promising for application to food safety and risk assessment? and What are the key needs for implementation and demonstration of such methods? The workshop produced agreement regarding key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods and the need to use two or more methods to try to obtain robust insights. Recommendations were made regarding a guideline document to assist practitioners in selecting, applying, interpreting, and reporting the results of sensitivity analysis.     

Distinguishing traumatic, vicarious and routine operational stressor exposure and attendant adverse consequences in a sample of police officers

Problems in studying occupational stress within the police service are identified and the paucity of work on operational duties as potential stressors are discussed. The present study reports the results of a factor analysis of operational stressors (N = 601 serving British police officers) that revealed three factors: exposure to death and disaster; violence and injury; sexual crime. These were demonstrated to be reliable scales and were included in logistic regression models together with a range of demographic and psychological variables. Models were applied to men and women separately, which showed there to be different predictors of the likelihood of suffering distress (measured by the General Health Questionnaire, GHQ) in terms of the officer's gender and operational role. Overall the model for women officers was better at predicting psychological distress than that for men. These findings are related to aspects of the police occupational culture. Further discussion is offered that conceptualizes police operational stressors as traumatic, routine and vicarious. Finally, some implications are drawn for the provision of stress intervention in the light of this differentiation.     

Criteria for selecting a production control philosophy

Logistic objectives constitute a compromise between having short leadtimes and a low volume of work in progress on the one hand and a high resource loading and due date obligation on the other. Miscellaneous production planning approaches offered today provide different combinations of logistic objectives for satisfying a manufacturing strategy. To combine the strength of the various approaches into a unified system, a new approach based on a dynamic and distributed production planning methodology is proposed. To customize the approach, various analyses and specifications have to be made and for that reason some important characteristics and criteria for analysing production control philosophies will be given.     

The social construction of the meaning of acute stressors: a qualitative study of the personal accounts of police officers using a stress counselling service

The police profession is one in which acute stressors are encountered more frequently than in other occupations. Using the personal accounts of 35 police officers attending an in-house stress counselling clinic, the aim of the present study was to provide a qualitative examination of how the institutional context of policing influenced the ways in which acute stressors signified to individual police officers experiencing felt distress. Using the framework of Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy as an analytical tool, it is argued that beliefs contributing to the experience of felt distress are related to the way in which policing as both an identity and an activity is constructed through the police organizational culture. Not only do these constructions influence the ways in which officers perceive themselves and their environments, but they also operate at the collective level to 'normalize' some emotional responses and to 'pathologize' others which, it is argued, could impact upon the outcomes of interventions such as stress counselling.     

The moderating role of social support in Karasek's job strain model

This paper examines whether social support is a boundary-determining criterion in the job strain model of Karasek (1979). The particular focus is the extent to which different sources of social support, work overload and task control influence job satisfaction, depersonalization and supervisor assessments of work performance. Hypotheses are tested using prospective survey data from 80 clerical staff in a university setting. Results revealed 3-way interactions among levels of support (supervisor, co-worker, non-work), perceived task control and work overload on levels of work performance and employee adjustment (self-report). After controlling for levels of negative affect in all analyses, there was evidence that high levels of supervisor support mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of job satisfaction and reduced reported levels of depersonalization. Moreover, high levels of non-work support and co-worker support also mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of work performance. The results are discussed in terms of the importance of social support networks both at, and beyond, the work context.     

Job insecurity, coping resources and personality dispositions in occupational strain

This paper presents research on the relationships between the work-related stressor of perceived job insecurity and various indicators of occupational strain, taking into account employees' personality dispositions (trait negative and positive affectivity) and coping resources. Respondents were 222 Australian public servants surveyed during organizational restructuring that involved downsizing and threat to job certainty. The research was formulated within an adaptation of Osipow, Doty, and Spokane's (1985) framework of stress-strain-coping that included the possible direct as well as moderating effects of personality dispositions in reporting occupational strain (Parkes, 1990). Findings from hierarchical regression analyses indicate consistent significant independent effects of personality dispositions, coping resources and perceived job insecurity on various indicators of strain. There was also support for the moderating roles of negative affectivity and self-care in the relation between perceived job insecurity and physical strain. Implications for the role of dispositional factors, especially negative affectivity, and the utility of various coping resources in accounting for occupational strain in times of threatened job security are discussed.     

Job stress, job strain, and psychological withdrawal among Dutch university staff: towards a dualprocess model for the effects of occupational stress

This study examined the antecedents of job strain (emotional exhaustion, health complaints) and withdrawal behaviour (e.g. lowered organizational commitment) among a cross-sectional sample of 131 academic staff members of the law department of a large Dutch university. Conservation of resources theory (Hobfoll, 1989) provided the theoretical background for this study. Strains and withdrawal behaviours were expected to be most prominent among those who reported having few resources and/or who reported high job demands. Structural equation modelling revealed that this was indeed the case. As predicted, differential patterns of effects emerged for job demands and job resources. Analysis of the effects of four job-specific stressors revealed that especially the structural aspects of a staff member's teaching task (e.g. the number of students in their classes) contributed strongly to perceived job demands. Theoretical and practical implications of the study are discussed.     

Employees' perceptions of organizational restructuring: the role of social support

Organizational change and restructuring is often perceived as leading to increased occupational stress, impacting negatively on the psychological well-being of employees. This pragmatic study investigates the role of social support and dispositional affect as moderators of role stress post-restructuring for employees in a public utility company. A total of 176 employees, including 37 managers, 60 graded staff and 78 industrial staff completed a self-report questionnaire, approximately 1 year postrestructuring, retrospectively assessing role conflict, ambiguity, overload and positive and negative feedback pre- and post-restructuring. Results suggested that overall role stress increased for managers/ senior officers and graded staff, but not for industrial staff. Social support was linked with lower role stress, more positive feedback and less negative feedback at post-restructuring. For certain role stressors this impact was moderated by dispositional affect, but the effect was not consistent across occupational groups. Positive affect enhanced the effect of manager support in reducing role conflict for graded staff, and the effect of co-worker support in increasing positive feedback and reducing negative feedback for industrial staff. Findings suggest that managers should pay particular attention to support and feedback for employees during periods of chronic occupational stress following organizational restructuring.     

The Danish psychosocial work environment and symptoms of stress: the main, mediating and moderating role of sense of coherence

The aim of this cross-sectional study was to explore the main, mediating and moderating role of sense of coherence (SOC) on stress symptoms and on the association between perceived psychosocial work environment and stress symptoms. The sample includes 2053 Danish employees from 52 workplaces. Hierarchical regression models were applied for each measure of stress. The results strongly supported the presence of a main effect for SOC. People with high levels of SOC experienced fewer stress symptoms. A mediating effect of SOC was also supported. Thus, SOC in part explained the association between work environment and stress symptoms. In addition, some support for a moderating effect of SOC was found, suggesting that people with higher SOC coped more efficiently with work environmental strain that people with lower SOC. Taken together the regression models explained 11-32% of the variance in stress symptoms. The results suggest that measures of individual factors such as SOC should be included in analyses of the effects of work environmental factors on stress and well-being.     

Control at work: a generalized resource factor for the prevention of musculoskeletal symptoms?

During the last two decades two potent groups of predictors for work-related musculoskeletal problems have been identified: physical work load and poor psychosocial working conditions. However, little is known about their combined effects. In this study the buffering effect of control at work with respect to the negative effects of psychological demands and physical work load on musculoskeletal problems is examined. All study variables were sampled from 431 people working in geriatric nursing homes in Germany by means of questionnaires. Main effects and interactions were tested with multiple regression analysis. The results showed that control buffered the effects of high psychological demands, but not of high physical work load; the buffering effect of control was observed only when physical work load was low. The combined effects of demands and physical work load were over-additive. Thus, the power of different predictors for musculoskeletal symptoms depended on the level of other predictors. This suggests that the efficiency of certain strategies for the prevention of musculoskeletal problems is likely to depend on the level of risk factors, with different strategies being appropriate for different levels of risk.